多异瓢虫捕食豌豆蚜功能对3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量的响应

为了明确杀虫剂亚致死剂量对多异瓢虫(Hippodamia variegate)捕食功能的影响,为害虫综合防治中有效协调化学防治和生物防治间的相互关系提供一定的理论参考,本研究采用胃毒和触杀两种受药方式,分析了吡虫啉、阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯3种杀虫剂的亚致死剂量对多异瓢虫捕食量、捕食功能反应模型、捕食速率以及寻找效应的影响。结果表明,3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对多异瓢虫捕食作用的影响大小依次为高效氯氰菊酯阿维菌素吡虫啉。在杀虫剂亚致死剂量下,多异瓢虫捕食功能反应模型的结构没有变化,还是典型的Holling-Ⅱ型,但模型参数发生了改变。其中,瞬时攻击率下降6.01%~25.81%,处理猎物时间延长17.32%~71.82%,最大理论捕食量降低14.75%~41.80%。此外,捕食量、捕食速率和寻找效应也有不同程度的下降,分别降低6.71%~37.36%、9.81%~29.45%和29.58%~7.85%。以上结果表明,3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对多异瓢虫捕食功能均有抑制作用。     

吡虫啉、阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖的影响

为了了解吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜实验种群参数的影响,阐明绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖与亚致死剂量的关系,并为豌豆蚜的综合防治提供理论依据。在22~24℃,光照周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h,相对湿度(RH)70%~80%条件下,采用带虫浸叶法确定吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯对绿色型豌豆蚜的亚致死剂量,通过叶碟饲养,记录其发育历期、产蚜量和寿命。结果表明,吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀、LC₁₀分别处理成蚜后,成蚜平均寿命和平均产蚜量均显著低于对照(P<0.05),其中阿维菌素LC₂₀处理平均寿命最短为3.34 d,高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀处理平均产蚜量最低为14.30头;F₁代除3龄历期无显著差异外(P>0.05),其余各龄期历期变化规律不明显,但成虫期、存活率、平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期均表现为LC₁₀大于LC₂₀,在阿维菌素LC₁₀下,F₁代成蚜寿命、成蚜平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期达到最大值且均大于对照,分别为9.76,77.76,65.32,12.41。表明吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量处理成蚜后,对其寿命和繁殖力均起到抑制作用,但对F₁代影响表现为大部分生物学参数随亚致死剂量降低而升高。     

三种杀虫剂对多异瓢虫的毒力及亚致死效应

为协调化学防治和生物防治,指导田间合理用药,采用接触处理（滤纸）和毒蚜饲喂两种方式,测定了3种杀虫剂吡虫啉（I）、阿维菌素（Ab）和高效氯氰菊酯（Al）对多异瓢虫（Hippodamia variegate）的毒力,及亚致死剂量对多异瓢虫发育历期和繁殖力的影响。结果表明：多异瓢虫接触3种杀虫剂的亚致死剂量后的日平均产卵量均显著低于对照（P<0.05）,而且当代累积平均产卵量显著低于对照（P<0.05）;毒蚜饲喂组的瓢虫日平均产卵量与对照无显著差异,当代累计平均产卵量与对照无显著差异。多异瓢虫各处理当代第1 d产卵孵化率均显著低于对照（P<0.05）。接触处理瓢虫组各处理的F₁代总发育历期显著长于对照,而毒蚜饲喂处理与对照差异不显著。各处理的F₁代产卵量与对照无显著差异,Al接触处理瓢虫组的F₁代第1 d产卵孵化率显著低于对照。本试验LC₂₀亚致死剂量的杀虫剂不仅对当代而且对下一代的生长均有抑制作用,药剂接触处理对多异瓢虫发育和繁殖的影响大于取食毒蚜处理。     

