引进陆地棉种质材料的遗传多样性、群体结构与连锁不平衡

本研究利用121个分布于棉花全基因组的SSR标记,对187份国外棉花种质材料和31份新疆本地棉花品种进行遗传多样性、群体遗传结构和连锁不平衡分析。结果表明:218份材料共检测到284个SSR等位变异,等位基因变异数在2~9之间,遗传多样性指数平均为0.402,PIC值平均为0.355。基于STRUCTURE分析,218份材料可被划分为三个亚群(POP-1/2/3)。AMOVA分析表明,14.6%的变异来源于亚群间,85.4%的变异来源于亚群内。连锁不平衡(linkage disequilibrium,LD)分析显示,r2≥0.05(p0.01)的条件下,10.18%的SSR位点组合存在显著的LD,整体LD水平不高,共线性位点间存在LD的比例高于非共线性位点,表明位点间的连锁对LD有重要影响。在r2=0.1时(p0.05),LD最大遗传距离为34.7 c M,当r2=0.2时,LD最大遗传距离为9 c M。进一步对Chr.3、Chr.11、Chr.23和Chr.24共4个染色体的LD衰减距离进行分析,发现Chr.3和Chr.11具有较高的LD衰减距离。LD分析结果表明本研究群体可用于标记——性状关联分析,并且对单个染色体LD的评估将提供重要的参考。     

大豆育成品种农艺性状QTL与SSR标记的关联分析

利用85个SSR标记,对大豆育成品种群体(190份代表性材料)的基因组进行扫描,在检测群体结构基础上搜索连锁不平衡位点,并采用TASSEL软件的GLM方法对11个大豆农艺性状QTL进行关联分析。结果表明：(1) 在公共图谱上共线性或非共线性的SSR位点组合均广泛存在连锁不平衡(LD),但不平衡程度D′>0.5的组合数只占总位点组合的1.71%,共线位点D′值随遗传距离衰减较快;(2) SSR数据遗传结构分析表明,育成品种群体由7个亚群体组成,矫正后全群体共有45个位点累计136个位点(次)与11个大豆农艺性状QTL关联,其中22个位点(次)与家系连锁定位的QTL区间相重,有43个位点(次) 2年重复出现;(3) 一些标记同时与2个或多个性状关联,可能是性状相关或一因多效的遗传基础;(4) 育成品种群体关联位点与地方品种群体和野生群体只有少数相同,群体间育种性状的遗传结构有相当大差异;(5) 发掘出农艺性状优异等位变异及其载体品种,包括增效最大的产量等位变异Satt347-300 (+932 kg hm^-2,中豆26),生物量等位变异Satt365-294(+3 123 kg hm^-2,黄毛豆),蛋白质含量等位变异Be475343-198 (+0.41%,淮豆4号),脂肪含量等位变异Satt150-273 (+2.32%,科丰15)等。在此基础上作了设计育种的探讨。     

江淮地区夏大豆新品系SSR和PAV分子标记多样性分析

大豆新品系已成为杂交育种中最主要亲本类型,本研究对系谱明确、适合江淮地区种植的296份大豆新品系进行SSR和PAV标记分析,以揭示其遗传关系,促进其育种利用。结果 93个SSR标记共检测到417个等位变异,平均每个位点等位变异数为4.48,变幅为2~15,PIC值为0.46;227对PAV标记每个位点平均等位变异数为2.10,变幅2~4,PIC值为0.22;基于SSR标记所计算的多样性指标数值均高于PAV标记所得。根据核心亲本划分的4个亚群间分子标记遗传多样性值相近,但都存在一些特有和特缺等位变异。基于SSR和PAV标记遗传距离的聚类分析分别可将供试材料分为12和10类,其中4个大类均可与4个核心亲本亚群对应,还发现一些系谱相同/相近的品系被聚在不同类群。两类分子标记都可用于揭示供试材料的遗传背景,利用所有320个标记可将296份新品系分为8类。     

