Reaction wood anatomy and lignin distribution in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gnetum gnemon</Emphasis> branches

This study investigated the anatomical and chemical characteristics of the reaction wood of a gymnpsperm species, Gnetum gnemon, and discussed on contributing factor for the type of reaction wood in this species. Cell morphology, microfibril angle (MFA) of the S₂ layer and lignin distribution in secondary walls of tracheary elements, and lignin content were examined on three branches. Observations included no G-layer formation, significant decreases in vessel frequency, and altered MFA, and visible-light absorbance after lignin colour reactions in tracheid and fiber tracheid walls on the upper side in almost all samples. These results suggest that reaction wood in G. gnemon was similar to that in ‘tension-wood-like-reaction wood’ in angiosperms. On the other hand, reaction wood showed decrease in the lignin concentration in the fiber tracheid walls compared to the tracheid walls. In addition, the lignin in the tracheid and fiber tracheid walls was originally rich in syringyl units, suggesting that changes in the anatomical and chemical characteristics of secondary xylem due to reaction wood formation might relate to the ratio of the syringyl to guaiacyl units in lignin in the cell walls which function for mechanical support.     

扬州市城区道路绿地植物结构调查与分析

对扬州市城区多条道路的绿化带进行了实地调查和分析，结果显示：扬州市道路绿地系统常用的乔木树种有18科，27属，32种；灌木18科，21属，24种，出现频度最高的乔木、灌木分别为香樟40％，石楠65％。常绿、落叶树种的数量配比为17：33，其中乔木的常绿、落叶树种数量配比为13：50。乔木与灌木种类配比为4：3。同时还总结出扬州市城区道路绿化带中绿化树种较少，没有形成特色道路景观，没有充分考虑行车视线以及灌木高矮差别较大等不足之处，并针对性地提出解决办法。     

湖南芷江县南方红豆杉群落特征及植物区系分析

采用经典样方法对湖南芷江县南方红豆杉天然群落的种类组成、结构特征、物种多样性及植物区系等进行分析。结果表明:在1 000 m2样地中共有维管植物46科70属79种,其中蕨类植物5科7属8种,裸子植物2科2属2种,被子植物29科39属69种;群落分层明显,可划分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层;乔木层中有乔木树种17种,其中南方红豆杉和毛竹的重要值分别为81.51和43.37,远远超过其他的15种乔木树种,南方红豆杉的优势种群的作用明显,是群落的基调树种,毛竹为主要伴生种;灌木层包括乔木的幼树和灌木类,共40种;草本层植物有24种。物种多样性指数由高到低的顺序为灌木层>草本层>乔木层。植物区系地理成分复杂,科属组成均以热带性成分为主,温带成分占有较大的比例,反映出该群落植物区系由亚热带向暖温带过渡。     

内蒙古流动沙丘恢复疏林草地植被治理技术研究

在科尔沁沙地的天然植被中 ,疏林草地是最稳定 ,也是分布面积比较大的植被类型。因此 ,流动沙丘恢复为疏林草地植被 ,是适应自然规律 ,投入少见效快的治理方式。试验表明 ,在 350mm左右降水量地区 ,对沙丘首先进行围封 ,促进自然植被恢复 ,借助风力 ,削平沙丘顶部 ,降低沙丘高度。同时 ,进行人工喷播灌木和人工栽植乔灌木树种。经过 4～ 5年 ,人工栽植的乔木树种覆盖度达到 1 0 % ,天然更新的小叶杨、家榆等的覆盖率也达 1 0 % ,人工喷播的灌木达到 2 0 % ,天然草本植物的覆盖度由 1 5% ,增加到 60 %。流动沙丘基本稳定 ,并且恢复为疏林草地植被类型     

酸雨对杨树生长和木材化学性质的影响

对受酸雨危害和未受酸雨危害杨树的年轮宽度和木材化学性质的对比研究表明：酸雨对杨树生长和木材化学性质产生了明显的影响。酸雨会导致树木生长减缓,年轮宽度变窄,受害材的年轮宽度较健康材相对降低１２．６７％。受害材与健康材的ｐＨ值无明显差异,酸、碱缓冲容量有显著差异。与健康材相比,受害材的戊聚糖和木质素含量相对升高１．４３％和３．７２％,而综纤维素的含量相对减少３．４５％,灰分的含量相对减少８．３４％。受     