两种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对龟纹瓢虫捕食功能反应的影响

为了协调化学防治和生物防治二者间的矛盾,掌握药剂对龟纹瓢虫捕食功能的影响,利用吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯对龟纹瓢虫的LC_(25)和对豌豆蚜的LC_(25)分别处理2种昆虫,测定了2种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对龟纹瓢虫捕食豌豆蚜功能反应的影响。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫捕食功能反应模型没有发生变化,仍是典型的Holling-Ⅱ型,但模型的各项参数发生了改变。高效氯氰菊酯直接处理龟纹瓢虫,对其捕食能力抑制最强;龟纹瓢虫捕食吡虫啉处理后的豌豆蚜,对其捕食能力抑制最弱。龟纹瓢虫以2种方式受药后,瞬时攻击率a下降,最大为0.860 4,最小为0.782 3,相对于对照组(CK)下降5.21%~15.78%;处理猎物的时间T_h延长,最长为0.017 6 d,最短为0.013 7 d,相对于CK延长16.10%~49.15%;最大理论捕食量下降,最大为73.09头,最小为56.74头,相对于CK下降14.00%~33.24%;药剂处理18h后,捕食速率均显著(P0.05)低于同时间下的对照,18h时最大为1.67头/h,最小为1.56头/h,相对于同时间时的CK降低13.04%~18.84%,24 h后最大为1.66头/h,最小为1.46头/h,为同时间下CK的9.14%~20.00%。因此,不论龟纹瓢虫以何种方式受药,都不利于其捕食豌豆蚜。其中,高效氯氰菊酯直接作用于龟纹瓢虫时负面影响最大,但不改变其对豌豆蚜的捕食功能反应模型。     

几种常用杀虫剂对家蚕的毒力及亚致死剂量对家蚕生长发育的影响

采用食下毒叶法测定哒螨灵、炔螨特、溴虫腈、敌敌畏、辛硫磷和吡虫啉6种常用杀虫杀螨剂对家蚕的毒力,并研究炔螨特、溴虫腈、敌敌畏和吡虫啉4种杀虫剂的2种亚致死剂量(LC5、LC15)对家蚕生长发育的影响,为蚕区桑园害虫防治选择对家蚕安全的杀虫剂提供参考。结果表明,6种杀虫剂对家蚕的毒力大小依次为吡虫啉>辛硫磷>敌敌畏>哒螨灵>溴虫腈>炔螨特,其对家蚕96 h的LC50分别为0.256、0.556、8.912、50.689、119.715、351.691 mg/L,毒力皆随着时间的累积而增加;炔螨特、溴虫腈、敌敌畏3种杀虫剂的LC5、LC152种亚致死剂量对存活家蚕幼虫的历期、眠蚕体质量、全茧量和茧层量与对照相比无明显差异,且相同药剂不同亚致死剂量间对家蚕的影响差异不显著。     

苍耳提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫作用方式及解毒酶活性影响的研究

采用室内生测法,研究了苍耳3种溶剂(丙酮、乙醇、氯仿)提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫的作用方式及苍耳氯仿提取物对两种试虫的3种解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,苍耳氯仿提取物对萝卜蚜有很强的忌避作用,当浓度为0.05 g/mL,处理4 h,忌避率达94.25%,48 h忌避率为84.53%;其次是触杀作用,校正死亡率最高为67.24%,LC₅₀为0.7420 g/mL;内吸作用极弱。对粘虫主要表现为拒食和生长发育抑制作用,拒食校正死亡率最高达98.27%,AFC₅₀为0.1985 g/mL;72 h体重增长率为-5.85%,与对照差异极显著;胃毒和触杀毒力较弱,LC₅₀分别为0.8997和1.3070 g/mL。苍耳氯仿提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)有抑制作用,处理萝卜蚜24 h及处理粘虫4 h时,乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)抑制率最高,分别为37.55%和25.65%;对谷胱甘肽转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)活力影响不明显。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂对中华蜜蜂蔗糖反应行为的影响

新烟碱类杀虫剂(neonicotinoid insecticide)目前已经成为全球范围内应用最广泛的一类杀虫剂。此类杀虫剂通过作用于昆虫的乙酰胆碱受体,释放乙酰胆碱受体抑制剂,阻碍昆虫神经传导,影响昆虫正常生理行为,最终导致昆虫麻痹死亡~([1])。本文通过测定吡虫啉与噻虫胺两种新烟碱类杀虫剂对中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)24 h内半数致死剂量(median lethal dose,LD50)~([2]),评估此类杀虫剂对中华蜜蜂的急性致死毒性。并通过统计经过亚致死剂量(sub-lethal dose)处理的中华蜜蜂,经过2 h、24 h和48 h后的伸吻反应率,从而进一步探究新烟碱类杀虫剂对中华蜜蜂行为的影响。     