不同类型江苏粳稻主推品种的遗传多样性分析

利用48对SSR分子标记对2007—2013年江苏省审定的65份不同类型常规粳稻品种和7份对照品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：42对分子标记在供试材料间存在多态性,42对SSR标记共检测到101个等位基因,变化范围为2~4个,平均每个位点2.40个。基因多样性指数变异范围为0.03~0.64,平均0.21。多态信息含量(PIC)变异范围为0.03~0.58,平均0.18。65份江苏省常规粳稻品种间的遗传相似系数变异范围在0.78~0.97之间,平均0.91,95.4%的供试品种其遗传相似系数在0.87~0.97之间。3个不同类型的粳稻品种群体内,迟熟中粳检测出的等位基因数量最高,迟熟中粳的平均位点PIC值和基因多样性指数均高于晚粳品种和中熟中粳。UPGMA聚类结果表明,以遗传相似系数0.87为界,可将除‘通鉴981’、‘扬农稻1号’和‘盐稻10号’以外的62份江苏省常规粳稻品种分为2类;江苏省大面积生产主推粳稻品种的遗传多样性不够丰富,品种间的遗传距离较小,同一育种单位选育的品种间遗传距离更小。     

黑龙江省水稻品种的遗传多样性

为了研究黑龙江省当前水稻品种的遗传基础及其亲缘关系,利用农业行业标准《水稻品种鉴定技术规程SSR标记法(NY/T 1433—2014)》中公布的47对SSR标记,对来自黑龙江省不同积温区的231份水稻品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示：47对SSR标记在231份水稻中共检测到136个等位基因,每个位点等位基因变幅为2~5个,平均2.92个;基因多样性变幅为0.11~0.79,平均0.56;多态性信息量(PIC)变化范围为0.11~0.76,平均0.49;标记指数(MI)的变化范围在3.18~18.39,平均6.52。聚类分析将231份水稻分为3类7群,聚类结果与主成分分析结果一致。综上所述,黑龙江省水稻品种遗传多样性不够丰富（平均PIC值为0.49）,同一积温区品种间亲缘关系较近。育种中注意南北部品种的杂交,以便拓宽遗传背景,培育出绿色优质高产新品种。     

中国栽培和野生大豆农艺品质性状与SSR标记的关联分析 I. 群体结构及关联标记

关联作图是一种利用连锁不平衡(linkage disequilibrium, LD)检测自然群体中基因位点及其等位变异的方法。利用60个SSR标记, 对全国大豆地方品种群体(393份代表性材料)和野生大豆群体(196份代表性材料)的基因组变异进行扫描, 分析两类群体的连锁不平衡位点、群体结构, 并采用TASSEL软件的GLM (general linear model)方法对16个农艺、品质性状观测值进行标记与性状的关联分析。结果表明: (1)在公共图谱上不论共线性的或是非共线性的SSR位点组合都有一定程度的LD, 说明历史上发生过连锁群间的重组; 栽培群体的连锁不平衡成对位点数较野生群体多, 但野生群体位点间连锁不平衡程度高, 随距离的衰减慢。(2) 群体SSR数据遗传结构分析发现, 栽培群体和野生群体分别由9和4个亚群体组成, 亚群的划分与群体地理生态类型相关联, 证实地理生态类型划分有其遗传基础。(3) 栽培群体中累计有27个位点与性状相关; 野生大豆种质中累计有34个位点与性状相关。部分标记在两类群体中都表现与同一性状关联, 检出的位点有一致性, 也有互补性; 一些标记同时与2个或多个性状相关联, 可能是性状相关乃至一因多效的遗传基础; 关联位点中累计有24位点(次)与遗传群体连锁分析定位的QTL一致。     

