城市污泥农用对不同土壤中有机污染物的影响

应用气相色谱(GC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对施用城市污泥盆栽植物后的土壤中的多氯联苯(PCBs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)、菲(PA)和苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)进行了系统分析,探讨不同土壤中有机污染物的含量变化情况.结果表明,不同处理土壤中检出的有机化合物,均以PCBs、OCPs和PA为主.强致癌性化合物苯并[a]芘在土壤中的含量远远低于加拿大和荷兰污染土壤治理标准的目标值(0.1 mg/kg和0.025 mg/kg).PA在土壤中的检出率大大高于苯并[a]芘,但均低于加拿大土壤质量控制标准(0.1 mg,kg),极个别高于荷兰土壤质量控制标准(0.045 mg/kg).城市污泥农用后均会造成土壤不同程度的有机污染物污染,有机污染物污染土壤的程度与污泥的性质、有机化合物的性质和土壤的性质等有关.     

流域底泥重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为了研究流域底泥重金属分布特征及成因,以潇河流域为研究区,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定底泥中6种重金属(Cu,Zn,Cd,Cr,Pb,Ni)的含量,分析了重金属污染特征及其成因,并采用潜在生态风险指数法评价了潇河流域底泥中重金属的潜在生态危害系数和危害指数。结果表明,正常淤积下,流域底泥重金属含量呈中上游流域高,下游流域低的趋势;非正常淤积下,如河道起伏不定,河流有新的污染物注入等,便会表现出下游高于上游的分布特征。就其成因来讲,流域底泥重金属含量受河流水质的影响较大,运用主成分分析(PCA)得出水质参数与重金属分布的关系。对潇河流域表层底泥中重金属的复合污染状况评价结果为:CdPbNiCuCrZn。     

海南省南渡江新坡河塘底泥养分状况及重金属污染评价

南渡江流域新坡河塘疏浚底泥的利用方向规划为农田土地整治工程中耕作层的替代土,用来发展蔬菜种植业。为了探清该流域河塘疏浚底泥的养分水平及重金属污染状况,综合考虑河塘的形态、水域面积、断面特征、流速、底泥沉积量采取典型断面布设和网格法布点,将所调查的河塘分为上游和下游,共采集0～40cm深的底泥样品78个。通过室内底泥样品成分检测、养分灰色关联度评价、内梅罗综合污染评价、GIS空间分析等方法,分析和评价了河塘底泥的养分特征、肥力水平、重金属的含量、污染程度及空间格局分布特征,掌握了该流域底泥的养分条件、底泥重金属污染状况及底泥农业利用的风险。结果表明:1)底泥的全氮、全磷、全钾及有机质含量呈现空间异质性,下游的全氮、全磷均值含量较上游分别高出32.45%、11.88%,而下游的全钾、有机质均值含量较上游分别低14.64%、14.62%,上游段底泥养分数据的变异系数普遍高于下游段,底泥养分异质性是由河流流速、周边的自然环境及人为耕作活动造成。底泥中的全氮、全磷、有机质等养分指标达到1级(丰)水平,统计分析全钾含量为5级(缺)水平;整个河塘底泥养分要高于对照点,为底泥的农业土地利用提供了有利条件。2)底泥重金属污染物主要为Cd和Cu,其次为和Cr和Ni,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni样品单因素污染超标率分别为76.92%、47.44%、56.41%、23.07%,且超标幅度分别为58.45%、104.58%、6.06%、68.48%;底泥重金属污染是因基性火山岩为成土母质,背景值偏高,土壤重金属被酸雨淋溶出,并随地表径流汇集在河塘中,造成了底泥的重金属超标。内梅罗综合污染指数评价可知河塘底泥是以轻微污染和中度污染为主,分别占样品数的46.15%、28.21%;底泥污染状况具有明显的空间异质性,轻微污染水平(3级)和中度污染水平(4级)的区域面积分别为62.05%、25.80%,以中、轻微污染水平的区域为主。河塘下游水面宽阔,流速减慢,造成底泥沉积量增加,污染加重及污染空间分布异质性强。应该根据底泥的污染等级及养分条件综合决定其农业土地利用。     

Characteristic of nutrients and evaluation of heavy metal contamination on sediments among Xinpo pond,Nandu river in Hainan province

