B .methylotrophicus SWU6菌株产纤维素酶发酵条件的优化?

前期从自然界土壤中分离筛选到一株纤维素酶产生菌 Bacillus methylotrophicus SWU6菌株,为提高该菌株发酵产酶能力,本研究采用3,5二硝基水杨酸显色法(DNS)对该菌株产酶所需碳源、氮源、温度、pH 值、装瓶量、接种量等发酵条件进行优化,并比较优化前后等量发酵上清液中 CMCase 酶活大小。结果表明：SWU6菌株产纤维素酶的最适碳源为淀粉,最适氮源为牛肉膏,最适培养温度为50℃,培养基最适初始 pH 值为5.0,最适装瓶量为20%,最适接种量为2%;在最优发酵产酶条件下,SWU6菌株发酵上清液中的 CMCase 酶活达到454.69 U/mL,明显高于优化前利用基础培养基发酵所产的 CMCase 酶活,且酶活提高约3倍。通过发酵条件优化后,SWU6菌株单位体积发酵液显示出了更强的纤维素酶活性。     

土壤中产纤维素酶菌株的发酵条件及酶学性质的研究

试验探究从青藏高原土壤中筛选出的高产纤维素酶菌株产酶能力,并对高产纤维素酶菌株进行发酵条件优化以及酶学特性研究。采用刚果红染色法(水解圈法)和3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法考察菌株产纤维素酶能力,采用形态学和分子生物学进行菌种鉴定,采用单因素试验和正交试验探究发酵条件优化及酶学性质。结果显示,筛选分离出一株高产纤维素酶菌株SD10,经鉴定为粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)。菌株SD10最佳发酵产酶条件为:玉米秸秆5%、豆粉1%、Mn2+0.2%、培养温度23℃、初始pH值8.0、接种量2%的条件下200 r/min振荡培养84 h,产纤维素酶活力最高为9.18 U/mL。菌株SD10纤维素酶最适反应温度50℃,最适pH值4.0。在40~50℃、pH值5.0~6.0条件下,酶活稳定性较好。金属离子中对纤维素酶活力有明显激活作用的是Mn2+,有明显抑制作用的是Fe3+、Zn2+、Cu2+。试验表明,粗糙脉孢菌SD10以玉米秸秆为碳源产生的酸性纤维素酶具有良好的温度稳定性和pH值稳定性,具有潜在的开发利用价值。     

拟康氏木霉固态发酵产纤维素酶系的研究

以稻草秸秆为主要原料,利用拟康氏木霉3.3002(Trichoderma pseudokoningii 3.3002)固态发酵生产纤维素酶,对培养条件进行了优化,并系统地测定了各种纤维素酶的酶活.结果表明,最优产酶培养基组成为:稻草秸秆和麸皮的混合比例为4:1,最佳氮源为2.5%(NH4)2SO4,最佳发酵时间120 h,培养温度35℃,接种量15%,pH 5.0,培养基含水率50%.在此条件下,该菌株产纤维素酶系中羧甲基纤维素酶(Cx)酶活力达4700 U/mL,葡聚糖外切酶(Cb)酶活力达3440 U/mL,葡萄糖内切酶(C1)酶活力达到1620 U/mL,滤纸酶(FPA)酶活力达到1935 U/mL.     

一株高产内切纤维素酶贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的产酶条件优化及酶学性质分析

试验旨在对一株杜仲树皮内生菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)的内切纤维素酶(CMCase)进行产酶条件优化及酶学性质分析,为探究贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CMCase的相关特性提供参考依据。采用单因子试验设计,分别优化pH、接种量、温度、时间、碳源和氮源等发酵条件,并探讨温度、pH、底物专一性、金属离子及表面活性剂对CMCase的影响。结果表明,以玉米秸秆为碳源(30 g/L)、豆粕为氮源(30 g/L)、3%接菌量、pH 7.0的条件下37℃培养48 h,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157的CMCase最高可达(5.14±0.18) U/mL。经CMCase酶学性质分析发现,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157的最适酶反应温度为60℃,最适pH为5.0;温度稳定性试验发现,在40和50℃时,相对剩余酶活力均高于80%,随着温度的升高,酶活力逐渐降低,当温度高于55℃,相对剩余酶活力约为50%;pH稳定性试验发现,在pH 5.0～10.0之间耐受性良好,相对剩余酶活力均高于90%,随作用时间的延长,相对剩余酶活力变化不大。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase属于典型内切型纤维素酶。Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)可促进贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase酶活力,而Co~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和SDS抑制CMCase酶活力;表面活性剂Tween-80、Tween-20、Triton X-100对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase无影响。本试验通过对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157进行产酶条件优化及CMCase酶学性质分析发现,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase具有产酶量高,耐受pH范围广的特点,在饲料添加剂、洗涤剂和造纸领域中具有一定的应用价值。     

梅花鹿瘤胃纤维素降解菌的分离鉴定及其酶活力测定

为获得来源于梅花鹿瘤胃的高效纤维素降解菌,本试验采集了3锯龄健康梅花鹿的新鲜瘤胃液,用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)培养基分离筛选纤维素降解菌,综合其形态学、生理生化特征和16SrDNA基因测序等对分离菌株进行分类学鉴定,利用DNS法对菌株的产纤维素酶条件进行初步研究,并探讨以不同物质为底物时的纤维素酶酶学特性,为后期菌株的应用提供理论数据。结果显示,本试验从梅花鹿瘤胃液中分离的菌株N-11是一株高效纤维素降解菌,经鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。产酶性质研究结果表明,该菌株产纤维素酶活力在30~45℃(最适温度为40℃),pH为6.0~7.0(最适pH 6.0),碳源含量为2%~5%(最佳接种量5%)较高;培养36h时达到产酶高峰,纤维素酶酶活力(CMCA)和滤纸酶酶活力(FPA)分别为12.563、12.414U/mL,在20~50℃或pH 6.0~8.0环境下作用1h,其相对酶活力均保持在80%以上,稳定性较好。以上结果表明,蜡样芽孢杆菌N-11具有较高的纤维素酶活力,在纤维素利用方面具有较高的应用价值。     