小豆遗传差异、群体结构和连锁不平衡水平的SSR分析

利用57对小豆SSR标记和31对绿豆SSR标记,用5份日本材料作对照,对249份中国小豆种质进行遗传差异、群体结构和连锁不平衡(LD)分析。结果表明,共检测到630个等位变异,SSR位点等位变异数在2~17之间,遗传多样性指数范围为0.024~0.898,平均为0.574。15个不同地理来源群体间表现出显著的遗传多样性差异,其中中国云南最高,河北、天津最低。聚类分析将254份材料划分为3个类群,在一定程度上和地理生态环境相关。LD分析显示和其他作物相比,小豆LD衰减距离较短,最大衰减距离为5.8 cM (R²>0.1),基因组LD平均衰减距离小于1 cM (R²>0.1,P<0.001)。     

陆地棉耐盐性状与SSR分子标记的关联分析

本研究以134份陆地棉栽培种为试验材料,测定其在0.3%盐浓度(质量分数)下的出苗率,并使用74对SSR引物对这些材料进行基因组变异扫描。利用Structure2.3.4软件分析该自然群体的遗传结构,在此基础上采用Tassel2.1软件对耐盐性状与SSR分子标记进行关联分析,寻找与棉花耐盐性状相关的分子标记。研究结果表明:(1)134份陆地棉栽培种的出苗率呈极显著差异,并筛选出27个盐敏感材料和10个耐盐材料。(2)74个SSR分子标记共检测出148个多态性位点,涉及246个等位变异,变异范围为2~7,平均每个标记3.32个;基因多样性指数变异范围为0.0295~0.4959,平均值为0.2897;SSR分子标记多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.0290~0.3729,平均值为0.2381。(3)通过群体结构分析,将该自然群体划分2个亚群体,分别包含89份和45份材料。(4)关联分析共发现8个与棉花耐盐性状相关的SSR分子标记位点,表型变异解释率变幅为2.91%~7.82%,平均值为4.32%。此研究结果可以为棉花耐盐性状分子标记辅助选择育种提供参考。     

新疆自育陆地棉品种SSR遗传多样性分析

利用SSR标记对94份新疆自育陆地棉品种的基因组进行分析,研究新疆陆地棉品种的遗传多样性。结果: 从分布于棉花全基因组的206对SSR标记中筛选出54对具有稳定多态性的引物, 共检测出153个多态性位点, 每对引物的等位变异为2~6个,平均为2.93个;基因型多样性(H′)变幅为0.0439–0.7149,平均为0.4491;引物多态信息含量(PIC)为0.0430–0.6640,平均为0.3831。表明SSR标记在品种间可以反映较丰富的遗传多样性信息。94份品种间成对遗传相似系数变幅为0.3846~0.9835, 71.9%的品种相似系数在0.601~0.800内,反映出新疆陆地棉品种间的遗传相似性相对较高。根据UPGMA 聚类分析,在阈值为0.63时,将94份品种划分为2个类群,说明新疆陆地棉品种间遗传关系相对简单,品种的遗传基础相对狭窄,品种遗传组分差异较小,总体上遗传多样性不够丰富;分子聚类结果与品种本身遗传系谱背景和演变趋势吻合度较高,符合品种的真实特性。研究证明,自育品种在分子水平上差异不大,需要努力拓宽品种选育的遗传基础。     

陇东地区冬小麦遗传多样性及群体结构分析

冬小麦是陇东地区最重要的粮食作物,为了解陇东地区冬小麦遗传多样性及群体结构,选取105对引物对56份陇东地区冬小麦品种进行SSR遗传多样性和群体结构分析,对电泳结果进行统计发现有85对SSR引物表现出多态性。试验发现:有多态性的85对引物总计检测到243个等位变异,变异范围在2~6之间,均值为2.86个每个标记,多样性平均值为0.438 5,多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.035 7~0.746 2之间,平均值为0.382 4,每个标记遗传多样性组成中获得有效性的平均值为93.8%,Shannon指数变幅为0.092 2~1.562 2;遗传相似性指数(GS)变幅在0.509 6~0.760 6,平均值为0.641 4,GS值为0.619 0处可将56份材料分为5个类群,群体遗传结构分析将56份材料划分为2个亚群,每个亚群包含29、27份材料。结果表明陇东地区冬小麦遗传背景相对丰富,可为今后育种工作提供丰富的亲本资源,同时也需引进更多亲缘关系较远的其他品种进而拓展陇东地区小麦品种的选育工作。     