南渡江流域新坡河塘疏浚底泥的利用方向规划为农田土地整治工程中耕作层的替代土,用来发展蔬菜种植业。为了探清该流域河塘疏浚底泥的养分水平及重金属污染状况,综合考虑河塘的形态、水域面积、断面特征、流速、底泥沉积量采取典型断面布设和网格法布点,将所调查的河塘分为上游和下游,共采集0～40 cm深的底泥样品78个。通过室内底泥样品成分检测、养分灰色关联度评价、内梅罗综合污染评价、GIS空间分析等方法,分析和评价了河塘底泥的养分特征、肥力水平、重金属的含量、污染程度及空间格局分布特征,掌握了该流域底泥的养分条件、底泥重金属污染状况及底泥农业利用的风险。结果表明：1）底泥的全氮、全磷、全钾及有机质含量呈现空间异质性,下游的全氮、全磷均值含量较上游分别高出32.45%、11.88%,而下游的全钾、有机质均值含量较上游分别低14.64%、14.62%,上游段底泥养分数据的变异系数普遍高于下游段,底泥养分异质性是由河流流速、周边的自然环境及人为耕作活动造成。底泥中的全氮、全磷、有机质等养分指标达到1级（丰）水平,统计分析全钾含量为5级（缺）水平;整个河塘底泥养分要高于对照点,为底泥的农业土地利用提供了有利条件。2）底泥重金属污染物主要为Cd和Cu,其次为和Cr和Ni,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni样品单因素污染超标率分别为76.92%、47.44%、56.41%、23.07%,且超标幅度分别为58.45%、104.58%、6.06%、68.48%;底泥重金属污染是因基性火山岩为成土母质,背景值偏高,土壤重金属被酸雨淋溶出,并随地表径流汇集在河塘中,造成了底泥的重金属超标。内梅罗综合污染指数评价可知河塘底泥是以轻微污染和中度污染为主,分别占样品数的46.15%、28.21%;底泥污染状况具有明显的空间异质性,轻微污染水平（3级）和中度污染水平（4级）的区域面积分别为62.05%、25.80%,以中、轻微污染水平的区域为主。河塘下游水面宽阔,流速减慢,造成底泥沉积量增加,污染加重及污染空间分布异质性强。应该根据底泥的污染等级及养分条件综合决定其农业土地利用。     

闹德海水库上游水体污染来源及时空分布特征

以闹德海水库上游为例,通过调查监测河道内底泥污染物释放、禽畜养殖、农村生活、农业种植等水体污染来源,识别并揭示了典型污染指标及其时空变化特征,确定禽畜养殖、农村生活和农业种植等农业面源属流域水体主要污染源,为流域水污染防治方案的优化设计提供一定参考.     

蔬菜设施内环境空气质量评价指标及标准值的探讨

该文探讨了设施蔬菜棚室内环境空气质量评价指标的筛选与定值原则,提出以可吸入颗粒物、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、铅、氟化物、一氧化碳、苯并［a］芘、氨气、氯气、乙烯10种污染物作为设施蔬菜棚室内环境空气质量的评价指标。参考国外相应标准,结合我国设施蔬菜生产的实际情况,提出了每种污染物的最高允许浓度。     

水生植物对水体中低浓度95Zr的富集效应

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究了 3种水生植物对水体中低浓度95Zr的富集效应。结果表明 :( 1 )水生植物 (金鱼藻、卡州萍和水葫芦 )对低浓度水体中的95Zr均具有较强的富集能力 ,富集系数CF值达 5 6 78～ 1 1 2 94,因此这 3种水生植物可作为检测水体95Zr污染的指示生物 ;( 2 )在 95Zr轻微污染的水体中放养水生植物后 ,水中的95Zr比活度随时间呈下降趋势 ,放养 3d就下降了 5 0 % ,因此 ,可用这 3种水生植物净化被95Zr轻微污染的水体 ,其中以水葫芦最为合适 ;( 3)放养水生植物前后 ,底泥中95Zr的比活度和总活度均非常接近 ,仅下降0 5 % ,表明底泥吸附的95Zr不易解吸而进入水体 ,底泥对95Zr具有强烈的吸附和固定作用。因此 ,通过放养水生植物净化底泥中的95Zr污染物效果不明显     

