旱地冬小麦灌浆期冠层温度与产量和水分利用效率的关系

为给抗旱节水品种的快速鉴定和筛选提供科学依据,在甘肃陇东旱塬利用红外测温仪测定了23个冬小麦品种的冠层温度,并分析了其与产量、水分利用效率的关系.结果表明,不同基因型小麦在籽粒灌浆期存在着冠层温度高度分异的现象,其差异可反映在产量和水分利用效率上.无论灌浆初期还是中期或中后期,旱地冬小麦产量、水分利用效率与冠层温度均呈极显著的负相关,并且随着灌浆过程的推移,相关性增大.这表明,灌浆期冠层温度偏低的品种具有较高的产量和水分利用效率,冠层温度可作为旱地高产节水小麦品种田间筛选的指标.     

再生稻净光合速率与产量及其构成因素的相关性分析

 以13个杂交稻组合为材料,分析了再生季产量及其构成因素与水稻灌浆期和成熟期光合速率的相关性。结果表明, 再生稻灌浆期净光合速率显著高于成熟期,且灌浆期不同组合间的差异大于成熟期。不同组合间在同一生育期净光合速率存在显著差异。再生稻灌浆期的净光合速率与产量呈极显著正相关,而成熟期净光合速率与产量则呈显著负相关。此外,灌浆期净光合速率与结实率呈显著正相关。     

不同基因型冬小麦冠层温度与产量性状的关系

为分析小麦冠层温度与产量性状的关系,选用55个不同基因型冬小麦品种(系),在灌溉条件下研究了不同冬小麦基因型产量性状,冠层温度差异及二者的相关性.结果表明,基因型间冬小麦的冠层温度在开花期、花后7 d、花后21 d和花后28 d均存在极显著差异.除花后21 d外,不同测量时期在重复间也均有极显著差异.开花期和花后21 d的冠层温度分别与穗数和穗粒数呈显著相关,灌浆期间冠层温度与千粒重呈显著或极显著相关.冠层温度与产量的相关性依次为花后7 d>花后21 d>开花期>花后28 d>花后14 d>抽穗期,其中花后7 d和21 d的冠层温度与产量呈极显著相关(P<0.01).冠层温度在灌浆中后期持续偏低与冬小麦绿叶功能和衰老机制的延缓有密切关系,可用于鉴定冬小麦产量潜力.     

不同基因型玉米冠层温度与产量和水分利用效率的关系

2007年在甘肃陇东旱塬利用红外测温仪研究了19个基因型玉米冠层温度与产量、水分利用效率的关系。结果表明,不同基因型玉米在子粒灌浆期存在着冠层温度高度分异的现象,其差异可反应在产量和水分利用效率的不同上。无论灌浆初期还是中期或后期,旱地玉米产量、水分利用效率与冠层温度呈极显著的负相关(R²= 0.445～0.634),并且随着灌浆期推移,相关性增大。表明灌浆期冠层温度偏低的品种具有较高产量和水分利用效率,冠层温度可作为高产节水品种田间筛选的指标。     

水稻灌浆期冠层温度对植株生理性状及稻米品质的影响

在大田环境下,以辽粳294、开粳1号为材料,在灌浆期设置5个水分梯度处理,研究了水稻冠层温度日变化特征及其与土壤水分状况、产量生理特性、稻米品质之间的关系。结果表明:1)冠层温度低于气温,但与其显著正相关。梯度水分处理导致冠层温度和冠气温度差逐级升高,即土壤水势降低,冠层温度升高,冠气温度差绝对值增大;2)相同环境条件下,抗旱性弱的品种辽粳294的冠层温度低于抗旱性强的品种开粳1号;3)水分胁迫下水稻冠气温度差与每穗实粒数、千粒重、结实率、产量、整精米率、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉、脂肪酸和食味值呈显著负相关,与秕粒数、垩白度、垩白粒、碎米率呈显著正相关;4)光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率随土壤水势降低而下降,且抗旱性强的品种开粳1号的光合性能较强。相关性分析表明,两个品种冠气温度差与其光合性能显著或极显著负相关;5)开粳1号的气孔密度显著大于辽粳294,而气孔长度和气孔宽度极显著小于辽粳294。综合分析表明,在灌浆期辽粳294和开粳1号在土壤水势为-0.02~-0.03 MP时,平均冠气温度差分别维持在0.9℃和0.8℃时对产量影响不显著(达到水分临界水平),可作为水稻灌浆期的节水灌溉指标。     