青海高原产纤维素酶康氏木霉的酶促动力学研究

对分离自青海省东部土壤的产纤维素酶康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)0143p株进行产酶条件优化及酶促动力学特性研究。结果表明，T.koningii 0143p菌株在麦麸为碳源、尿素为氮源、起始pH值为7．0、28℃培养6d的条件下产酶量最高。在此产酶优化条件下，0143p菌株的湿固体发酵物滤纸酶活力(FPA)可达32pmol／min，为原产酶条件的1．6倍；酶作用的最适温度为50～55℃，最适pH4．8。T.koningii 0143p菌株可作为纤维素酶解饲料的酶源菌，具有良好的饲用前景。     

高产纤维素酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及产酶特性研究

为了从腐殖质土壤中筛选得到高产纤维素酶菌株,本试验进行了产纤维素酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及其产酶特性研究。首先用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMA-Na)培养基初步分离产纤维素酶菌株,再经过酶活复筛得到一株高产纤维素酶菌株B17。经过形态学和16S rDNA测序鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),并对其发酵产酶条件和酶学性质进行初步研究。试验结果表明,菌株B17的最佳发酵条件为:培养时间3 d、发酵温度35℃、初始pH为6.0,该条件下测得CMC酶活达85.48 U/mL、FPA酶活达59.85 U/mL。酶学性质研究表明:菌株所产纤维素酶最适反应条件为温度50℃、pH为6.0,且具在30～60℃、pH为4.0～7.0范围均具有较高酶活。以上结果表明,本研究所得菌株B17具有较高的开发价值,可应用于农作物秸秆饲料的生产。     

高产纤维素酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及产酶特性研究

为了从腐殖质土壤中筛选得到高产纤维素酶菌株,本试验进行了产纤维素酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及其产酶特性研究。首先用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMA-Na)培养基初步分离产纤维素酶菌株,再经过酶活复筛得到一株高产纤维素酶菌株B17。经过形态学和16S rDNA测序鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),并对其发酵产酶条件和酶学性质进行初步研究。试验结果表明,菌株B17的最佳发酵条件为:培养时间3 d、发酵温度35℃、初始pH为6.0,该条件下测得CMC酶活达85.48 U/mL、FPA酶活达59.85 U/mL。酶学性质研究表明:菌株所产纤维素酶最适反应条件为温度50℃、pH为6.0,且具在30～60℃、pH为4.0～7.0范围均具有较高酶活。以上结果表明,本研究所得菌株B17具有较高的开发价值,可应用于农作物秸秆饲料的生产。     

一株高产内切纤维素酶贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的产酶条件优化及酶学性质分析

试验旨在对一株杜仲树皮内生菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)的内切纤维素酶(CMCase)进行产酶条件优化及酶学性质分析,为探究贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CMCase的相关特性提供参考依据。采用单因子试验设计,分别优化pH、接种量、温度、时间、碳源和氮源等发酵条件,并探讨温度、pH、底物专一性、金属离子及表面活性剂对CMCase的影响。结果表明,以玉米秸秆为碳源(30 g/L)、豆粕为氮源(30 g/L)、3%接菌量、pH 7.0的条件下37℃培养48 h,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157的CMCase最高可达(5.14±0.18) U/mL。经CMCase酶学性质分析发现,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157的最适酶反应温度为60℃,最适pH为5.0;温度稳定性试验发现,在40和50℃时,相对剩余酶活力均高于80%,随着温度的升高,酶活力逐渐降低,当温度高于55℃,相对剩余酶活力约为50%;pH稳定性试验发现,在pH 5.0～10.0之间耐受性良好,相对剩余酶活力均高于90%,随作用时间的延长,相对剩余酶活力变化不大。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase属于典型内切型纤维素酶。Na^+、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺可促进贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase酶活力,而Co²⁺、Hg²⁺、Fe²⁺、Cu²⁺和SDS抑制CMCase酶活力;表面活性剂Tween-80、Tween-20、Triton X-100对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase无影响。本试验通过对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157进行产酶条件优化及CMCase酶学性质分析发现,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase具有产酶量高,耐受pH范围广的特点,在饲料添加剂、洗涤剂和造纸领域中具有一定的应用价值。     

不同纤维素酶的酶学性质比较研究

在pH4.8,温度40℃的条件下,测定不同纤维素酶A、B和C的CMCase活力和FPase活力,其中A、B和C的CMCase活力分别为30.088、25.541和3.542u/g,FPase活力分别为6.558、6.703和1.513u/g。同时比较了3种纤维素酶的最适pH、温度及热稳定性,结果表明,酶A、B和C的CMCase最适pH相同,均为4.8;酶A和B的FPase最适pH也相同,为4.8;而酶C为5.4。酶A、B和C的CMCase最适温度均为50℃;酶A和B的FPase最适温度为50℃,而酶C为60℃。热稳定性酶C最好。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein