Rapid estimation of kraft pulp yield and lignin in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Leucaena leucocephala by diffuse reflectance near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Near-infrared spectroscopy has been used to develop calibration models for the rapid determination of kraft pulp yield (KPY) and lignin in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Leucaena leucocephala. The correlation coefficient for cross-validation is 0.90 for KPY and 0.95 for lignin prediction, while the root mean square error for cross-validation for KPY and lignin prediction are 1.46 and 0.77, respectively. The method has been validated with 37 samples of E. camaldulensis and 18 samples of L. leucocephala. The root mean square error of prediction for KPY (1.53) is higher than for lignin (0.77). The method is rapid and can be used for screening a large number of samples.     

福建南平引种赤桉和邓恩桉试验

在福建南平进行了耐寒桉树赤桉和邓恩桉的引种栽培试验 ,研究结果表明 ,造林后 2 0个月赤桉平均胸径、平均树高分别为 4 0 0cm、5 4 0m ,邓恩桉平均胸径、平均树高分别为 4 2 3cm、4 2 9m ,生长量大大高于乡土树种枫香和马褂木 ;两种桉树对低温和干旱均有一定的适应性。     

邓恩桉、赤桉在南平地区的引种试验

在福建省南平地区引种邓恩桉、赤桉,试验结果表明,4 a胸径生长量邓恩桉、赤桉分别达到11.6 cm和7.8 cm,高生长分别达到13.3 m和10.5 m。邓恩桉、赤桉有较强的耐寒性,3 a生以上的邓恩桉、赤桉在南平低海拔地区可安全越冬;有较强的耐旱性,干旱对邓恩桉、赤桉有一定影响,但影响不是很大,且赤桉的耐旱性大于邓恩桉。     

赤桉半干材的窑干与调湿处理工艺

针对移行材和早材皱缩等主要气干缺陷,拟定出赤桉半干材的干燥工艺,窑干前进行回复皱缩和减小表面硬化的汽蒸处理,窑干至目标含水率时进行终了调湿处理.结果表明:汽蒸预处理可以有效地回复皱缩材和显著地减小表面硬化;5 d内将试材的平均含水率25.61%下降到11.72%;3 h的汽蒸处理和24 h的湿空气处理均可有效地减小含水率梯度和残余塑性变定,但后者效果更佳;板材干燥质量达到国家标准二级质量的要求.     

赤桉优良家系选择分析

以8年生赤桉种源试验林的141个家系为材料,进行3个生长性状遗传变异分析,并根据各家系单株材积表现进行优良家系选择,结果表明：树高、胸径、材积3个性状在家系水平存在极显著的差异;家系遗传力与单株遗传力具有同样的规律：胸径遗传力〉树高遗传力〉单株材积遗传力。由遗传相关系数来看,以家系单株材积表现进行赤桉优树选择比其他性状更具指导意义。以表现水平法和T检验,2个不同参照标准,选择出103、106、108号等13个优良家系,其中前3名家系单株平均材积分别达0.1120m3、0.0944m3和0.0936m3。     

赤桉无性系对比及繁殖试验

赤桉E.camaldulensis是桉树种类中较为耐低温的一种.为了引种适合湖南永州气候条件、抗低温、且速生丰产的赤桉无性系,对赤桉7个优良无性系进行了对比试验.经4年冬季的严寒低温、霜、雪、冰冻的考验,对其树高、胸径、材积等因子采用双因子方差分析,对无性系的差异进行Q检验,结果表明,赤桉无性系34号综合性能最佳,可在永州市南部6县发展.并对赤桉无性系34号扦插繁殖方法进行了研究.     

赤桉GAPDH家族基因的克隆及其序列分析

正甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)是高等植物糖酵解和糖异生反应中的关键酶,是维持生命活动能量形成的最基本酶之一,它氧化甘油醛-3-磷酸生成1,3-二磷酸甘油酸,由此为糖酵解过程提供产生ATP的底物[1-4]。此外,由于该酶基因为管家基因,几乎在所有组织中都高水平表达,在同种细胞或组织中的蛋白质表达量较为恒定,故被广泛用作实时荧光定量PCR的内参基因[5-9]。近年来,随着研究     

福建省赤桉种源/家系的试验研究

对4年生的赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)种源/家系试验林分析表明,不同赤桉种源或家系的生长量、耐寒性和树干通直度均存在显著或极显著差异,但在分枝特性方面没有显著差异;赤桉幼林的生长量、耐寒性及树干通直度的遗传力较低,因而赤桉较好的利用途径应当是选择优良单株进行无性繁殖;通过综合指数评选出速生耐寒且干形好的10株优良单株。     

Species diversity in Eucalyptus camaldulensis woodlots and miombo woodland in Northeastern Zimbabwe

