三个中籼稻骨干恢复系对白叶枯病和褐飞虱抗性改良效果的评价

利用分子标记辅助选择和田间鉴定选择相结合的方法,将抗白叶枯病基因Xa23和抗褐飞虱基因Bph18(t)导入明恢86、蜀恢527和浙恢7954等3个骨干中籼恢复系,获得带有Xa23抗性基因纯合的改良恢复系明恢86-Xa23、蜀恢527-Xa23、浙恢7954-Xa23和携有抗褐飞虱Bph18(t)基因的蜀恢527-Bph18(t)、浙恢7954-Bph18(t),并从蜀恢527/IRBB23 F₁和浙恢7954/IR65482 F₁复交后代中选育出的带有Xa23和Bph18(t)的双基因聚合系浙蜀-Xa23-Bph18(t)。明恢86-Xa23、蜀恢527-Xa23、浙恢7954-Xa23和浙蜀-Xa23-Bph18(t)对中国和菲律宾的17个白叶枯病菌均表现高抗,蜀恢527-Bph18(t)、浙恢7954-Bph18(t)和浙蜀-Xa23-Bph18(t)对褐飞虱的抗性也达到中抗以上水平。抗性改良恢复系及其与不育系II-32A、沪旱11A的测交种在不接种白叶枯病菌条件下的产量和结实率与原来的恢复系及相应杂交种相仿,但在接种条件下带有Xa23基因的恢复系及测交种的结实率和产量明显优于原来的恢复系及相应杂交种。研究表明,抗性基因Xa23在不同恢复系背景下的抗性表达完全,对恢复系白叶枯病改良的效果明显,而抗性基因Bph18(t)对褐飞虱的改良效果与遗传背景有关。对分子标记回交和复交改良恢复系的抗病虫性进行了讨论。     

聚合稻瘟病、白叶枯病和褐飞虱抗性基因的三系恢复系改良效果的评价

结合分子标记辅助轮回选择和田间鉴定的方法, 将三黄占2号的抗稻瘟病基因Pi-GD-1(t)和Pi-GD-2(t)(分别简称G1和G2)、CBB23中的抗白叶枯病基因Xa23 (简称X)和IR65482-7-216-1-2-B(简称IR65482)的抗褐飞虱基因Bph18(t) (简称B)导入温恢845、温恢117和温恢143等3个中籼恢复系,获得了8个兼抗稻瘟病和褐飞虱聚合系,温恢845-G1-G2-B-4、温恢845-G1-G2-B-5、温恢117-G1-G2-X-B-3、温恢143-G1-G2-B-3、温恢143-G2-X-B-9、温恢143-G2-X-B-10、温恢143-G1-G2-B-11和温恢143-G1-G2-B-37。这些聚合系及其与不育系五丰A的测交种,对稻瘟病和褐飞虱的抗性水平接近或略低于稻瘟病抗性亲本三黄占2号和稻飞虱抗性亲本IR65482。部分改良恢复系如温恢117-G1-G2-X-B-3、温恢143-G2-X-B-9和温恢143-G2-X-B-10及其测交种对白叶枯病表现为抗病或中抗。改良恢复系及其测交种在正常条件下的农艺性状与原始恢复系及其测交种相仿或更优,具有生产应用价值。研究结果表明,Xa23在不同恢复系背景下抗性表达完全,而Pi-GD-1(t)、Pi-GD-2(t)和Bph18(t)对稻瘟病和褐飞虱抗性的改良效果与恢复系的遗传背景有关。     

分子标记辅助培育双抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病杂交稻恢复系

本研究利用常规回交育种结合分子标记辅助选择技术,将来自C750的抗白叶枯病基因Xa23和抗稻瘟病基因pi9聚合到感病杂交稻恢复系闽恢3139中.最后在回交后代中获得了4个双抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病改良系ZR21-sk1、ZR21-sk2、ZR21-sk3和ZR21-sk4,且其遗传背景恢复率达96%以上.用来自福建省具有代表性的24个稻瘟病菌株和白叶枯病广致病型菌系P6对改良株系进行人工接菌鉴定,结果表明,聚合了Xa23和pi9基因的改良系同时抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病,且抗性与抗谱与供体亲本C750相似.农艺性状分析显示,改良株系所配组合基本保持闽恢3139的农艺性状和配合力,可直接应用于生产或作抗性育种亲本.     

