紫斑牡丹(Paeonia rockii)的光合特性及对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

为研究持续干旱处理对紫斑牡丹(Paeonia rockii)光合生理特性的影响,本研究。以实生苗为材料进行盆栽控水试验,设置对照(compared,CK)、轻度胁迫(light stress,LD)、中度胁迫(moderate stress,MD)、重度胁迫(Severe stress,SD)4个水分处理,研究随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片水分生理以及光合生理参数的变化。结果表明:在CK、LD、MD水分梯度下,紫斑牡丹生长正常,但在SD胁迫下受影响明显,植株叶片变黄且萎蔫;各胁迫阶段叶厚、叶水势下降明显,相对含水量(relative water content,RWC)降低幅度小,差异不明显,饱和水分亏(water saturation deficit,WSD)有在MD胁迫下有所升高;干旱胁迫抑制了光合色素合成,叶绿素a(Chlorophyll a,Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlorophyll b,Chlb)、叶绿素总含量(total chlorophyll content,Chla+b)、类胡萝卜素(Carotenoids,Car)显著依次下降,叶绿素比值(Chlorophyll ratio,Chla/b)则相反;干旱胁迫导致叶片净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)、气孔导度(Stomatal conductance,Gs)以及蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)呈现下降趋势,但胞间二氧化碳浓度(intercellular carbon dioxide concentration,Ci)则表现为上升后下降,其中水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)在逐渐上升。在轻度和中度干旱的紫斑牡丹表现出一定的适应性和耐旱能力,而长期重度干旱则对紫斑牡丹影响较为严重,在重度干旱地区栽植需考虑水分供给。本研究为干旱地区和城市的园林绿化植物的选择提供理论支持。     

水稻对幼穗形成期水分胁迫后复水的响应

为了研究水分胁迫复水后对水稻部分指标的影响,以冈优527为试材,通过对水稻幼穗形成期不同时间和不同程度的水分胁迫处理后复水,研究了复水后水稻生理、生化及产量等指标的变化。结果表明：产量与结实率、千粒质量、有效穗以及实粒数都表现为受轻度短期干旱的处理在复水后均提高,高于对照水平;水势受到水分胁迫后降低;可溶性糖、SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）、POD（过氧化物酶）、CAT（过氧化氢酶）、MDA（丙二醛）的活性都表现为轻度短期干旱的水稻恢复效果最好,且活性都低于对照处理。说明水稻在幼穗形成期受到轻度短期干旱胁迫,复水后会达到节水、增产的效果。     

ALA对低温胁迫下西葫芦幼苗光合特性的影响

为深入了解5-氨基乙酰丙酸（ALA）对西葫芦生长影响的光合生理机理,以‘早青一代’西葫芦为材料,研究ALA对低温胁迫下西葫芦幼苗光合特性的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫下,西葫芦幼苗叶绿素含量显著降低,净光合速率显著降低,单株叶面积和物质积累极显著减少;60 mg/L的ALA可以减缓低温胁迫对西葫芦幼苗的影响,使总叶绿素含量增加29.96%,净光合速率（Pn）增加52.96%,叶面积增加39.80%,单株物质积累增加43.75%。60 mg/L的ALA缓解低温胁迫对西葫芦幼苗的影响主要是通过叶绿素的增加和非气孔因素实现的。     

不同水分胁迫对新疆野生苹果主要光合指标的影响

本研究选取新疆伊犁野苹果种子为材料,经过3周人工培育,研究不同水分胁迫条件下野苹果主要光合参数的变化规律。结果表明,不同程度的水分胁迫会对新疆野苹果的净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数造成影响,净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数均随着水分胁迫强度的增加而降低。重度水分胁迫(相对含水量30%~35%)下的净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素荧光参数明显低于其他处理。     

密度对中熟春大豆冠层结构及光合特性的影响

为明确种植密度对滴灌中熟春大豆冠层结构及光合特性的影响规律。试验以中熟春大豆品种‘新大豆27号’和品系‘11-109’为试验材料,大田条件下设置18.0 (D1)、28.5 (D2)、36.0 (D3) 万株/hm2 3个不同种植密度,并对其群体上、中、下三个冠层的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、净光合速率、干物质积累量及产量做了系统测定。结果表明,密度由D1增加到D2,叶面积指数、干物质积累量、产量均显著增加;密度由D2增至D3,叶面积指数继续增加,而干物质和产量不再继续增加;增加密度明显降低植株7节以下叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,提高结荚节位,降低单株粒数、粒数和经济系数;新大豆27号的叶面积指数、干物质积累、叶片光合速率等对密度的响应不如11-109敏感。D2是两品种（系）的适宜密度,新大豆27号籽粒产量为5551.13 kg/hm2,较11-109高14.73%。超高产春大豆品种的冠层结构、光合特性及产量对密度的响应不如高产品种敏感。     

