Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and fish oil supplementation on performance and egg quality in laying hens

1. Laying hen performance, yolk fat fatty acid concentrations and firmness of eggs were evaluated with respect to the inclusion in the diet of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and fish oil. 2. Nine diets were arranged factorially, with three levels of supplementation of CLA (1, 3 and 5 g/kg) and fish oil (0, 14 and 20 g/kg). 3. Type of diet did not affect egg production traits. 4. CLA addition increased yolk weight and yolk fat concentrations of CLA, saturated and total long-chain n-3 fatty acids, but decreased those of monounsaturated and total long-chain n-6 fatty acids. 5. Fish oil addition increased long-chain n-3 fatty acids yolk fat concentrations but decreased those of CLA, saturated and long-chain n-6 fatty acids. 6. Effects of CLA addition on yolk fat concentrations of C22:4 n-6 and C20:5 n-3 were greater when no fish oil was added to the diet. 7. CLA supplementation increased linearly yolk moisture and firmness and altered albumen and yolk pH.     

Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and high-oleic sunflower oil on performance and egg quality in laying hens

(1) Laying hen performance, yolk fatty acid (FA) concentrations, sensory quality and firmness of eggs were evaluated with respect to the inclusion in the diet of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and high-oleic acid sunflower oil (HOSO). (2) Nine diets were arranged factorially, with three concentrations of CIA (0, 1 and 2 g/kg) and HOSO (10, 20 and 30 g/kg). (3) Type of diet did not affect egg production traits. (4) Dietary addition of CLA decreased yolk lipid content and yolk lipid concentrations of monounsaturated FA, C(20:4 n-6) and C(22:6 n-3), but increased those of CLA and saturated FA. (5) Dietary addition of HOSO increased monounsaturated FA concentrations in the yolk lipid but decreased those of CLA and saturated FA. (6) CLA supplementation increased yolk moisture and firmness and impaired the sensory quality of eggs. (7) An interaction between CLA and HOSO addition was found as effects of CLA addition on yolk lipid CLA concentrations and egg quality traits were smaller when the amount of HOSO in the diet increased. (8) Regression equations have been calculated in order to predict yolk CLA and C(18:1), concentration from dietary composition, and yolk firmness from yolk FA composition.     

共轭亚油酸对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋黄腊肪酸含量的影响

本文旨在研究不同共轭亚油酸(CLA)添加水平对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋黄脂肪酸含量的影响.选用30周龄罗曼商品蛋鸡96只,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复4只鸡,分别饲喂添加0%、0.5%、1%和2%共轭亚油酸的基础日粮,试验期为印d.结果表明,添加共轭亚油酸对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄重量和蛋黄脂肪含量的影响不显著,但添加1.0%和2.0%共轭亚油酸,鸡的采食量和蛋清重显著降低(P<0.05);随着日粮共轭亚油酸添加水平的提高,蛋黄中胆固醇和单不饱和脂肪酸含量降低(P<0.05),蛋黄中饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和共轭亚油酸含量显著提高(P<0.05).本试验条件下,2%共轭亚油酸添加组对于提高蛋黄的共轭亚油酸含量,降低蛋黄的胆固醇含量效果最佳.     

Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on several functional properties of macrophages and heterophils in laying hens

1. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on various functional properties of macrophages and heterophils in the laying hen were determined. 2. Seventy two 28-week-old-ISA brown hens were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups and were fed diets containing 0 or 1% CLA for a total period of 18 weeks. Blood samples were collected from 6 hens per diet group every 3 weeks and macrophages and heterophils were isolated. The following variables were determined in resting and phorbol myristate acetate-activated (65 microM) macrophages and heterophils: total cell-associated urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA), membrane-bound u-PA, free u-PA binding sites and superoxide production. 3. There were no significant differences between diet groups throughout the whole experimental period in total cell-associated u-PA, membrane-bound u-PA, free u-PA binding sites and superoxide production by resting macrophages and heterophils. 4. Activated heterophils and macrophages isolated from hens fed the CLA-supplemented diet had higher membrane-bound u-PA activity compared with the corresponding values for activated heterophils and macrophages obtained from hens fed the basal diet. These differences were significant for heterophils during weeks 6, 12, 15 and 18 and for macrophages during weeks 6, 9 and 12 of the experiment. 5. Macrophages and heterophils from hens fed the CLA diet had lower superoxide production compared with the corresponding cells from the control hens on weeks 12, 15 and 18 of the experiment. 6. Dietary CLA modulated certain aspects of the immune system in the laying hen. The increased quantity of u-PA on the membrane of macrophages and heterophils isolated from hens fed the CLA diet may facilitate the ability of these cells to reach the point of a potential inflammation (pro-inflammatory effect). 7. In contrast to the effect on the u-PA system, dietary CLA reduced superoxide production by activated macrophages and heterophils during the second half (last 9 weeks) of the experimental period suggesting that CLA may exert an anti-inflammatory effect in the laying hen.     

牛至油对成年蛋鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平的牛至油添加对蛋鸡生产性能及免疫功能的影响。选取30周龄海兰灰商品蛋鸡300只,随机分为5组(每组6个重复,每个重复10只):对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验A、B和C组饲喂分别添加50,100和150mg/kg牛至油的试验饲粮,抗生素组饲喂添加100 mg/kg硫酸抗敌素的试验饲粮,试验期60d。结果表明:整个试验期各组间蛋鸡日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05),A和B组蛋鸡产蛋率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05);A、B和C组蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白IgG含量比对照组有显著提高(P<0.05);试验30和60d,A组蛋鸡血清新城疫抗体滴度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);牛至油对蛋鸡脾脏指数无显著性影响(P>0.05);A组蛋鸡脾脏中的CD4+百分含量比对照组有所提高(P>0.05),CD8+百分含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而CD4~+/CD8~+显著升高(P<0.05);A组脾脏中IL-2和IL-4mRNA的表达量显著升高(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加牛至油能提高蛋鸡的生产性能和免疫功能,以50mg/kg牛至油为最适添加量。     

高含量共轭亚油酸豆油饲喂蛋鸡试验

选择900羽海兰灰商品蛋鸡,随机分为2个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复150羽鸡,研究在日粮中添加0和1.0%共轭亚油酸对蛋鸡生产性能及饲养效益的影响,以验证自行研制的高含量共轭亚油酸豆油在蛋鸡中的作用及在蛋鸡生产中应用的可行性,试验期60d。结果表明,尽管试验组产蛋率和蛋质量分别降低了0.62%和0.76%,每千克产蛋饲料成本提高了7.97%,但每羽蛋鸡所获毛利润比对照组高10.58元,提高率达256.8%。结果表明,在蛋鸡饲料中添加高含量共轭亚油酸豆油具有提高经济效益的作用,因而在生产中推广应用是切实可行的。     

Exogenous enzyme complexes and linoleic acid to laying hens

The aim of this research was to evaluate how the decrease of fat inclusion (and therefore compounds essential for animal development, such as linoleic acid) and the use of exogenous enzyme complexes can affect the performance of layers. Treatments consisted of diets with different levels of linoleic acid, the negative control (NC) with 2.41 g/100g and positive control (PC) with 3.75g/100g. Treatment 3 (RLLA) was reformulated using enzymes and low levels of linoleic acid equal to the NC, treatment 4 (RILA) and treatment 5 (RHLA) were reformulated using enzymes, but with linoleic acid at moderate (3.08 g/100g) and high levels (3.75 g/100g), respectively. The formulation of treatments 3, 4, and 5 used enzymes reformulated using an enzyme nutritional matrix. The variables analyzed in each period were the feed intake (g/bird/day); egg production (%); egg weight (g); egg mass (g); feed conversion per egg mass (kg/kg) and per dozen eggs (kg/dozen); weight (g) of yolk, albumen, and shell; specific gravity (g/cm³); Haugh unit; and shell thickness (mm). The commercial enzyme supplementation was effective in supporting the productive performance of the laying hens. Nutritional reduction in diets reformulated with supplementation of the commercial enzymes can be an alternative to reduce production costs without compromising the productive performance of hens.     