蜀恢527抗水稻白叶枯病改良系的遗传背景和农艺性状分析

利用336个SSR标记和100个RAPD引物,对分子标记辅助选择获得的10个蜀恢527抗水稻白叶枯病改良系的遗传背景、白叶枯病的抗性和抗谱及农艺性状进行了研究。结果表明,10个改良株系在Xa21和Xa4位点纯合,抗我国7个病原型代表菌系CⅠ～CⅦ和菲律宾小种1和6（P1和P6）。在遗传背景分析检测的位点中,改良系与蜀恢527表现差异的SSR     

分子标记辅助培育水稻抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病三基因聚合系

水稻的白叶枯病和稻瘟病是水稻的两大主要病害, 通过分子标记辅助选择与传统的杂交、自交相结合的方法, 将抗稻瘟病的Pi9(t)基因和抗白叶枯病的Xa21及Xa23基因聚合到同一株系中, 经多代大田或/和温室接菌鉴定、室内标记选择和田间农艺性状的筛选, 获得了4个三基因聚合且农艺性状优良的株系L17~L20。用不同国家和地区的20个稻瘟病小种、中国流行的7个白叶枯病菌系C1~C7以及安徽省流行的白叶枯病菌系进行大田或/和温室抗病性鉴定, 结果显示, 株系L17~L20对20个稻瘟病小种均表现出抗性, 抗性水平与Pi9(t)基因的供体亲本75-1-127相当, 抗谱相同; 对白叶枯病的抗性和抗谱与Xa23基因相似, 不论在苗期还是在成株期均抗白叶枯病。与Xa21、Xa23基因的供体亲本M12和CBB23相比, 成株期的抗性水平有所增强。利用多重PCR技术, 在同一PCR反应中可同时选择Pi9(t)和Xa21基因, 提高了PCR选择效率。     

分子标记辅助选择Xa23基因改良杂交稻亲本的白叶枯病抗性

白叶枯病是世界上影响水稻产量最严重的病害之一,本研究利用携有目前已知的、抗谱最广和抗性最强的显性基因Xa23的水稻材料CBB23作为基因供体,以感白叶枯病的杂交水稻的3个骨干亲本培矮64S、明恢86和C418作为受体,采用杂交和复交,在分离群体中利用与Xa23紧密连锁的SSR标记RM206进行分子标记辅助选择。通过分子标记检测、田间抗性鉴定和农艺性状选择,BC3F3株系中获得Xa23基因纯合且农艺性状稳定的培矮64S、明恢86和C418。获得的恢复系或不育系及配制的杂交组合在田间对我国7个以及菲律宾P1和P6白叶枯病生理小种都具有抗性。     

主要杂交稻亲本和抗白叶枯病基因的抗性评价

测定不同水稻品种对白叶枯病的抗谱,有助于抗病品种的直接利用和通过分子标记辅助选择或基因工程培育抗病品种.本研究利用10个来源于菲律宾的白叶枯菌株对我国目前大面积栽培的16个杂交稻骨干亲本品种、4个明确携有抗白叶枯病基凶的材料和高感白叶枯病材料IR24进行了抗性评价,结果表明:16个杂交稻亲本中对10个菌株全感的品种有7个,抗1个菌株的品种有6个,抗2个菌株的品种2个和抗3个菌株的品种1个.所有16个杂交稻亲本都不能达到蜀恢52721(Xa21)、明恢6323(Xa23)、IRBB3(Xa3)的抗病水平,说明它们不携有这3个广谱抗白叶枯病基因.从抗病的广谱性与强度评价,4个抗病基因的抗病效果强弱依次为Xa23、Xa21、Xa3、Xa4;10个白叶枯菌株的致病力强弱顺序为:P6＞P7＞P2＞P8＞P3＞P1＞P10＞P4＞P5＞P9;筛选出适合抗性基因Xa3、Xa4的鉴别菌株P1,Xa21、Xa23的鉴别菌株P6.     

