人工无瓣海桑林下灌层分布格局及多样性研究

以雷州附城镇无瓣海桑人工林为对象,采取目标树中心样圆法,运用Simpson指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及Poisson分布与T检验分析无瓣海桑对乡土红树植物的多样性和分布格局的影响。结果表明:引进无瓣海桑后,秋茄、桐花树、红海榄、木榄和白骨壤这几种乡土红树植物在无瓣海桑林下逐步适应生长,无瓣海桑林缘灌木层物种多样性指数比林内更高,各类圆形样方中物种的Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson指数均没有显著差异,而Margalef丰富度指数的差异达显著水平(P<0.05);同一物种在不同林龄的无瓣海桑林下的分布格局不同;白骨壤、红海榄、秋茄、桐花树和木榄在无瓣海桑林下呈集群分布,其强度为木榄>桐花树>秋茄>白骨壤>红海榄;引种无瓣海桑林下未发现无瓣海桑幼苗,表明在该研究地无瓣海桑难以天然更新成林,对乡土红树植物的天然更新成林和扩散未产生影响。     

Investigation of Cold Damage and Renew of Several Dominant Mangrove Plants in Neilingding-futian National Nature Reserve of Guangdong Province, China

2008年初,广东深圳福田红树植物遭受了近五十年来最为严重的低温寒害,引种红树及本地红树物种都受到了不同程度的影响,主要表现在叶片枯萎、树干折断,植物种群相对多度及密度改变.文章在2008年度冻害调查的基础上,2009、2010年对该片红树植物开展了恢复状况和生长现状调查,结果表明:(1)引种树种恢复的状况在不同物种之间有所差异,引种海桑、无瓣海桑在冻害后一度得到良好恢复;木榄生长良好,也有新枝萌发,受冻害影响较小;海莲大多数死亡,从原有的47株减少到目前的12株;澳洲白骨壤生长良好;(2)乡土树种恢复良好,秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤都可正常生长;(3)由于海桑、无瓣海桑受害严重,管理人员对其大树和幼苗进行了人工清理,目前保护区内海桑、无瓣海桑数目急剧减少.     

深圳福田主要红树植物冻害与恢复状况调查

2008年初,广东深圳福田红树植物遭受了近五十年来最为严重的低温寒害,引种红树及本地红树物种都受到了不同程度的影响,主要表现在叶片枯萎、树干折断,植物种群相对多度及密度改变。文章在2008年度冻害调查的基础上,2009、2010年对该片红树植物开展了恢复状况和生长现状调查,结果表明:(1)引种树种恢复的状况在不同物种之间有所差异,引种海桑、无瓣海桑在冻害后一度得到良好恢复;木榄生长良好,也有新枝萌发,受冻害影响较小;海莲大多数死亡,从原有的47株减少到目前的12株;澳洲白骨壤生长良好;(2)乡土树种恢复良好,秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤都可正常生长;(3)由于海桑、无瓣海桑受害严重,管理人员对其大树和幼苗进行了人工清理,目前保护区内海桑、无瓣海桑数目急剧减少。     

迹斑绿刺蛾选择性取食与红树科植物叶片内含物的关系

研究了迹斑绿刺蛾幼虫对3种红树植物的取食选择性与叶片内含物含量的相关性。结果表明:处理1、2中迹斑绿刺蛾幼虫对无瓣海桑的取食量基本一致,均为7 cm2/头以上,且没有明显差异,其次为秋茄,取食量为3.99 cm2/头,不取食桐花叶片,说明无瓣海桑是迹斑绿刺蛾幼虫较理想的食物。内含物含量方面,可溶性糖含量最高的为桐花和秋茄,最低的为无瓣海桑,可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、总酚含量最高的为无瓣海桑,单宁含量最高的为桐花。相关分析表明,幼虫取食与叶片可溶性糖含量具有较好负相关性,与可溶性蛋白质、总酚含量具有较好的正相关,与游离氨基酸含量成较低正相关、与单宁含量呈较低负相关,说明叶片营养物质含量影响害虫取食的选择性,而次生性物质含量的变化又与虫害相互作用。     