Tree growth stress and related problems

Tree growth stress, resulted from the combined effects of dead weight increase and cell wall maturation in the growing trees, fulfills biomechanical functions by enhancing the strength of growing stems and by controlling their growth orientation. Its value after new wood formation, named maturation stress, can be determined by measuring the instantaneously released strain at stem periphery. Exceptional levels of longitudinal stress are reached in reaction wood, in the form of compression in gymnosperms or higher-than-usual tension in angiosperms, inspiring theories to explain the generation process of the maturation stress at the level of wood fiber: the synergistic action of compressive stress generated in the amorphous lignin–hemicellulose matrix and tensile stress due to the shortening of the crystalline cellulosic framework is a possible driving force. Besides the elastic component, growth stress bears viscoelastic components that are locked in the matured cell wall. Delayed recovery of locked-in components is triggered by increasing temperature under high moisture content: the rheological analysis of this hygrothermal recovery offers the possibility to gain information on the mechanical conditions during wood formation. After tree felling, the presence of residual stress often causes processing defects during logging and lumbering, thus reducing the final yield of harvested resources. In the near future, we expect to develop plantation forests and utilize more wood as industrial resources; in that case, we need to respond to their large growth stress. Thermal treatment is one of the possible countermeasures: green wood heating involves the hygrothermal recovery of viscoelastic locked-in growth strains and tends to counteract the effect of subsequent drying. Methods such as smoke drying of logs are proposed to increase the processing yield at a reasonable cost.     

Within tree variability of lignin composition in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis>

Clonal variability among trees has been studied and found to have profound effects on nearly all measured phenotypes. However, when estimating wood properties it is important to consider variability within the tree. The position in which a tree is sampled could have a large influence on biomass characterization. We looked at variability in lignin content as height increases and as the number of rings from the pith increase in Populus species. Seven trees were destructively sampled; subsamples were obtained along a 2.4 m length of each stem and across increment rings. All samples were analyzed by pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectroscopy to map the variability across sampling heights and/or ring positions in lignin content. The results of this study indicate that when sampling a tree, there is more variability from ring to ring than at different heights going up the stem.     

Wood properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pericopsis mooniana</Emphasis> grown in a plantation in Indonesia

The relationships between growth characteristics and wood properties were investigated for a threatened species, Pericopsis mooniana, to promote the establishment of plantations of this species in the tropics. Growth characteristics (diameter and height) and stress-wave velocity (SWV) of trees were measured for 22-year-old P. mooniana trees planted in Indonesia. The trees were categorized into three groups, fast-growing, middle-growing, and slow-growing trees, to investigate the effect of growth rate on the wood properties. In addition, radial variation of anatomical characteristics and wood properties were determined. No significant correlation was found between growth characteristics and SWV. The values for the vessel diameter, cell wall thickness of wood fibers, wood fiber length, basic density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture from wood at the bark side were higher than those at the pith side. On the other hand, vessel frequency gradually decreased from pith to bark. These results suggested that low-quality wood, such as juvenile wood, existed near the pith area.     

开化王山阔叶林采种基地森林群落结构研究

对开化王山阔叶林采种基地集约经营区进行群落学调查，结果表明其植物种类丰富，乔木层有93种，灌木层有20种，草本层有20种，层间植物有16种，乔木层灌木层优势种不明显，Simpson生态优势度指数低，乔木层相对重要值超过5％的有甜槠、木荷、马银花、红楠、东南石栎5种，甜槠最高占11．34％；草本和层间植物较单调优势种明显。常绿种类幼乔比高，落叶种类幼乔比低。     

三峡库区水土保持树种选择研究

为给三峡库区植被恢复树种选择提供科学依据,笔者针对三峡库区的自然、社会和生态条件,构建了该区水土保持树种选择综合评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法确定各指标权重,提出了研究区水土保持树种选择数量化评价模型。应用该评价模型对48个初选树种进行了综合评价,并依据最优分割法将参选树种划分成3个等级。结果表明：马尾松、青冈栎和杉木...     