利用分子标记辅助选择聚合Pi9(t)和Xa23基因

利用分子标记辅助选择将广谱高抗稻瘟病的Pi9(t)基因和全生育期高抗白叶枯病的Xa23基因聚合到同一优良株系中,获得了含双基因的优良株系L10～L13.用来自不同地区的20个稻瘟病小种和中国流行的7个白叶枯病小种及安徽白叶枯病小种对聚合株系进行接菌鉴定,结果显示:聚合Pi9(t)和Xa23基因的株系L10～L13同时抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病;与稻瘟病的供体亲本75-1-127相比,抗性水平相当,均达抗级(R)水平,且抗谱相同;与白叶枯病的供体CBB23相比,对白叶枯病的抗性时期一致,均表现为全生育期抗性,而且抗性水平和抗谱相似.通过田间农艺性状的筛选,获得的双基因聚合系具有较好的农艺性状,可直接应用于生产或作为抗性亲本.     

白叶枯病抗病基因Xa21与Xa23的聚合育种研究

由黄单胞细菌引起的水稻白叶枯病是水稻的三大病害之一,而广谱持久抗病品种的培育是控制该病害最经济有效的措施。本研究利用Xa21的优化功能标记与苗期白叶枯病抗病鉴定,将目前抗谱最广、抗性最强的两个位于同一染色体上的显性基因Xa21与Xa23聚合到杂交稻重要恢复系明恢86,从2138株F2分离后代里,最终得到9株Xa21及Xa23基因的聚合植株。本研究可为紧密连锁的基因聚合提供了新的思路。     

不同Xa21转基因杂交稻组合的大田试验与分析

在北京、四川和江苏等地对Xa21转基因杂交稻进行了大田释放实验. 分别对转基因纯合的3个恢复系明恢63-Xa21、盐恢559-Xa21和C418-Xa21与各种不育系配组的23个杂交组合进行了抗性和农艺性状分析. 在不同的杂合遗传背景下转基因Xa21稳定遗传和高效表达, 所有杂交组合均具有对白叶枯病的广谱抗性. 转基因恢复系配制的杂交组合与     

Pyramiding of Xa7 and Xa21 for the improvement of disease resistance to bacterial blight in hybrid rice

‘Minghui 63’ is a restorer line widely used in hybrid rice production in China for the last two decades. This line and its derived hybrids, including ‘Shanyou 63’, are susceptible to bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). To improve the bacterial blight resistance of hybrid rice, two resistance genes Xa21 and Xa7, have been introgressed into ‘Minghui 63’ by marker‐assisted selection and conventional backcrossing, respectively. The single resistance gene‐introgressed lines, Minghui 63 (Xa21) and Minghui 63 (Xa7) had higher levels of resistance to bacterial blight than their derived hybrids, Shanyou 63 (Xa21) or Shanyou 63 (Xa7). Both Xa21 and Xa7 showed incomplete dominance in the heterozygous background of rice hybrids by infection with GX325 and KS‐1‐21. The improved restorer lines, with the homozygous genotypes, Xa21Xa21 or Xa7Xa7, were more resistant than their hybrids with the heterozygous genotypes Xa21xa21 or Xa7xa7. To further enhance the bacterial blight resistance of ‘Minghui 63’ and its hybrids, Xa21 and Xa7 were pyramided into the same background using molecular marker‐aided selection. The restorer lines developed with the resistance genes Xa21 and Xa7, and their derived hybrids were evaluated for resistance after inoculation with 10 isolates of pathogens from China, Japan and the Philippines, and showed a higher level of resistance to BB than the restorer lines and derived hybrids having only one of the resistance genes. The pyramided double resistance lines and their derived hybrids have the same high level of resistance to BB. These results clearly indicate that pyramiding of dominant genes is a useful approach for improving BB resistance in hybrid rice.     