杀虫剂对蜜蜂的亚致死效应

研究杀虫剂对蜜蜂的亚致死效应,对综合评价杀虫剂的生态效应及合理使用杀虫剂具有理论和实践意义;本文从生物学和生理生化等方面综述了亚致死剂量杀虫剂对蜜蜂的亚致死效应。杀虫剂对蜜蜂的亚致死效应,因用药种类、试验剂量和蜜蜂受药时间而异,产生的机理也十分复杂。今后应着重开展新型杀虫剂对蜜蜂亚致死效应研究,特别是对生化和分子机制方面的研究以及杀虫剂复合污染对蜜蜂影响的研究。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂对家蚕的急性毒性评价与中毒症状观察

为明确新烟碱类杀虫剂对非靶标生物家蚕的毒性以及对生态环境的安全性影响,采用浸叶法测定6种新烟碱类杀虫剂及其它3类对照杀虫剂对家蚕的急性毒性,并观察不同种类杀虫剂引起家蚕的急性中毒症状差异。6种新烟碱类杀虫剂中噻虫胺、吡虫啉、噻虫啉和烯啶虫胺对家蚕2龄幼虫96 h的LC50分别为0.065 1、0.174、0.258、0.445 mg/L,属剧毒级农药,噻虫嗪和啶虫脒对家蚕2龄幼虫96 h的LC50分别为1.31、2.73 mg/L,属高毒级农药,6种药剂均对家蚕存在极大的安全风险性。新烟碱类杀虫剂引起家蚕中毒的症状主要表现为拒食,身体扭曲呈"C"或"S"形,头部肿大等。其它3类杀虫剂中,抗生素类杀虫剂阿维菌素的毒性属剧毒级,并在测定药剂中的毒性最高,家蚕中毒症状主要表现为吐液、头部或尾部翘起、拒食等;有机磷类杀虫剂毒死蜱的毒性属高毒级,家蚕中毒症状与新烟碱类杀虫剂相似;吡咯类杀虫剂虫螨腈的毒性属中毒级。因新烟碱类杀虫剂对家蚕的毒性强,建议远离桑园使用,以避免对养蚕生产造成危害。     

三类生物源农药及其混配制剂对家蚕的毒性与评价

为明确阿维菌素类、氯化烟酰类和拟除虫菊酯类农药对家蚕的毒性,采用食下毒叶法测定了阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯及其混配制剂共15种生物源农药对家蚕2龄幼虫的毒性,并观察了家蚕中毒症状。结果表明:将15种农药分别配制成不同梯度浓度的药液浸渍桑叶饲喂家蚕48 h后,各种药剂对家蚕的LC50值均小于0.5 mg/kg,属剧毒级农药,对家蚕有极高风险性;各种药液处理引起的家蚕中毒症状表现出多种相似的特征,如有吐液、翘头、翘尾、身体扭曲呈"C"或"S"形等。试验证明阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯及其混配制剂不适合在桑园及其附近农田使用,同时也验证了对高等动物毒性低的农药并非就对非靶标生物具有安全性。     

两种纳米农药及其原药对亚洲柑橘木虱的毒力比较

亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是黄龙病的传播媒介,快速、高效地防治媒介昆虫是黄龙病综合防治最重要的技术措施。纳米农药不但能够提高药效、降低化学农药用量,而且提高使用安全性和生物利用度。为了明确纳米农药对亚洲柑橘木虱的防治效果,本实验选用纳米阿维菌素水悬浮剂、纳米阿维.吡虫啉水悬浮剂及其对应原药进行毒力测定,并比较同质量浓度下的杀虫效果,结果表明：1、两种纳米农药的毒力均高于对应原药,其中纳米阿维.吡虫啉水悬浮剂的毒力最强,其处理后第三天LC₅₀为0.0054mg/L,LC₉₅为2.1019mg/L;2、处理后48h、72h相比于24h,纳米阿维.吡虫啉在同质量浓度,死亡率的上升幅度极大,1.25-20 mg/L在72h时导致的死亡率达93%-100%,与200 mg/L无显著差异,而原药随时间推移死亡率虽有所上升,但幅度较小;3、纳米阿维菌素及其原药在处理后3-4d才开始出现死亡,虽然起初纳米阿维菌素防效不及原药,但在随后3d提效速度较快,并在防效上也超过原药;4、阿维.吡虫啉与阿维菌素相比,无论是纳米农药还是原药,其发挥药效较快,而且杀虫效果较好。     