无瓣海桑人工混交林结构及幼苗天然更新能力

为探究无瓣海桑人工混交林在河口海湾的生态效应问题,采用样方法对福建省厦门市海沧湾16年生无瓣海桑与其它种类红树的人工混交林结构和幼苗天然更新扩散能力进行实地调查。结果表明:①该群落外貌简单、林相整齐、空间层次分层明显。位于乔木一层的是无瓣海桑,位于乔木二层的有无瓣海桑、秋茄、红海榄;位于灌木-小树层的有秋茄、红海榄和白骨壤;位于幼苗层的只有秋茄。②无瓣海桑在乔木层的重要值为35.1%,秋茄在乔木层、灌木-小树层和幼苗层3个不同层次的重要值均为最大。③该群落各多样性指数值均较低,灌木-小树层的各多样性指数值均比乔木层和幼苗层的多样性指数值高。④在4种不同类型样地调查幼苗扩散情况,均未发现无瓣海桑幼苗或历年生的幼树,而乡土红树植物秋茄在4种类型样地中均有幼苗自然生长,白骨壤在光滩中有发现幼苗生长。     

广西红树林群落表层沉积物有机碳的初步研究

探讨了广西红树林湿地有机碳含量、有机碳密度的分布规律,为今后该区域的相关研究和红树林湿地恢复提供基础数据。为此,以广西红树林优势群落为调查样地,调查了白骨壤、桐花树、秋茄、木榄4种自然群落及无瓣海桑人工群落表层沉积物有(0~30cm)机碳含量、有机碳密度和有机碳储量。结果显示:各群落沉积物有机碳含量为秋茄群落(22.90±2.66g/kg)无瓣海桑群落(19.58±2.85g/kg)桐花树群落(15.55±1.44g/kg)木榄群落(11.63±1.21g/kg)白骨壤群落(10.82±0.65g/kg)。有机碳密度为秋茄群落(2.43kg/m2)无瓣海桑群落(1.92kg/m2)白骨壤群落(1.51kg/m2)桐花树群落(1.37kg/m2)木榄群落(1.12kg/m2),平均为1.67kg/m2。广西红树林表层湿地沉积物(0~30cm)有机碳碳储量分别为:秋茄群落72.76t/hm2、木榄群落33.49t/hm2、桐花树群落40.98t/hm2、无瓣海桑群落57.73t/hm2、白骨壤群落45.18t/hm2。沉积物有机碳含量在垂直分布上从上而下呈现出逐渐下降的趋势,且不同群落类型表层沉积物有机碳含量差异显著。     

4种红树净光合速率对光和CO_2浓度的响应特征

以秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤和木榄等4种红树为研究对象,测定了这4种红树在自然生境中的光合作用对光和CO2的响应曲线,阐述了其光合作用对光和CO2浓度的响应特征。结果表明,不同红树光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)不同,4种红树LCP为白骨壤(81.95μmol.m-2·s-1)桐花树(61.84μmol.m-2·s-1)秋茄(47.09μmol.m-2·s-1)木榄(39.79μmol.m-2·s-1),LSP为桐花树秋茄白骨壤木榄;不同红树间表观量子效率存在差异,秋茄的表观量子效率最高为0.031,木榄最低为0.012,桐花树(0.027)高于白骨壤(0.017);4种红树植物光合作用的CO2补偿点介于103～152μmolCO2·mol-1,说明4种红树均为C3植物;CO2补偿点从大到小的顺序为木榄白骨壤桐花树秋茄;4种红树羧化效率(CE),最大的为桐花树,其次为秋茄,再次为白骨壤,木榄最低。     

郁闭度对无瓣海桑人工林下3种红树幼树生长影响

2018年6月至2020年12月调查珠海淇澳岛无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buch. Ham.)改造示范林内3种乡土红树群落变化,解析不同红树植物对不同郁闭度条件体现的环境适应性,为无瓣海桑人工林乡土化改造工程提供科学依据。结果显示:1)相同郁闭度条件下幼树株高表现为:木榄[Bruguiera gymnorhiza(L.) Lam.]桐花树[Aegiceras corniculatum(L) Blanco]秋茄(Kandelia obovata);2)在3种郁闭度条件下木榄和桐花树冠幅均在种植1.5~2 a时间内达到最大增长量,木榄冠幅均最大;3)木榄和桐花树郁闭度低于0.6条件下桐花树保持较高保存率,而秋茄仅在强光条件下能够保持较高成活率。研究结果表明,从对无瓣海桑不同郁闭度条件红树植物幼树生长适应性来看,木榄和桐花树适宜种植在郁闭度低于0.6的无瓣海桑林下;秋茄适宜在郁闭度低于0.3的林分内,可在林窗/林隙下方适当密植。     

深水裸滩红树植物与落羽杉生长适应性研究

对深水裸滩几种红树植物及沼生植物落羽杉的生长适应性研究结果表明：(1)红树植物无瓣海桑与落羽杉的成活率和生长速度较接近,远超过桐花树、秋茄和木榄,证明无瓣海桑和落羽杉对于深水裸滩的生长适应能力较强,具有速生特性;(2)随滩面高度的降低,海水淹浸时间的增加,红树植物和落羽杉的成活率及生长速度有下降的趋势。在滩面高度低于-0．9m时,落羽杉成活和生长极差,各种红树植物则无法成活和生长。落羽杉的耐淹浸能力最强,其次为无瓣海桑,桐花树较差,秋茄和木榄最差;(3)在同一生长地红树植物与落羽杉的生长指标间存在一定的相关性。无瓣海桑与落羽杉之间的生长相关性最为明显,各生长指标间基本上都表现出极显著的相关性,而桐花树、秋茄、木榄与落羽杉的毕长相关性较差。     

粤东沙质滩涂6种红树林树种造林试验研究

选择无瓣海桑、秋茄、白骨壤、木榄、桐花和拉关木6个红树林树种,在粤东沿海沙质滩涂地带进行造林试验。结果表明:(1)涨退潮风浪大的流动沙质滩涂不适宜种植红树林,避风、涨退潮海浪较小、沙土流动较缓慢的沙质滩涂可以成功造林;(2)种植后14个月,6个红树林树种造林存活率排序为白骨壤(31%)拉关木(28%)无瓣海桑(25%)秋茄(22%)桐花(18%)木榄(14%),平均保存率为23%;(3)在风浪较小、沙土流动较缓慢的沙质滩涂营造红树林,可选择无瓣海桑、白骨壤和拉关木3个树种。     

中国红树林的害虫种类及其综合防治

通过查阅文献资料,共统计中国红树林害虫128种,隶属2纲7目55科,其中以鳞翅目、半翅目昆虫为主,分别占总数的52.4%和26.6%。危害无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala、桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum、秋茄Kandelia obovata、白骨壤Avicennia marina、海桑Sonneratia caseolaris的害虫分别有45种、45种、37种、32种和20种。广东红树林害虫种类最多,共95种;广西其次,49种。鳞翅目害虫主要包括海榄雌瘤斑螟Acrobasis sp.、桐花树毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha cellifera Meyrick、棉古毒蛾Orgyia postica Walker、蜡彩袋蛾Chalia larminati Heylaerts、丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida Cramer等,多以幼虫取食为害;半翅目害虫主要有考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli(Cooley)、广翅蜡蝉Ricania sp.等,以幼虫、成虫吸食植物汁液为害。在害虫的综合防治中,以生物防治为主,如利用寄生蜂、苏云金杆菌、白僵菌、捕食性天敌和生物制剂等进行防治,结合物理防治可以提升防治效果。同时,探讨分析了红树林虫害暴发的原因和机制。     

武汉市城区古树后续资源调查与分析

经调查发现:武汉市城区古树后续资源有890株,分属30科47属61种,其优势种类与城区现有的古树优势种类相近,相同树种有樟树、珊瑚朴、朴树、桂花、女贞、银杏、枫杨、榔榆、三角枫、悬铃木等10个,但其乡土树种所占的数量比例下降明显;这些古树后续资源主要集中分布在武昌区,尤其是在东湖一带,在其它城区的古树后续资源分布十分零散。武汉市城区古树后续资源的生长状况总体上生长良好,但遭受白蚁的危害较为严重,占其数量比例的15·2%,有必要开展古树后续资源的白蚁防治工作。     

Mangrove expansion and population structure at a planted site,East London,South Africa