The tree species diversity, groundvegetation species richness, and soilcharacteristics were studied forEucalyptus camaldulensis woodlots and thenatural miombo woodlands in the Mukarakate Areaof Northeastern Zimbabwe. The woodlandcharacteristics were measured and soil sampleswere taken at a total of thirty-four miombowoodland plots and twenty-seven eucalyptusplantations.The number of tree species was significantlyhigher for the miombo woodland sites than forthe eucalyptus woodlots. The Berger-Parker andShannon-Wiener Index values for speciesdiversity were higher for the tree speciesfound on the miombo woodland sites. There wereno significant differences between theeucalyptus woodlots and the miombo woodlands inthe percentage of grass cover and the number ofgrass and herb species. The same grass and herbspecies were common in both the woodlots andthe woodlands. The older woodlots hadsignificantly more tree and herb species thanthe younger woodlots.Soil nutrient analyses showed no significantdifferences between the woodlots and thewoodlands regarding their available phosphorusand total nitrogen, but the total phosphorusand total carbon were higher for the miombowoodlands. The results suggest that E.camaldulensis woodlots established in areasthat were formerly fields and grazing areas inthe savannah-like conditions pertaining inSouthern Africa do not cause the loss ofspecies richness or soil nutrients. In heavilydeforested areas eucalyptus woodlots may evencontribute positively to the protection andpreservation of indigenous trees species andother flora.     

Effect of shade on biomass accumulation and partitioning for Eucalyptus camaldulensis sprouts

ABSTRACT

Eucalyptus is widely cultivated in homogeneous monocultures throughout the world alongside plants of the same age. Furthermore, the productivity of forest stands is highly dependent on how solar radiation is intercepted and used. Meanwhile, it is possible to consider cultivating trees of different ages in the same area, and thus under different regimes of available solar radiation, creating a sequence of plantings and harvestings and to develop Eucalyptus-based agroforestry systems. We have examined biomass accumulation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis along a shade gradient. Eucalyptus trees presented power-law responses to increasing irradiance for biomass, indicating it has low plasticity and is unable to maintain growth under lower irradiance levels. Biomass partitioning showed no dependence on available irradiation. Leaf density presented very little increase toward sunnier places meaning that an increment in Eucalyptus biomass would be mostly due to its increase in size and thus higher radiation interception. Careful management of shade will be a key consideration for the integration of Eucalyptus into agroforestry. With knowledge of the growth habits of different species, we will have the potential to propose more perennial ways in which to manage land and reduce anthropogenic disturbances by avoiding clear-cuts of areas that removes all plant structures.     

Eucalyptus camaldulensis provenances for afforestation in Mwanza and Shinyanga regions of Tanzania

Most parts of the Mwanza and Shinyanga regions of Tanzania face fuelwood and building-pole shortages. Two experiments using a total of 12 provenances of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. of Australian and local origin were tested at Igwata Forest Reserve, Tanzania for possible use in fuelwood and pole production. Assessment and analysis of data from the two experiments were made for survival and height growth, and for dbh development.Growth after 27 and 41 months in the two experiments indicate no significant differences in survival. Significant differences were, however, observed in height and dbh growth. It appears that Queensland provenances are the overall best-suited, followed by provenances from Northern Territory, Western Australia and Victoria. Limitations of the provisional results are outlined. Further trials with seed sources from Northern Australian provenance groups are recommended.A rotation age of about 4 years appears suitable for fuelwood, whereas a longer period might be needed for pole production if wood impregnation is not anticipated.     

赤桉种源生长适应性,抗逆性及其遗传稳定性研究

对赤桉４批试验林４２个种源４￣８年生幼林的生长适应性，抗逆性及其遗传稳定性进行分析研究结果。     

机耕整地营造赤桉林效果试验初报

2001年在吉州区钓源等丘陵岗地上实施机耕撩壕整地栽植赤桉，结果表明，机耕撩壕整地比人工整地的幼树高，胸径，根系生长平均净增率分别高出27．9％，12．9％，58．3％，且造林工程花时少，进度快，成本低，效果显著。     

Effect of spacing and water availability on root:shoot ratio in Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Our limited understanding of the processes that control the allocation of biomass in trees is one of the factors that hinders our ability to develop mechanistic models of tree growth. Furthermore, accurate assessment of carbon sequestration by forests is hampered by lack of information regarding below-ground biomass. Below-ground to above-ground biomass ratios (BGB:AGB) are known to vary with a number of environmental factors, tending to increase in drier, harsher conditions. However, there are few, good datasets of BGB:AGB ratios of large trees, especially native Australian species. We aimed to investigate the response of BGB:AGB to water availability and tree spacing in 10-year-old Eucalyptus camaldulensis growing in a plantation in a low rainfall area.We carefully harvested 16 trees, ranging in diameter at breast height (DBH) from 7.6 to 25 cm, from a research trial near Deniliquin, NSW. Four replicates of each treatment from a factorial design with wide (3 m × 6 m) and narrow (3 m × 1.5 m) spaced trees and with natural rainfall (408 mm/year) (control) or irrigated plots (flooded six times per year) were selected. Above-ground tree parts were harvested separating stem, branch and foliage. Soil cores to 1 m depth were taken to sample small roots (<15 mm diameter) within each plot, then all roots >15 mm belonging to each tree were excavated using compressed air and an excavator. Roots were separated into six size classes within the range from <2 to >50 mm.Both water and spacing treatments influenced tree growth with trees being larger in irrigated, wide spaced plots. The BGB:AGB ratio was strongly influenced by irrigation (0.68 control, 0.34 irrigated) but not spacing. Allometric analysis of above- and below-ground biomass as a function of DBH showed that the relationship between DBH and above-ground biomass was conserved across treatments.By contrast, the relationship between DBH and below-ground biomass was influenced by water availability, commensurate with the large differences in BGB:AGB ratio. The BGB:AGB ratio increased with tree size largely due to an increase in small roots.The proportion of total root mass in the small roots (<15 mm) obtained through coring was 25–48% with 18–30% of total root biomass in the <5 mm diameter class.     