RFLP diversity within and between major groups of barley in Europe

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) diversity has been determined and analyzed as expressed by 33 single‐ or low‐copy clone/ enzyme combinations at 32 loci distributed over all chromosomes of the barley genome within a sample of 223 European barley accessions comprised of pure line (single‐head progenies) genotypes. The accessions have been selected to include landraces and widely grown cultivars derived from crossbreeding during the 20th century in North‐, West‐ and Central European countries. Genetic diversity obtained from 83 alleles across all accessions is characterized by the diversity index H = 0.385. The diversity indices determined for landraces and cultivars were almost equal, with the difference between spring (H = 0.260) and winter (H = 0.415) barley approaching statistical significance, while comparisons of other groupings only revealed statistically insignificant trends. A more detailed analysis based on differences in allele frequency distributions at each locus (clone/enzyme combinations resp.) revealed very clear differences related to the existence, continuity and dynamics of changes in group‐specific RFLP profiles. With the majority (69%) of RFLP alleles at 23 out of 32 loci on all barley chromosomes involved, contributions from chromosomes 1H, 3H, 4H and 5H seem to be of special importance. Differences in the overall average of abundance indicate higher levels of genetic diversity within both groups of winter barley compared with both groups of spring barley, from which the most frequent alleles at 15 (2‐rowed spring barley) and 17 (6‐rowed spring barley) RFLP loci approach fixation. The results of this study are discussed in relation to the history of barley cultivation and barley breeding in Europe, and possible explanations for group‐specific differences in the RFLP profiles of landraces and cultivars as well as for the high levels of (nearly) fixed alleles of both subsets of spring barley, and with respect to progress in barley breeding that it has been possible to obtain within the rather narrow RFLP profiles.     

Genetic variation in barley of crossability with wheat and its quantitative trait loci analysis

To study genetic variation in crossability, 80 barley accessions of diverse geographic origin consisting of 50 wild barleys (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum or ssp. agriocrithon) and 30 cultivated barleys (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare) were crossed as the male parent with a highly crossable wheat variety, Shinchunaga. Crossabilities, expressed as the percentage of pollinated florets giving embryo-containing caryopses, ranged from 0% to 68.6%. Barley accessions from East Asia had generally a low crossability, while barley accessions from other regions exhibited a wider range of crossability including highly crossable genotypes. No significant difference in mean crossability was found between wild and cultivated barleys. To estimate the number and location of barley genes controlling the crossability, doubled haploid lines derived from the cross between the barley varieties Steptoe and Morex were crossed as the male parent with wheat. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using molecular markers identified four QTL. These were mapped to the centromeric regions of chromosomes 2H, 3H and 5H and the short arm of chromosome 7H. The QTL on chromosomes 3H and 5H had larger effects than those on chromosomes 2H and 7H. The four QTL collectively explained 35.4% of the total variance under a multiple QTL model. Relationships of the QTL identified in the present study with previously reported crossability genes of barley and wheat are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Molecular diversity and genome-wide linkage disequilibrium patterns in a worldwide collection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> and its wild relatives

Genetic diversity analysis within a species is vital for understanding evolutionary processes at the population and genomic levels. We report a detailed study of molecular diversity, polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium in three groups of rice (Oryza) germplasm accessions based on 176 SSR markers. The first group included 65 rice (O. sativa L.) accessions introduced from seven countries, including five regions of China. The second group included 58 US rice varieties released in the past 25 years. The third group consisted of 54 accessions of rice wild relatives represented by ten different species. The number of alleles per SSR marker ranged from 4 to 32 with a mean of 16 alleles and the polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.43 to 0.91 with a mean of 0.70. The variation in SSR alleles was a significant contribution to the genetic discrimination of the 177 accessions within the three Oryza groups. Analysis of molecular variance identified deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Principal coordinates analysis clearly separated the accessions into their respective three groups. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic cluster reflects the ordination of each accession. Linkage disequilibrium (D′) averaged 0.75 in wild Oryza spp., and about 0.5 in both US and international O. sativa accessions. Our results showed that LD among adjacent loci in both O. sativa and Oryza spp. accessions is strong enough to be detecting marker-trait association via genome-wide scans.     