Comparison of the activity of selamectin, fipronil, and imidacloprid against flea larvae (Ctenocephalides felis felis) in vitro

The activity of selamectin, fipronil and imidacloprid against larval cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) was evaluated in an in vitro potency assay system. One hundred microliters of each compound at various concentrations in acetone were added to glass vials (1.5 by 3 cm) to which had been previously added 20 mg of sand and 10 mg of flea feces. Vials were then ball milled to allow the acetone to evaporate. Selamectin and fipronil were tested at 0.001, 0.003, 0.005, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.11, 0.3, and 0.5 microg of active compound per tube. Imidacloprid was tested at 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 microg of active compound per tube. Thirty first instar C. felis larvae were added to each vial. The number of larvae remaining alive in each vial was determined once daily for 72 h. With selamectin, reductions of >/=93.5% were achieved at 24 h after exposure at doses of >/=0.3 microg. In contrast, at 24 h neither fipronil nor imidacloprid reached 90% reduction, even at the highest doses tested (0.5 microg for fipronil and 5.0 microg for imidacloprid). Selamectin was significantly (P/=0.03 microg. A similar pattern of activity was observed at both 48 and 72 h, but higher percentages of larvae were killed for each of the compounds as the incubation time increased. At 72 h selamectin was significantly (P相似文献   

室内条件下矿物油农药对柑橘木虱的驱避作用和获取黄龙病病菌的影响

本文采用Ｙ型嗅觉仪测定矿物油农药对柑橘木虱成虫的驱避作用,并研究喷洒矿物油农药1 h、1 d、4 d和7 d后对柑橘木虱成虫驱避作用的持效性;此外,本文还研究了矿物油农药对柑橘木虱成虫获取黄龙病病菌的抑制作用。结果表明,矿物油农药对柑橘木虱有明显的驱避作用,但是这种作用随着时间延长而降低,喷洒矿物油农药1 h后,驱避作用最强,达70.49%,处理7 d后,仍然表现出驱避作用,驱避率达38.54%;矿物油农药明显抑制柑橘木虱获取黄龙病病菌,处理1 h后抑制率高达86.67%,处理7 d仍然具有抑制效果,抑制率为7.60%。本次室内研究表明矿物油农药对柑橘木虱的驱避作用显著,并且可能通过驱避作用抑制柑橘木虱获取黄龙病病菌。     

Flea blood feeding patterns in cats treated with oral nitenpyram and the topical insecticides imidacloprid, fipronil and selamectin

A series of studies was conducted to determine the effect of systemically and topically active insecticides on blood consumption by fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). Infestations were conducted by placing fleas into plexi-glass chambers attached to the lateral rib cage of domestic short-hair cats. After pre-defined periods, fleas and flea feces were extracted using vacuum aspiration and spectrophotometrically analyzed for hemoglobin using Drabkin's reagent. To determine how rapidly nitenpyram kills actively feeding fleas, a single oral treatment was administered 24h after infestation. To determine the effect of nitenpyram on blood consumption of newly acquired fleas, cats were infested with fleas 1h post-treatment and fleas and flea feces from both studies were extracted at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480min post-treatment or post-infestation. To compare the effects of topically versus systemically active insecticides, 20 cats each with 2 chambers attached, were randomly allocated among groups and were infested with fleas 1h after each of 4 nitenpyram treatments, or at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after a single application of commercial spot-on formulations of fipronil, imidacloprid or selamectin. Infestations were also completed for untreated (control) cats. Twenty-four hours after infestation, fleas and flea feces were removed for host blood quantification. If at any time, flea blood consumption in a treated group did not significantly differ from that of fleas infesting controls, that treatment group was withdrawn from the study. Nitenpyram effects on actively feeding fleas were first observed at 60min post-dosing when 38% of fleas were dead or moribund, and at 240min 100% were dead or moribund. Nitenpyram produced a significant reduction in flea blood consumption (p<0.05), which appeared to cease 15min after infestation. For the treatment comparisons, significantly more (p<0.05) blood was consumed by fleas taken from imidacloprid and fipronil-treated cats than from the nitenpyram or selamectin groups. Only on nitenpyram- or selamectin-treated cats were there significant reductions (p<0.05) in flea blood consumption on days 21 and 28, with significant difference (p>0.05) between these two groups on day 28. In this study systemically acting insecticides such as nitenpyram, and the topically applied but systemically active insecticide selamectin, were more effective in interfering with flea blood feeding than were imidacloprid and fipronil.     