腐殖酸水溶肥料对水分胁迫下小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为了解腐殖酸水溶肥料对水分胁迫下小麦光合特性及产量的影响。以‘永良四号’为试验材料,采用盆栽方法研究了拔节期水分胁迫后,腐殖酸水溶肥料对小麦叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及产量的影响。结果表明,在不同水分胁迫下,腐殖酸水溶肥料均有效地改善了小麦光合特性,与对照相比,叶绿素含量增加5.62%~84.32%,光合速率增加0.87%~75.38%,气孔导度降低7.96%~53.25%,蒸腾速率降低15.96%~58.32%。水分胁迫后,净光合速率和叶绿素含量下降。但在水分胁迫时喷施腐殖酸水溶肥料,叶绿素含量和净光合速率增加,蒸腾速率减弱,因而水分利用效率提高。小麦增产4.48%~7.75%,增产效果显著,增产幅度为：正常供水>适度控水>中度水分胁迫。综合分析表明,腐殖酸水溶肥料能改善小麦光合特性,增加其产量。     

生物质炭输入对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和光合生理特征的影响

为探讨生物质炭输入对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响,在温室以轻、中、重度盐渍化土壤模拟盐胁迫环境,设置0(CK),1%,2%,4%,8%生物质炭输入水平,进行玉米盆栽试验。对玉米幼苗生长、SPAD、净光合速率(Pn)等光合参数进行测定。结果表明:盐胁迫条件下玉米幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合作用等均受到抑制,进而影响玉米幼苗生长,干物质累积量、单株叶面积均显著降低。生物质炭输入能有效缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制。8%生物质炭输入水平对轻度盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长的促进作用最显著:干物质累积量、SPAD、叶面积分别较对照增加116.22%,36.09%,107.67%,Pn、Tr、Gs分别较空白对照处理高76.60%,57.76%,17.33%;2%生物质炭水平下中度盐胁迫干物质累积量、SPAD、叶面积最高,分别较空白对照处理增加138.04%,18.92%,23.50%,Pn、Tr、Gs分别较空白对照处理高78.48%,55.56%,26.23%;8%生物质炭输入重度盐渍化土壤玉米幼苗干物质累积量、单株总叶面积最高,分别较空白对照处理高483.33%,92.32%,但SPAD在4%输入水平最高,较空白对照处理高71.50%。8%生物质炭输入重度盐渍化土壤玉米幼苗叶片Pn、Tr、Gs分别较CK处理高120.00%,88.78%,17.39%。生物质炭输入盐渍化土壤可通过自身特性增加土壤中矿质养分含量,改善土壤持水能力,提高植株叶绿素含量,促进光合作用,缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制作用,可应用于盐渍化土壤的改良。     

土壤水分胁迫对不同肥水类型冬小麦品种花后光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦抗旱育种和节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持,以山东省6个不同肥水类型的冬小麦品种（‘青麦6号’、‘鲁麦21’、‘烟农21’、‘烟农24’、‘济麦22’、‘良星99’）为材料,研究了水分胁迫对冬小麦花后光合特性与产量的影响及品种间差异。结果表明,在水分胁迫条件下,各冬小麦品种花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均有所降低,产量显著下降。品种间对水分胁迫反应差异显著,其中旱地品种‘青麦6号’在水分胁迫条件下,旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及气孔导度均高于其他品种,产量构成因素和产量降低幅度最小,产量最高,仅比同期水分处理下降了14%。     

花期前后干旱胁迫对复水后夏玉米光合特性与产量的影响

花期前后干旱是影响黄淮海地区夏玉米产量下降的重要因素之一。于2020—2021年开展池栽控制性试验,以中科玉505为试验材料,在开花前后28 d内设置4个水分梯度,包括100%作物蒸散量ETC (CK)、70%ETC (干旱胁迫WD1)、40%ETC (WD2)和0 ETC (WD3),研究花期前后干旱胁迫对夏玉米复水后的光合特性、干物质积累与分配以及产量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫处理复水后夏玉米光合性能没有恢复,表现为叶片SPAD值、净光合速率和群体叶面积指数、光合势、净同化速率低于对照,植株干物质积累因此受阻,导致籽粒库容能力下降。干旱胁迫处理使开花吐丝间隔期延长1～3 d,籽粒败育率增加,行粒数和百粒重降低,尤其是WD3的败育率在2020—2021年分别显著增加220.71%和100.73%,WD1、WD2和WD3的产量在2020—2021年分别减产14.52%、36.69%、39.83%和19.62%、45.18%、54.42%。综上所述,花期前后干旱胁迫在复水后,玉米的光合性能仍受到抑制,进而影响光合同化物的积累与分配,最终导致库容量和产量显著下降。     

覆膜方式和密度对旱地绿豆光合特性及产量的影响

以晋绿豆8号为材料,采用双因素完全随机区组设计,研究不同覆膜方式和密度对旱地绿豆各生育期植株叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,在绿豆整个生育期,随着密度增加,叶面积指数（LAI）、净光合速率（Pn）、叶片水分利用效率（LWUE）均增加,蒸腾速率（Tr）降低。与膜上穴播与露地条播相比,膜侧穴播SPAD值分别高4.15%、9.40%,LAI高13.1%、24.5%,净光合速率（Pn）高10.15%、9.93%,蒸腾速率（Tr）高7.5%、11.2%,分枝期到始熟期叶片水分利用效率（LWUE）高3.98%、4.73%。与露地条播相比,覆膜能够明显提高绿豆株高、分枝数、单株荚数;随密度增加,绿豆单株荚数与产量提高明显,膜侧穴播和膜上穴播产量分别提高24.2%、19.9%。其中膜侧穴播（密度16.50万株/hm ²）     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.