水稻抗纹枯病导入系的构建及抗病位点的初步定位

以我国目前生产中广泛应用的杂交稻恢复系蜀恢527和明恢86为轮回亲本, 以江西丝苗为供体亲本配制BC₂F₂混合群体。通过逐代人工接种筛选, 获得49个BC₂F₄抗病导入系。对抗病选择导入系进行基因型分析, 利用基于遗传搭车原理的卡方检验对等位基因导入频率的偏离进行检测, 共检测到12个显著位点, 2个群体定位的QTL各有1个在以往不同群体中也能被检测到。主要农艺性状分析表明, 非接种条件下, 选择导入系群体的抽穗期、株高和千粒重等与轮回亲本无显著差异;在接种的条件下, 在2个试验地点中, 分别有6个和2个蜀恢527和明恢86背景的株系抗病性显著高于轮回亲本, 产量与轮回亲本无显著差异。上述结果为水稻抗纹枯病分子育种提供了有用的信息和中间材料。     

Pyramiding of insect- and disease-resistance genes into an elite indica, cytoplasm male sterile restorer line of rice,'Minghui 63'

The wild‐rice‐derived dominant gene Xa21 conferring multi‐race resistance to bacterial blight and a fused Bt gene cry1Ab/cry1Ac conferring resistance to lepidopteran insects were individually introduced into the same genetic background of an elite indica cytoplasm male sterile (CMS) restorer line ‘Minghui 63′. The line showed the desirable insect‐ and disease‐resistant phenotypes. To maximize the effect, the two genes were also pyramided into the same recipient plant of ‘Minghui 63’ by marker‐assisted selection. After being subjected to natural infestation of leaf‐folders and yellow stem borers and inoculation of Xoo strain mixtures, the pyramiding line and its derived hybrids showed high levels of resistance against both insect damage and disease. Furthermore, data from field trials demonstrated that the hybrids made by crossing this pyramiding line with the CMS lines ‘Zhenshan 97A’ and ‘Maxie A’ retained a similar level of yield under conditions without chemical spray, indicating that the pyramiding genes have a yield‐stabilizing effect on the recipient line and its hybrids.     

Introgression of bacterial blight resistance genes Xa7, Xa21, Xa22 and Xa23 into hybrid rice restorer lines by molecular marker-assisted selection

Four bacterial blight (BB) resistance genes, Xa7, Xa21, Xa22 and Xa23, were introgressed into an elite hybrid rice restorer line Huahui 1035, by marker-assisted selection (MAS). Ten promising BB resistant lines identified by MAS approach in Huahui 1035 restorer background and their respective F₁ hybrids with a cytoplasmic male sterile line i.e. Jinke 1A, three BB resistant gene donors and their recurrent parent were evaluated for BB resistance by inoculating them with eleven representative races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in China. Further, the ten marker assisted selection of BB (MAS-BB) resistant restorer lines and their F₁ hybrids were also characterized for agro-morphological traits and grain yield. Results revealed that restorer lines with Xa23 introgression i.e. HBQ809 and HBQ810 were found to be resistant to all eleven Chinese representative Xoo races, showing broad spectrum resistance to BB. However, the lines possessing Xa7 or Xa7+Xa21 were resistant to ten out of eleven Xoo races. While restorer lines with Xa21 were resistant to nine out of eleven Xoo races. Interestingly, the F₁ hybrids with Xa23, Xa7 or Xa7+Xa21 were resistant to two severe epidemic Xoo races of China. Restorer lines i.e. HBQ807 and HBQ808 possessing Xa22 were only resistant to six or five out of inoculated eleven Xoo races. Lesion length comparisons between restorer lines and their F₁ hybrids for the above four BB resistance genes showed them to be dominant in heterozygote genotype. Three promising high yielding F₁ hybrids with BB resistance were identified for immediate exploitation for hybrid rice production in China.     