Allelic variation and genetic diversity of HMW glutenin subunits in Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces and commercial cultivars

Wheat landraces have abundant genetic variation at the Glu-1 loci, which is desirable germplasms for genetic enhancement of modern wheat varieties, especially for quality improvement. In the current study, we analyzed the allelic variations of the Glu-1 loci of 597 landraces and 926 commercial wheat varieties from the four major wheat-growing regions in China using SDS-PAGE. As results, alleles Null, 7+8, and 2+12 were the dominant HMW-GSs in wheat landraces. Compared to landraces, the commercial varieties contain higher frequencies of high-quality alleles, including 1, 7+9, 14+15 and 5+10. The genetic diversity of the four commercial wheat populations (alleles per locus (A) = 7.33, percent polymorphic loci (P) = 1.00, effective number of alleles per locus (Ae) = 2.347 and expected heterozygosity (He) = 0.563) was significantly higher than that of the landraces population, with the highest genetic diversity found in the Southwestern Winter Wheat Region population. The genetic diversity of HMW-GS is mainly present within the landraces and commercial wheat populations instead of between populations. The landraces were rich in rare subunits or alleles may provide germplasm resources for improving the quality of modern wheat.     

陆地棉SSR核心引物筛选及95份骨干种质的遗传多样性分析

从391对棉花SSR引物中筛选出均匀分布于棉花26条染色体的52对核心引物,对92份陆地棉和3份亚洲棉骨干种质进行多样性分析,结果表明,52对引物的等位基因数范围为2～13,平均5.7692个,多态信息含量(Polymorphism Information Contents,PIC)在0.3457～0.8800间,均值...     

青稞遗传多样性及其农艺性状与SSR标记的关联分析

利用92个SSR标记对108份青稞亲本材料进行多态性扫描,分析其遗传多样性,旨在寻找与农艺性状相关联的分子标记,为青稞杂交组合的配制及分子标记辅助育种提供依据。挑选48个多态性标记进行群体遗传结构分析,在此基础上采用Tassel 2.1 GLM (general linear model)和MLM (mixed linear model)方法进行标记与农艺性状的关联分析。共检测出156个等位变异,每个位点2~6个等位变异。供试群体的Shannon指数为0.6727~1.1368,材料间遗传相似系数为0.2250~1.0000,平均0.7585。通过群体遗传结构分析将供试材料划分成4个亚群。以GLM分析,发现12个与株高、穗长、穗粒数和分蘖数相关联的标记,对表型变异的解释率分别为11.5%~17.6%、19.4%~45.4%、15.4%~22.1%和29.2%;以MLM分析,发现8个与株高、分蘖数和小穗数相关的标记,各标记对表型变异的解释率分别为31.7%~49.8%、28.1%~37.2%、22.7%~32.7%。关联标记分布在基因组全部6个连锁群上。     

Comparison of European with West Asian and North African winter barleys in tolerance to boron toxicity