Rapid assessment of wood chemical properties and pulp yield of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Thailand tree plantations by near infrared spectroscopy for improving wood selection for high quality pulp

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been demonstrated as a means for rapid nondestructive determination of the chemical composition and final pulp yield of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Thailand tree plantations. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and partial least squares (PLS) analysis were introduced to develop statistical models in terms of calibration equations for total pulp yield, screened pulp yield, and contents of -cellulose, pentosans, and lignin in wood. In MLR analysis, a reasonably good calibration equation was found only for pentosans (standard error of prediction (SEP): 0.98%). The PLS analysis improved the accuracy of prediction for every criterion variable, especially for pentosans (SEP: 0.91%) and lignin (SEP: 0.52%). Also, in the case of screened pulp yield, we were able to use such a statistical result as an indicator of the characteristics of the pulp and paper. Thus, NIR spectroscopy could be satisfactorily used as an effective assessment technique for Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation trees.     

Genetic parameters and expected gains from selection for monoterpene yields in Petford Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Genetic parameters were estimated for yield of 1,8-cineole and total monoterpenes as a fraction of leaf weight in nineteen open-pollinated families of Petford origin at 3.75 years in two progeny/provenance trials of E. camaldulensis in Zimbabwe. Both traits appear to be highly heritable and, as expected, were strongly genetically correlated, with narrow-sense individual heritabilities near 0.50. Expected gain in the first generation following individual selection in the trials of one tree in 10 for either trait is about 25–32%.Genetic correlations between growth traits and 1,8-cineole yield were small. This indicates that both traits might be improved concurrently thus enhancing the economics of growing Petford E. camaldulensis for wood and medicinal oil. However, the presence of moderate and unfavourable genetic correlations between growth traits and total yield of monoterpenes warrants further study. It was not possible to gauge the significance of apparent family × site interaction for 1,8-cineole yield in this study. However, a test of rank correlation showed an association (Ip<0.01) between family rankings on each site and the highest-yielding trees on both sites came from the same families. This raises the possibility of being able to select individuals for cloning that yield well over a range of site conditions.     

赤桉8号、2号无性系在闽东沿海山地适应性试验初报

对赤桉8号、赤桉2号的适应性试验结果表明，赤桉8号和赤桉2号的适应性和速生性较强，造林当年树高可达3．0m，近2年生树高、胸径分别可达5．6m和5．3cm以上，达到福建省一般产区桉树速丰林标准；赤桉8号的抗风性较强且可耐-3．0℃左右的低温，赤桉2号抗风性极强且可耐-5．0℃左右的低温。作为耐寒抗风无性系，这2个无性系在闽东沿海较高海拔山地有一定适应能力，可进一步试种，尤其是赤桉2号，极具发展潜力。     

尾叶桉与赤桉正反交杂种F1代生长、材性及其化学组分与抗风性能的分析

以广东江门尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)与赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)正反析因交配杂种F_1代9年生测定林为材料,用Excel计算各杂交组合抗风指数、生长性状、材质形状以及木素、综纤素的均值;用R软件对这些性状进行单因素方差分析、相关性分析以及多性状指数综合评价。单因素方差分析表明正交与反交组合杂种的生长性状如树高、胸径、材积和冠幅等差异都不显著;而材质形状如基本密度和纤维宽度差异则较为显著,但纤维长度和纤维长宽比差异不显著;另外,正反交组合杂种的木素和综纤素含量的差异也较为显著。相关性分析表明,抗风指数与木材基本密度及纤维长呈正显著相关性,而与纤维长宽比呈负显著相关性;但抗风指数与树高、胸径、材积、冠幅、纤维宽、木素含量及综纤素含量之间的相关性都不显著;木材基本密度及纤维长与抗风指数的显著相关性为抗风优质的桉树选择提供参考。综合评价结果表明,当各变量权重相同时,正交组合中综合得分前3名的是杂交组合77、81和82;反交组合中综合得分前3名的是杂交组合50、51和29;同时还选出5株优良单株29-3、51-4、77-1、77-3及50-2,为今后大规模人工制种提供优质亲本材料。