分子标记辅助选择Xa23基因培育杂交稻抗白叶枯病恢复系

水稻抗白叶枯病新基因Xa23抗谱广、抗性强,被定位在第11染色体上。以携带抗白叶枯病基因Xa23的抗病品系CBB23为抗源,以优良杂交稻亲本9311和1826为受体材料,采用杂交和复交,在分离群体中利用与Xa23紧密连锁的EST标记C189进行分子标记辅助选择,通过苗期分子标记检测和成株期农艺性状选择,获得160份目标基因纯合且农艺性状稳定的株系。使用鉴别菌系P6,采用人工剪叶接种法,在苗期和孕穗期对21份重点株系进行了抗性鉴定,所有株系在苗期和孕穗期都表现抗病。同时对3个不育系与其中5个株系配制的15个杂交组合进行了抗性鉴定,所有组合在苗期表现抗或中抗,在孕穗期表现抗。对其中6个杂交组合进行了品比试验,2个组合产量略低于对照两优培九,其余4个组合的产量均高于两优培九,用于测配的3个株系C6201、C6271和C6351有望作为杂交稻恢复系在生产中应用。研究表明在育种进程中利用与Xa23基因紧密连锁的分子标记C189开展抗白叶枯病分子标记辅助育种是一种有效的途径。     

全生育期耐盐恢复系在正常灌溉条件下性状表现及耐盐杂交稻的选育

利用前期以明恢86为轮回亲本与全球水稻分子育种计划的4个供体亲本(Gayabyeo、沈农265、早籼14和Y134)杂交构建的高代回交导入群体,在浙江省三门县沿海滩涂采用0.5%盐浓度的海水全生育期灌溉,筛选出150个耐盐恢复系群体,考察了耐盐恢复系在正常灌溉条件下的性状分离及与两个三系不育系测交种的优势表现。结果表明,耐盐恢复系在正常灌溉条件下的产量及其相关性状出现明显的分离,性状分离的类型及特点因选择群体和性状本身不同而异,从中选育出30个单株产量和耐盐性显著好于轮回亲本明恢86的株系,这些株系大多表现穗长缩短,株高和千粒重下降,但单株有效穗和结实率显著增加,导致产量的显著提高。4个组合的耐盐恢复系群体与两个三系不育系(II-32A和川345A)测交种的性状分离明显,与明恢86和两个三系不育系的测交种相比,多数测交种表现穗长缩短,株高降低,单株有效穗数相仿,但与II-32A测交的杂种千粒重显著增加,杂种表现趋势与耐盐恢复系本身不完全相同。分别鉴定出22个和23个耐盐恢复系,其与两个不育系测交的杂种产量显著高于明恢86与相应不育系的测交种,表现出较强的杂种优势,其中比生产对照种汕优10号显著或极显著增产的测交组合分别有7个(II-32A为母本)和4个(川345A为母本)。研究表明,利用优良恢复系的回交导入后代在大田盐胁迫条件下筛选耐盐单株,结合耐盐后代在正常灌溉条件下产量及相关性状的鉴定筛选,可以有效地改良恢复系的耐盐性,并选育出耐盐性提高的强优势组合。     

稻瘟病圃中水稻品系的抗瘟性评价与育种利用

在20世纪80年代抗病育种的基础上,从1994~2003年采用人工辅助接种、自然发病的方法对12151份次水稻材料在病圃中的稻瘟病抗性进行了监测。结果表明,10年共计有4933份次叶瘟表现抗病,7103份次表现为感病,分别占总份次的40.60%和58.46%;有4071份次颈瘟表现抗病,7965份次表现为感病,分别占总份次的33.50%和65.55%。有9034份次的材料叶瘟颈瘟表现一致,占总份次的74.35%,其中叶瘟感病颈瘟也感病的材料份次是叶瘟抗病颈瘟也抗病材料的两倍;叶瘟颈瘟表现不一致的材料有3002份次,占总份次的24.71%,其中叶瘟感病而颈瘟抗病的材料份次多于叶瘟抗病而颈瘟感病的材料份次。利用早期筛选的抗源,选育了抗病优良籼型杂交稻恢复系6326、蜀恢162、蜀恢527等。对稻瘟病抗病育种和抗病品种的合理利用等问题也进行了讨论。