Avicennia marina (Forrsk.) Vierh. was planted in 1969 at Nahoon Estuary, East London, followed a few years later by the planting of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. and Rhizophora mucronata (L.) among the larger A. marina trees. This study tested the hypothesis that mangroves have expanded and replaced salt marsh over a 33-year period (1978–2011). It provides important information on mangroves growing at higher latitudes, where they were thought to not occur naturally due to lower annual average temperatures. It further provides insights on future scenarios of possible shifts in vegetation types due to climate change at one of the most southerly distribution sites worldwide. The expansion of mangroves was measured using past aerial photographs and Esri ArcGIS Desktop 10 software. In addition, field surveys were completed in 2011 to determine the population structure of the present mangrove forest and relate this to environmental conditions. The study showed that mangrove area cover increased linearly at a rate of 0.06 ha y^?1, while the salt marsh area cover also increased (0.09 ha y^?1) but was found to be variable over time. The mangrove area is still relatively small (<2 ha) and expanded mostly over a bare sandflat area. Avicennia marina was the dominant species and had high recruitment (seedling density was 33 822 ± 16 364 ha^?1). Only a few Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora mucronata individuals were found (<10 adult trees), although observations indicate that some young plants are becoming established away from the parent plants. The site provides opportunities for studies on mangrove/salt marsh interactions in response to a changing climate. Mangroves should not be planted in non-native areas as they may become invasive outside their natural range. However, future increases in temperature will certainly lead to a southerly expansion of mangoves in South African estuaries.     

沙枣树对光肩星天牛种群诱控功能的初步研究

沙枣可吸引光肩星天牛产卵，又能控制其卵不能产生后代，对易感天牛危害的林分有明显的控害功能。通过野外实验，沙枣树上刻槽最高值为63．50，最低值为47．60。配植沙枣的杨树防护林带，光肩星天牛刘槽均值从9．80下降为1．48，林带受害轻而无枯死；没有配植沙枣的杨树防护林带全部枯死。     

广东木榄+桐花树群落上的白缘蛀果斑螟和荔枝异形小卷蛾研究

白缘蛀果斑螟和荔枝异形小卷蛾是红树林木榄＋桐花树群落上的重要害虫,在广东省局部区域的红树林保护区,已经对木榄造成严重危害。白缘蛀果斑螟1年完成4代,第1至第3代虫历时48～66d,越冬代历时180d;荔枝异形小卷蛾1年完成5代,第1至第4代虫历时39～44d,越冬代历时188d。白缘蛀果斑螟和荔枝异形小卷蛾幼虫均危害木榄的花萼和胚轴,荔枝异形小卷蛾能够迁移到桐花树上危害桐花果实。在木榄＋桐花树群落上,白缘蛀果斑螟成虫占54％,荔枝异形小卷蛾成虫占46％。林间世代重叠,以幼虫和蛹越冬。在4月下旬～5月中旬,受害花萼和受害胚轴数量有一个高峰期,而7月上旬－10月中旬,则有一个明显的低值期。白缘蛀果斑螟和荔枝异形小卷蛾种群数量消长规律与受害花萼和受害胚轴的数量变化规律成正相关,前者同样也出现一个高峰期和一个低值期。白缘蛀果斑螟和荔枝异形小卷蛾与捕食性蜘蛛数量的比例为1：0．30,捕食性蜘蛛的捕食作用不明显。     

Lumbricid associations on a former open clay pit after recultivation with different tree species

The earthworm fauna was recorded from a former open clay pit five and seven years after the area had been recultivated with various tree species. The highest abundances (200–245 specimens/m²) and biomasses (46.8 to 48.4 g/m²) were found in the following stand types: mixed woodland of balsam poplar (various sorts) and grey alder (Alnus incana (L.)Moench), mixed woodland of balsam poplar (Andoscoggin) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.)Gaertn.), and a pure stand of black alder. Clearly lower values were found in a plot with common oaks (Quercus robur L.) under a dense shelterwood of naturally regenerated willows (Salix spec.), and a plot exclusively stocked with naturally regenerated willows. The rapid resettlement of the backfilled, compacted clay soil is above all explained by the high pH-values found in the surface soil. The differences between the studied plots regarding total abundance and biomass might be explained by the different qualities and amounts of litter. The highest species diversity — expressed by the Shannon-index — and the highest proportion of endogeic species, particularlyAporrectodea caliginosa Savigny 1826, were calculated for the two stands with a mixture of alder and balsam poplar. This result could have been caused by the lack of parent soil bed and the particularly high pH-value of the soils found there.     