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid affects blood parameters,liver morphology and expression of selected hepatic genes in laying hens

1. The objective of this research were to investigate the effect of a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched diet on Isa Brown laying hen health status and to provide a comprehensive analysis of changes in blood parameters, liver morphology and selected hepatic gene expression.

2. Hens were allocated to the control and experimental group (diet enriched with 0.75% CLA) for a total period of 4 m. At the end of the experiment half of the hens from each group were slaughtered for analyses. The remaining hens were transferred to an organic farm for the next 5 m and fed on the diet without CLA supplementation.

3. The CLA-enriched diet resulted in significant changes in blood and serum parameters; specifically, haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and white blood cells (WBC) count were decreased compared to the control. The total cholesterol (TC) was not significantly affected while the triacylglycerol’s (TG) concentration was elevated. The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly increased in the CLA-supplemented group, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed an increasing tendency. Liver biopsies showed pathological changes classified as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, the expression of hepatic genes involved in fatty acids synthesis (ME1, ACLY, ACC, FASN, SCD1), oxidation (CPT1α, PPARA), detoxification processes (Cytochrome P450, CYP, Flavin-containing monooxygenase, FMO3), oxidative stress (NOX4, XbP1) and inflammation (IL6, TNFα) were elevated. Cessation of CLA supplementation for 5 m of organic farming resulted in normalisation of blood and hepatic parameters to the levels observed in control hens.

4. The results of this study indicate that dietary CLA triggers an integrated stress response in laying hens and activates mechanisms involved in liver detoxification.

     

Effect of type and level of fish oil supplementation on yolk fat composition and n-3 fatty acids retention efficiency in laying hens

1. Laying hen performance and yolk fat fatty acid (FA) concentrations were evaluated with respect to the inclusion in the diet of different sources and levels of marine fish oil (MFO). 2. Twelve diets were arranged factorially, with three sources (MFO1, MFO2_EPA, MFO3_DHA) and four levels of inclusion (15, 30, 45 and 60 g/kg) of MFO. 3. Type of diet had little effect on egg production traits, although laying rate and shell thickness slightly decreased at the highest level of MFO supplementation. 4. An increase in level of inclusion of MFO from 15 to 60 g/kg linearly increased concentrations of C20:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3 and total n-3 FA in yolk fat, but greatly impaired their efficiencies of deposition (g retained/g ingested). 5. An interaction between type and dietary concentration of MFO was found, as the reduction in efficiency of retention of n-3 FA in egg fat with level of MFO was less when the proportion of n-3 in total FA decreased or when that of DHA in total n-3 FA increased. 6. MFO3_ DHA was more efficiently used for total n-3 FA yolk deposition than MFO2_EPA at a similar total n-3 FA intake. 7. Dietary inclusion of MFO reduced LC n-6 FA yolk fat content, which additionally decreased the ratio between total n-6 and total n-3 FA in egg fat. 8. Regression equations were calculated in order to predict efficiency of retention and n-3 FA concentration of yolk fat in the range of diets studied.     