Anatomical Changes During Transition from Juvenile to Adult Wood in Branch and Main Trunk Xylem of Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit)

The anatomical changes occurring during transition from juvenile to mature wood were studied in the branch and main trunk of Leucaena leucocephala. To confirm the wood maturity in the 5-yr-old tree, the anatomical features were compared with the adult wood collected from the main trunk of a 15-yr-old tree. In both the branch and wood of the trunk, most of the anatomical features—such as increase in dimensions of fibers and vessel elements, and decrease in frequency of vessel elements and rays—were gradual during radial growth from pith to periphery. A noticeable anatomical change is observed in the transition of triseriate rays to multiseriate rays in the region of wood which is about 5.5 cm away from the pith. The ray dimensions and anatomical features of other elements from the periphery of the branch and 5-yr-old trunk xylem match with that of 15-yr-old main trunk wood. This indicates that in both the branches and main trunk of Leucaena, transition from juvenile to adult or mature wood occurs after the trees have attained 14 cm radial growth.     

半干旱风沙区抗逆树种优化造林模式试验

通过对半干旱风沙区的平川沙荒、黄土丘陵典型立地类型的生态因子进行分析,以及对抗逆树种的乔、灌行间的混交试验,表明：1）平川沙荒区的生态条件比黄土丘陵区优越。风沙土立地类型造林要增施K肥,粗骨土造林要选择抗逆性最强的树种。平川沙荒区比黄土丘陵区的平均造林成活率提高了16.7%,林木年净高生长量提高了68%。2）针、阔、灌混交效果明显优于阔叶树乔、灌混交,紫穗槐、四翅滨藜比较抗风沙和耐干旱瘠薄的立地条件。     

福州市区行道树数量特征分析

抽样调查表明,福州市区常见行道树约有25科35属44种,以棕榈科最多,有8属8种,其次是桑科榕属5种,其中以常绿树种和乔木占优势。重要值分析表明,乔木种类以榕树占绝对优势,其次是果,灌木种类以黄金榕占优势。胸径处于25~30cm和树高处于6~8m的树木最多。最后,针对现状与存在的问题进行讨论并提出建议。       

江西宜丰县官山穗花杉群落特征初步研究

穗花杉Amentotaxus argotaenia(Hance) Pilger是第三纪残遗物种，属濒危植物.对江西宜丰县官山穗花杉群落特征进行了初步研究.结果表明穗花杉群落结构明显，可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层，其中，乔木层可分为3个亚层；组成穗花杉群落的乔木共33种，其中，穗花杉株数最多，相对频度最高，相对多度最大，重要值最大；穗花杉群落结构比较完整，各径级保存了一定株数，该群落正处于顺向演替阶段，幼树和中龄树占优势，发展趋势良好，只要保持群落完整，演替将会继续下去.     

酸雨对杨树木材性质的影响

受酸雨危害和未受酸雨危害的杨树木材性质的对比表明：酸雨对杨树生长和木材性质产生显著的影响。与未受危害的健康材相比,危害材的木素和戊聚糖含量相对升高３．７２％和１．４３％,而综纤维素的含量相对减少３．４５％,热水抽出热,苯－醇抽出物和１％ＮａＯＨ抽出物含量明显高于健康材。     

Anatomy and lignin distribution of reaction wood in two Magnolia species

Summary Anatomical features of reaction wood formed in two Magnolia species, M. obovata Thunb. and M. kobus DC. which are considered to be among the primitive angiosperms, were observed. In addition, the distribution of guaiacyl and syringyl units of lignins in the cell walls of normal and reaction wood was examined using ultraviolet (UV)- and visible light (VL)- microspectrophotometry coupled with the Wiesner and M?ule reactions. The two Magnolia species formed a tension-like reaction wood without possessing the typical gelatinous layer (G-layer) on the upper side of the inclined stem or branch, in which a radial growth promotion occurred. Compared with the normal wood, the reaction wood had the following anatomical features: (1) the secondary walls of fiber tracheids lacked the S₃ layer, (2) the innermost layer of fiber-tracheid walls showed a small microfibril angle, a fact being similar to the orientation of the microfibril angle of the G-layer in tension wood, and (3) the amounts of lignin decreased in the cell walls of fiber tracheids, especially with great decrease in proportion of guaiacyl units in lignins. In addition, VL-microspectrophotometry coupled with the Wiesner and M?ule reactions adopted in the present study showed potential to estimate the lignin contents in the cell walls and the proportion of guaiacyl and syringyl units in lignins. Received: 15 July 1998     