Three plastic-house experiments were conducted to compare the tolerance of European with West Asian and North African (WANA) winter barleys to boron (B) toxicity. Experiment I screened 24 winter barley entries with diverse origins. Experiment III tested 420 random accessions from seven European and seven WANA countries. Plants were screened in a soil mixed with boric acid (50 mg B/kg) and foliar B-toxicity symptom scores were recorded. Lower scores indicated higher B-toxicity tolerance. In Experiment II, five lines/varieties from each of the European and WANA groups were grown in pots with two soil B levels (0 and 25 mg B/kg). The West Asian landrace barleys had a lower mean B-toxicity symptom score than the European ones. The Syrian landrace variety normally grown in drier areas had a lower score than the Syrian landrace variety grown in wetter areas. Dry weights of the European and WANA groups were not different without adding B, but dry weight under 25 mg B/kg was lower for the European group than the WANA group. European accessions had a higher mean B-toxicity symptom score than the WANA accessions. Iranian and Afghan accessions had the lowest mean scores among countries. These results support the hypothesis that European winter barley varieties and accessions are less tolerant to B toxicity than those WANA accessions and varieties developed from local landraces. The lower B-toxicity tolerance could be a factor adversely affecting the performance of European winter barley varieties in the highlands of WANA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Molecular diversity and association mapping of quantitative traits in Tibetan wild and worldwide originated barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> L.) germplasm

Molecular diversity of 40 accessions of Tibetan wild barley (TB), 10 Syrian (SY), 72 North American (NA), 36 European (EU), 9 South American (SA) and 8 Australian (AU) varieties were characterized using multiple microsatellite loci. The 42 SSR primers amplified 278 alleles across the 175 barley accessions tested in the present study. The average gene diversity for the whole sample was 0.3387 whereas the mean value for the each population was as follows: TB = 0.3286, SY = 0.2474, EU = 0.299, AU = 0.2867, NA = 0.3138, SA = 0.2536. Clustering analysis based on Nei’s original genetic distance showed that the EU and NA barley populations were grouped together. The TB population was well separated from the other 5 barley populations. Associations between microsatellite markers and 14 quantitative traits were also investigated. Significant associations were found for 18 microsatellite marker loci. The number of marker loci associated with each trait ranged from one (stem diameter, filled grains per plant, grain weight per plant, length of main spike and awn length) to seven (plant height). The percentage of the total variation explained by each marker ranged from 4.59% (HVM2 associated with plant height) to 17.48% (Bmac90 associated with density of main spike). This study provides candidate markers for further QTL mapping of these traits and for marker-assisted selection.     

RAPD-based genetic diversity study of fifty cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes

Fifty cassava clones were studied using RAPD technique. They included landraces from the Wenchi, Nkoranza, Dormaa Ahenkoro and Asonafo districts of the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana and three improved varieties. Genetic diversity of these genotypes was studied using four primers, OPK-01, OPR-02, OPR-09 and OPJ-14. A total of 41 different bands were detected. Levels of polymorphic fragments detected by the four primers ranged from 90% to 100%. By pooling bands from individual accessions together, mean number of fragments per accession per primer ranged from 5.50±1.04 for the Improved cultivars to 7.00±0.71 for populations of landraces from Dormaa. Mean frequencies of fragments not detected by the primers for the accessions were 0.524±0.12, 0.460±0.12, 0.561±0.12 and 0.523±0.12 for landraces from Wenchi, Nkoranza, Dormaa Ahenkro, Asonafo and the Improved varieties, respectively. The grand mean frequency of individuals showing fragments not present in populations was 0.522±0.10. Genetic diversity estimates ranged from 0.290 to 0.425 (mean 0.352±0.05) for primer OPK-01, 0.001 to 0.381 (mean 0.309±0.06) for primer OPR-02, 0.335 to 0.344 (mean 0.283±0.04) for primer OPR-09 and 0.152 to 0.352 (mean 0.261±0.07) for primer OPJ-14. Within the accessions mean gene diversity estimates were 0.316±0.03, 0.293±0.09, 0.331±0.02, 0.322±0.07 and 0.247±0.03 for accessions from Wenchi, Nkoranza, Dormaa Ahenkro, Asonafo districts and the Improved varieties, respectively. Interpopulational genetic divergence ranged from 0.069 to 0.203 (mean 0.119±0.04). Rate of nucleotide substitution among the landraces was 9.8 per cent per site per year, while that for the Improved varieties was 15 per cent. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.