Evaluation of the efficacy of a topically administered combination of imidacloprid and permethrin against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dog

The phlebotomine sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus is one of the main vectors of Leishmania infantum, responsible for human and canine leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the repellent and insecticidal efficacy of imidacloprid 10% (w/v)/permethrin 50% (w/v) spot-on against sand flies (P. perniciosus) on dogs. The dogs used in this trial were laboratory-bred beagles: eight were impregnated with the solution (treated group), while the other eight were left untreated (control group). On day 0 the animals in the treatment group received 0.1 ml/kg body weight of the combination imidacloprid/permethrin spot-on. Dogs were exposed for 1h to about 100 female sand flies at weekly intervals for a period of 4 weeks, on day 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after applying the product. The repellency criterion was based on the feeding rate of sand flies in the treated compared to the untreated group. The insecticidal efficacy criterion was based on comparison of the survival rate of sand flies between the two groups. The product had an insecticidal efficacy on female sand flies of 53.2% (day 1), 49.4% (day 7), 15.1% (day 14), 13.2% (day 22), and 2.9% (day 29). The product showed a repellent effect of 97.7% (day 1), 96.3% (day 7), 96.5% (day 14), 92.7% (day 22), and 74.0% (day 29). Within the first week of application the insecticidal effect was significant; however it did not surpass 50%. On the other hand, the product showed a potent anti-feeding effect of over 90% during the first 3 weeks of this trial. Therefore, the application of this product every 3 weeks would be a good tool to significantly reduce sand fly bites over the period of transmission of vectorial diseases such as leishmaniasis and several arbovirosis such as Toscana virus.     

4种药剂对苜蓿常见害虫的田间防治效果研究

试验采用5.0%蚜虱净、0.6%虫螨光、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯、40%氧化乐果4种农药对田间虫害进行药效试验。结果表明:新型低毒农药蚜虱净、虫螨光对紫花苜蓿上的豌豆蚜、蓟马和盲蝽都有较好的防治效果。施药后7d,蚜虱净和虫螨光对豌豆蚜、蓟马和盲蝽的防效分别达到95%,86%和74%以上。与高效氯氰菊酯和氧化乐果等菊酯类和有机磷农药效果相似,可以替代该类药剂。     

吡虫啉亚致死剂量对2种色型豌豆蚜生长发育和种群参数的影响

以不同亚致死剂量的吡虫啉分别处理2种色型豌豆蚜,采用实验种群生命表的方法,测定了不同亚致死剂量的吡虫啉处理2种色型豌豆蚜后其F₀及F₁代生长发育和种群参数的变化。结果表明：经处理的2种色型成蚜后,其平均产蚜量均显著低于同色组对照（P<0.05）,平均寿命表现为LC₂₀处理后均显著短于同色组对照（P<0.05）,而LC₁₀和LC₅处理后平均寿命与对照无显著差异,LC₂₀处理后红、绿色型成蚜的平均产蚜量（16.82和 21.44头）和平均寿命（2.84 d,3.60 d）均达到最小值;LC₂₀处理2种色型成蚜后,F₁代若虫期与同色组对照差异不显著,而成虫寿命显著短于同色组对照（P<0.05）,若蚜存活率均高于LC₁₀处理,LC₅处理后F₁代红、绿色型豌豆蚜平均繁殖力均达到最大值81.95头和72.27头;不同亚致死剂量处理后F₁代2种色型成虫产蚜高峰期也存在差异,绿色型均集中在3～7 d,而红色型产蚜高峰期均晚于绿色型;除LC₂₀处理后F₁代绿色型豌豆蚜净增殖率（R₀）（44.22）,平均世代周期（T）（11.29）与同色组对照差异显著外,2种色型豌豆蚜的其余参数在LC₂₀,LC₁₀和LC₅处理下均与同色组对照差异不显著。表明吡虫啉不同亚致死剂量处理2种色型成蚜后,对其F₀代寿命和繁殖力均起到抑制作用,且红色型较绿色型敏感,但对F₁代影响表现为高浓度较低浓度显著。