瘿木成因及树种调查

瘿木是制作家具、工艺品的珍贵木材, 装饰性强, 商业价值高。文中通过调查可形成瘿木的树种及成因、材质特点及利用现状, 对瘿木的研究与利用进行了展望。调查发现有32科52属100余种瘿木树种, 树种丰富; 根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumfaciens、真菌、冻伤和林火等可使树木结瘤, 根癌农杆菌和冻伤使树木结瘤的过程都与树木形成层细胞的基因变异有关。目前已知几种瘿木的密度、尺寸稳定性和断裂能较正常材高; 几种瘿木木质素含量增加, 纤维素含量降低, 多种抽提物含量增加, 细胞形态变异。文中认为人工培育瘿木可尝试选择树龄较大的林木, 以真菌或细菌病原接种、低温刺激及火烧等方法促进其结瘤。     

Variation in wood properties among five full-sib families of Norway spruce (Picea abies)

Genetic- and environmental variation and correlation patterns were characterized for modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and related wood traits: latewood proportion, wood density, spiral grain, microfibril angle and lignin content in five full-sib families of Norway spruce. The families were evaluated on the basis of clearwood specimens from the juvenile -mature wood transition zone of 93 sampled trees at age 30 year from seed. Family-means varied significantly (p < 0.05) for all wood traits studied except lignin content. MOE varied between 7.9–14.1 GPa among trees and 9.4–11.0 GPa among families. MOR varied between 47–87 MPa among trees and 61–71 MPa among families. Families remained significantly different in an analysis of specific MOE (MOE/density) and MOR (MOR/density). Hence, solely relying on wood density as a wood quality trait in tree breeding would not fully yield the potential genetic gain for MOE and MOR. Correlations between wood structural traits and specific MOE and MOR are presented and discussed.     

Radial variations in the anatomical characteristics and density of the wood of Acacia mangium of five different provenances in Indonesia

The anatomical characteristics and density of wood were examined in 23-year-old Acacia mangium trees that had been planted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The seeds had been collected from trees of five different provenances. The distance from the pith of the boundary between juvenile and mature wood was also examined to clarify the maturity of the wood. Lengths of wood fibers near the pith and the distance from the pith of the boundary between juvenile and mature wood differed significantly among provenances. By contrast, other anatomical characteristics of the wood such as fiber wall area, fiber wall thickness, fiber diameter, vessel lumen area, vessel diameter, vessel frequency and wood density did not differ significantly among provenances. Wood density was strongly correlated with the area of fiber walls. Our observations suggest that Sidei and Daintree might be more appropriate provenances among those examined for the Acacia mangium tree-breeding programs in Indonesia that are aimed at improving wood quality, because these provenances are associated with longer initial wood fibers and narrower juvenile areas than the other provenances studied.     

Chemical composition of wood and its connection with wood anatomy in Betula pubescens

ABSTRACT

The connection between chemical composition and anatomy of wood is poorly studied. Abiotic and biotic growth conditions affect the synthesis of structural compounds and the anatomy of wood at the same time as they affect growth. In this study, the wood chemical composition, and connections between wood chemistry and anatomy were studied in downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) grown on four growth sites possessing mineral and peat soils. Lignin, holocellulose, extractive and ash contents, and effective heating value were analysed and compared with libriform fibre double wall thickness and lumen diameter, vessel size and number, and ray and axial parenchyma numbers. Measured lignin and extractive contents were exceptionally high and holocellulose content low. Correlations between wood anatomy and effective heating value were partly different on different soils. Correlations between holocellulose and anatomy were the opposite of the correlations between other chemical compounds and anatomy. The significant correlations between chemical composition and anatomy were commonly opposite in trees grown on peat than in trees grown on mineral soil. Particularly, vessel characteristics and fibre wall thickness correlated significantly with wood chemistry in trees grown on mineral soil. The connections between wood anatomy and chemistry proved to be soil-dependent.