Photosynthetic gas exchange and accumulation of phytotoxins in mangrove seedlings in response to soil physico-chemical characteristics associated with waterlogging

We evaluated photosynthetic gas exchange and the accumulation of iron, manganese and sulfur in seedlings of five mangrove species (Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk., Hibiscus tiliaceus L. and Rhizophora stylosa Griff.) growing under anoxic soil conditions at low irradiance. Seedlings of the viviparous mangroves showed no significant responses to root anoxia. The presence of ferrous sulfate or manganous sulfate had a smaller effect on CO(2) assimilation, transpiration rate and stomatal behavior than the presence of sodium sulfide. Sodium sulfide inhibited photosynthetic gas exchange and caused complete stomatal closure in all species. Stomatal closure was probably the result of the damaging effect of sulfide ions on root cell membranes. Some leaf epinasty and wilting were also observed in response to the Na(2)S treatment in all species. A combination of FeSO(4), MnSO(4) and Na(2)S had a smaller effect on photosynthesis than Na(2)S alone, especially for Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa seedlings, which maintained appreciable rates of CO(2) assimilation (2.49 and 3.84 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1), respectively) in the presence of all three phytotoxins. Roots of phytotoxin-treated seedlings of all species accumulated significant amounts of the corresponding toxin compared with roots of the control plants. The FeSO(4) or MnSO(4) treatments had no effect on foliar concentrations of iron or manganese, whereas the Na(2)S treatment resulted in an accumulation of S in the leaves of all species. Interactions between Fe(2+) and Mn(2+) and sulfide in the culture medium appeared to reduce their uptake by the seedlings. We conclude that high concentrations of sulfides in mangrove sediments may adversely affect both growth and survival of mangrove seedlings at low irradiances.     

番禺地区引种种植红树林的研究

试图从理论和实践上解决6广东翻禺地区人们一直关心的“可否利用当地滩涂构建多用途的生态公益红树林体系”的问题，提出了在构建过程中的合理化建议，首先从多个理论角度论证在广东番禺地区引种种植红树林可以取得成功，然后通过在3个地点营造4个树种、遍布14.2km长的潮滩带、总面积达13.7hm^2的试验林进行实际检验，结果表明：实际试种检验结果与理论分析结论基本吻合，几个树种的保存率和生长情况与我国其它红树林主要分布地区相同树种的情况相当；适宜当地发展红树林的较佳树种为无瓣海桑、秋茄和木榄，适合它们生存的滩面高程分别为相对于海平面-0.8m,-0.74m和-0.43m以上。本文可作为当地有关政府部门发展红树林的一个决策依据，同时，也可为珠江三角洲沿岸抗议红树林提供参考。     

Distribution and stem growth patterns of mangrove species along the Nakara River in Iriomote Island, Southwestern Japan

We examined variations in stand structure and tree growth of a mangrove forest along two gradients: from the river mouth to upper stream and from the riverside to inland, along the Nakara River, Iriomote Island, Japan. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. occurred throughout the intertidal area, though Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Kandelia candel (L) Druce did not occur upstream. Basal area and maximum tree height of B. gymnorrhiza decreased downstream. The growth rate in stem diameter of B. gymnorrhiza decreased downstream in relation with the soil salinity. The basal area and the maximum tree height of B. gymnorrhiza increased with the distance from the riverside. R. stylosa increased in stem diameter and growth rate toward the riverside.     

生长调节剂处理对断根银杏生长的影响

银杏断根预处理后，用不同浓度的萘乙酸、吲哚乙酸、生根粉-3在根部灌施。结果表明，适宜浓度的生长调节剂均能在某些程度上弥补断根对银杏造成生长及生理上的伤害。对断根银杏的生长来说150mg/L萘乙酸、100mg/L吲哚乙酸和100mg/L的生根粉-3处理均为本实验的最佳处理。另外，考虑3种生长调节剂的经济因素，则以100mg/L生根粉-3处理最优。