不同小麦基因型灌浆期冠层和叶面温度与产量和品质关系的初步分析

为了进一步探讨冠层温度作为衡量小麦代谢功能的指标在小麦品种(系)的选择和高产栽培中的作用,选用我国河北、河南、山东、陕西、山西、安徽、四川、江苏8省的8个小麦品种在河南省种植,并对其冠层温度、叶面温度与产量、品质进行相关分析。结果发现,在河南省生态条件下,小麦整个灌浆期间冠层温度与小麦产量及其主要构成因素大部分呈负相关,只有穗粒数在灌浆始期和中期呈微弱的正相关;籽粒蛋白质、面粉蛋白、出粉率、断裂时间、拉伸面积、延伸性与整个灌浆期间冠层温度的总和及各时期冠层温度呈正相关,而耐揉指数和弱化度与冠层温度总和及各时期温度呈负相关。冠层叶面温度与产量和品质的相关关系与冠层温度基本一致。     

不同水分条件下小麦生理性状与产量的灰色关联度分析

为了解干旱胁迫条件下小麦冠层温度、旗叶光合性状的变化特点及其对产量的影响,以小麦回交导入系(IL)群体[(鲁麦14×晋麦47)×鲁麦14]BC3F5代的160个株系及其亲本为材料,分析了雨养和灌溉条件下,开花期和灌浆期冠层温度、冠气温差、旗叶叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光动力学参数等性状的相关性以及不同性状与产量的灰色关联度。结果表明,在两种水分条件下IL群体多数性状表现超双亲,性状变异系数为1.19%～48.30%,性状均值偏向轮回亲本鲁麦14;雨养条件下抗旱亲本晋麦47的冠层温度及叶绿素荧光动力学参数比水地品种鲁麦14表现稳定,IL群体的性状稳定性(D值)超过轮回亲本。两种水分条件下,荧光动力学参数之间相关性表现复杂,Fv与Fm、Fo/Fm与Fv/Fm之间相关性最高,相关系数大于0.991。灰色关联度分析结果表明,两个发育时期的Fv/Fm和灌浆期的冠层温度对产量的影响较大,可以作为选择抗旱高光效小麦的重要评价指标。     

基于Landsat 8TM卫星数据的玉米灌浆期旱情监测

以灌溉区大田玉米为研究对象,利用Landsat 8TM卫星数据把冠层含水量指数MSI2与温度指数LST结合构建冠层水分温度指数(CTWDI),对研究区2014~2016年大田玉米灌浆期旱情进行监测。结果表明,CTWDI与灌浆期玉米冠层含水量极显著相关(r=0.719**),可以较好地反应灌浆期高覆盖度玉米水分状况。基于CTWDI的灌浆期玉米干旱监测结果与实际情况相符,且Kappa系数均高于57%,改进了玉米生育中后期的旱情监测方法,可以利用CTWDI对灌浆期高覆盖度条件下的玉米进行干旱监测。     

水稻冠层反射光谱特征与籽粒品质指标的相关性研究

系统分析了水稻籽粒加工品质、外观品质、营养品质等与水稻冠层反射光谱特征之间的相关性。结果表明,成熟期冠层反射光谱指数与水稻籽粒加工品质呈显著负相关,尤其是1650 nm和660 nm的比值和归一化组合,决定系数高达0.8以上。籽粒的外观品质与冠层光谱特征之间的关系不明显。籽粒蛋白质含量则与大多数生育时期的冠层光谱比值指数和归一化指数呈极显著相关,相关系数多在0.80以上;而淀粉含量与灌浆盛期的710 nm和660 nm的比值和归一化组合相关性最好。说明通过遥感手段来预测水稻籽粒的加工品质和营养品质指标是可行的。     

基于高光谱遥感的小麦籽粒产量预测模型研究

为了确立能够准确预测小麦籽粒产量的敏感光谱参数和定量模型,于2003～2006年连续3个生长季,通过不同小麦品种和不同施氮水平的4个大田试验,在小麦不同生育期采集田间冠层高光谱数据并测定植株氮含量、重量和叶面积指数及成熟期籽粒产量,定量分析小麦籽粒产量与冠层高光谱参数的相互关系.结果显示,小麦籽粒产量随施氮水平的提高而增加,不同地力水平间存在显著差异.灌浆前期叶片氮积累量和叶面积氮指数均能够较好地反映成熟期籽粒产量状况,而叶片氮含量和氮积累量及叶面积氮指数在拔节～成熟期的累积值与成熟期籽粒产量的回归拟合效果更好.对叶片氮含量和氮积累量及叶面积氮指数的光谱反演,在不同品种、氮素水平和年度间可以使用统一的光谱参数.根据"特征光谱参数-叶片氮素营养-籽粒产量"这一技术路径,以叶片氮素营养为交接点将模型链接,建立了基于灌浆前期高光谱参数及拔节期～成熟期特征光谱指数累积值的小麦籽粒产量预测模型.经两年独立试验数据检验表明,利用灌浆前期关键特征光谱指数可以有效地评价小麦成熟期籽粒产量状况,拔节～成熟期特征光谱指数的累积值能够稳定预报不同条件下小麦成熟期籽粒产量的变化.因此,利用冠层特征光谱指数可以快速无损地预报小麦成熟期籽粒产量.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.