有机酸和益生元对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋壳质量的影响

文章旨在评估不同钙磷水平日粮中添加有机酸和益生元对蛋鸡产蛋量和蛋壳品质的影响。试验选择504只罗曼褐壳蛋鸡,根据产蛋率一致的原则随机分为14个组,每组36只鸡,采用蛋鸡单笼饲养。试验日粮采用2×7因子设计,即两个钙和磷水平(正常组和低水平组)以及不添加、添加0.8%的菊粉和低聚糖、0.5%挥发性脂肪酸中链脂肪酸、0.25%挥发性脂肪酸+0.25%中链脂肪酸、0.4%菊粉+0.25%中链脂肪酸,试验从26w开始到70w结束。试验结果发现,各处理组对产蛋率、采食量、饲料转化率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。低钙磷日粮显著降低了蛋壳百分率、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳密度和蛋壳强度(P<0.05)。日粮添加益生元和有机酸能显著改善46、58和70w蛋壳质量,其中菊粉和中链脂肪酸对蛋壳质量的改善最为显著(P<0.05)。日粮钙、磷水平与益生元和有机酸对各指标的影响无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。结果表明,日粮添加有机酸可以降低饲料pH,同时益生元可以调控肠道功能,从而对高龄高产蛋鸡蛋壳品质有改善作用。     

深海鱼肽对鸡蛋品质和蛋鸡消化率的影响研究

以含有深海鱼肽的维他快预混剂、肽多蛋预混料为原料，研究添加0．1％、0．2％的维他快和添加8％的肽多蛋对蛋种鸡、蛋品质的影响，以及维他快对各种营养成分消化吸收的影响。采用试验饲料对蛋鸠进行为期8周的饲养，人工喂料、拣蛋，在试验结束后进行代谢试验及蛋品质的检测。结果表明，添加深海鱼肽有利于改善鸡蛋品质，加强蛋壳质量，提高鸡蛋的营养价值；另外，深海鱼肽能显著提高饲料粗灰分的消化吸收，尤其是磷的吸收，其他各项营养成分差异不显著，但较对照组都有所提高。     

饲料中添加CLA开发共轭亚油酸强化鹌鹑蛋的试验研究

试验选择132日龄的产蛋期健康鹌鹑450只,分成3组,各组日粮中共轭亚油酸(CLA)的添加量分别为0%、2.0%和4.0%。试验期30d。结果表明,日粮中添加CLA对鹌鹑产蛋量、平均蛋重、料蛋比、产蛋率无显著影响(P0.05)。脂肪酸分析表明,CLA明显降低鹌鹑蛋黄中总单不饱和脂肪酸含量,但能增加总饱和脂肪酸和总多不饱和脂肪酸及CLA的含量。2.0%CLA处理组20d鹌鹑蛋黄中的CLA含量达最大。鹌鹑饲粮中添加CLA可生产出富含CLA的鹌鹑蛋。     

Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids supplementation

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a single pair of conjugated double bonds. The major natural CLA isomer is 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (c9, t11) linoleic acid, or rumenic acid (RA). Chemically synthesized CLA is also available, mostly as a mixture of RA and 18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (t10, c12) isomers in equal amounts (50:50). Consumption of ruminant meat (beef and lamb) and dairy products (milk and cheese) is the main source of dietary exposure to CLA. Despite numerous studies on animal and human models (tumorigenesis, obesity, immune response) it has not been established whether additional supplementation of CLA is of benefit. Moreover, some studies, conducted both in animals and in humans, reveal that CLA isomers may induce insulin resistance. Presently, balanced diet rich in CLA from natural sources is recommended. The purpose of this review was to sum up the results available in the literature.     

共轭亚油酸在养猪业中的研究应用

研究表明,共轭亚油酸具有抗癌、抗氧化、降低血清胆固醇、抑制脂肪积累、促生长、刺激免疫等作用,是一种新型功能性脂肪酸。本文系统介绍了共轭亚油酸的生理功能,对猪的营养作用,以及对养猪业产生的影响及应用前景。     

共轭亚油酸在养猪业中的研究应用

研究表明，共轭亚油酸具有抗癌，抗氧化，降低血清胆固醇，抑制脂肪积累，促生长，刺激免疫等作用，是一种新型功能性脂肪酸，本文系统介绍了共轭亚油酸的生理功能，对猪的营养作用，以及对养猪业的影响及应用前景。     

牛磺酸对老龄蛋鸡体内抗氧化作用影响的研究

试验选用504只59周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复24羽。预试期1周,正试期又分为60～64周和64～68周两阶段,在各组鸡饲粮中分别添加0、0.005%、0.01%、0.02%、0.04%、0.08%、0.16%的牛磺酸,研究牛磺酸对蛋鸡抗氧化能力的影响,并初步探讨其影响机制。研究结果表明:(1)试验前期0.005%、0.16%水平牛磺酸添加组蛋鸡全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著升高(P<0.05),且0.16%组在试验后期全血GSH-Px活性也显著升高(P<0.05);添加牛磺酸64周龄蛋鸡血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性没有升高,68周龄SOD活性升高,并且0.08%组酶活极显著升高(P<0.01)。(2)添加牛磺酸可以显著降低蛋鸡心、脑脂褐质含量(P<0.05),其中0.005%添加效果最好。另外,日粮中添加牛磺酸降低了试验后期蛋鸡血清丙二醛含量,其中0.005%、0.02%、0.04%、0.08%组差异显著(P<0.05)。总体上以添加0.005%水平牛磺酸提高蛋鸡抗氧化能力的效果最佳。     

共轭亚油酸的生理作用及其在养殖业的应用前景

共轭亚油酸（CLA）是在双键位置和几何构型上呈异构形式亚油酸的异构体复合物，有１０多种存在形式。CLA是食物中的天然成分，普遍存在于反刍动物性食品如牛奶、奶酪、牛肉、羊肉及脂肪中，脂肪中的CLA含量最高，一般为２．９～８．９２mg／g。自然状态下瘤胃中细菌的亚油酸异构化作用能够产生CLA，因此反刍动物肉及乳品中CLA含量比其它动物高，猪肉及禽肉中的CLA含量相对较少。２０世纪７０年代末，MichaelPariza在烹调过程中寻找肉中诱导有机体突变物质的形成时偶尔发现CLA的存在。Pariza（１９８５）的研究表明，CLA能降低小…     

槲皮素对蛋鸡胆固醇代谢的影响

采用单因素试验设计,选体重和产蛋率相近的29周龄蛋鸡240只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每重复10只鸡。在玉米-豆粕型饲粮基础上添加0、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%槲皮素,进行8周的饲养试验。研究槲皮素对蛋鸡的血脂、鸡蛋胆固醇和甘油三酯、肝脏胆固醇和甘油三酯、血清雌激素和胰岛素的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,0.04%槲皮素可显著降低血清甘油三酯含量(P<0.05);0.02%、0.04%槲皮素极显著降低蛋黄胆固醇含量(P<0.01),三个剂量槲皮素均可显著降低肝脏胆固醇含量(P<0.05),但对肝脏和蛋黄甘油三酯含量无显著影响(P>0.05);0.04%槲皮素可显著提高血清胰岛素和雌二醇含量(P<0.05)。由此可见,一定剂量槲皮素能降低鸡蛋中胆固醇含量,最适添加量为0.04%。     

槲皮素对蛋黄卵磷脂含量的影响

试验将29周龄海赛蛋鸡240只随机分4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮基础上分别添加0.02%、0.04%和0.06%槲皮素,预试期1周,试验共8周。旨在研究饲粮中添加槲皮素对蛋黄卵磷脂含量的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,0.04%槲皮素组蛋黄卵磷脂与粗脂肪含量分别显著提高19.86%和5.81%(P<0.05);0.02%槲皮素组血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量显著升高(P<0.05);0.04%槲皮素组血清极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)、载脂蛋白B(apo-B)、载脂蛋白A1(apo-A1)含量均显著升高(P<0.05);0.04%槲皮素组血清雌二醇(E2)、胰岛素(INS)含量与0.02%槲皮素组胰岛素(INS)含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。由此可见,一定剂量槲皮素能通过改善蛋鸡内分泌活动,提高血脂水平来提高蛋黄卵磷脂含量。