黑麦草对土壤中苯并[a]芘动态变化的影响

本文通过盆栽试验初步研究了黑麦草 (LoliummultiflorumLam)对污染土壤中多环芳烃苯并 [a]芘动态变化的影响。盆栽试验设计 3种苯并 [a]芘处理浓度 ,分别为 1、10、10 0mgkg-1。将苗龄为 1周的黑麦草移植于受苯并 [a]芘污染的土壤中 ,同时设置有相同的苯并 [a]芘处理浓度但不种植物的对照试验。试验在2 0m3 的控温、控光的生长室内进行 ,土壤湿度维持在田间持水量的 6 0 %。通过 12 0d的温室盆栽试验 ,观察到土壤中苯并 [a]芘的可提取浓度随着时间逐渐减少 ,种植黑麦草加快了土壤中可提取态苯并 [a]芘浓度的下降。在 1、10、10 0mgkg-1苯并 [a]芘处理浓度下 ,黑麦草生长的土壤中苯并 [a]芘的减少率分别达 82 3%、74 0 %和 5 5 9%。结果还显示 ,随盆栽时间的延长 ,黑麦草根圈土壤中多酚氧化酶含量提高 ,这可能根圈土壤中可提取态苯并 [a]芘含量降低有关。黑麦草的地上部可以积累苯并 [a]芘 ,变幅在 0 0 6～ 3 6 0mgkg-1。初步认为 ,土壤具有缓解苯并 [a]芘污染的自然本能 ,促进黑麦草生长 ,增强土壤多酚氧化酶活性 ,可提高黑麦草对苯并 [a]芘污染土壤的修复能力。     

多环芳烃芘对小白菜生长和元素吸收及营养品质的影响

通过土培试验测定了不同浓度芘处理下小白菜根和茎叶的生物量、芘及其它矿质元素的含量和一些营养品质指标。结果表明:芘对小白菜根干重的影响显著,对茎叶干重和株高的影响不显著,全株干重由于根干重的下降而呈下降趋势;根中的芘含量和土壤中残留的芘含量随土壤中芘浓度增加而显著增加,茎叶芘含量与对照无显著差异,土壤芘降解率随芘浓度增加表现为先上升再下降的趋势;茎叶有机碳和根粗灰分含量随土壤芘浓度的增加而下降,茎叶粗灰分和根有机碳含量施芘处理显著高于对照,芘促进了根对土壤中N、P、K和S的吸收同化,并加速其向茎叶的转移。茎叶粗蛋白含量较对照有所增加,粗纤维和可溶性糖含量则随芘浓度增加而下降,其中可溶性糖含量各个处理与对照之间的差异达显著水平。     

第二松花江干流底泥有机无机复合体组成及有机碳分布特征

以第二松花江干流为对象,研究其底泥有机无机复合体的组成及有机碳分布的差异,同时分析底泥有机无机复合体组成及其有机碳分布与岸边土壤之间的关系。结果表明:底泥与岸边土壤在有机无机复合体组成、有机碳分配和腐殖质组成方面表现出较好的一致性,说明岸边土壤对底泥的有机碳组成和分布有显著贡献。底泥的中央粒径呈现上游高、下游低的特点,抚松底泥中央粒径为200μm,吉林底泥中央粒径在70μm左右,榆树、松原底泥中央粒径在50μm左右;底泥的有机碳和腐殖酸含量也表现出上游高于下游的特点。底泥有机无机复合体组成以砂粒复合体为主,黏粒、粉粒复合体含量次之;并且随着复合体粒径的增加,有机碳含量减少。底泥HA/FA均大于1,从上游至下游表现为抚松>吉林>榆树>松原;底泥HA/FA均小于岸边土壤。     

Effects of the Flood of 1993 on the Chemical Characteristics of Bed Sediments in the Upper Mississippi River

Concentrations of pollutants stored in the surficial bed sediments in the navigation pools of the Upper Mississippi River showed a general decrease after the record flood of 1993. Percent clay and total organic carbon in the surficial sediments decreased as a result of an increase in the proportion of coarser sediment. Decreases in pollutant concentration may have been a result of the dilution by coarser and relatively less polluted sediment that was mobilized and transported into the Upper Mississippi River from its tributaries or from mainstem locations upstream but outside of the sampling area.     

Redistribution of organic pollutants in river sediments and alluvial soils related to major floods

Background, Aims, and Scope  More frequent occurrence of stronger floods in Europe as well as in other parts of the world in recent years raises major concern about the material damages, but also an important issue of contamination of the affected areas through flooding. The effects of major floods on levels and distribution of contamination with hydrophobic organic pollutants were examined from the continuous set of data for floodplain soils and sediments from a model industrial area in the Czech Republic where a 100-year flood occurred in 1997. The goal of this study was to evaluate the risk related to contamination associated with such extensive natural events and characterize the spatial and temporal distribution and dynamics of pollutants related to a major flooding shortly after the floods and also in the time period several years after floods. Methods  Sediments and alluvial soils from fourteen sites each were repeatedly sampled during the period from 1996 until 2005. The sampling sites represented five regions. Collected top-layer sediment and soil samples were characterized and analyzed for hydrophobic organic pollutants PCBs, OCPs and HCB using GC-ECD and PAHs using a GC-MS instrument. Spatial and temporal differences as well as the relative distribution of the pollutants were examined in detail by statistical analysis including multivariate methods with special emphases placed on the changes related to floods. Results  The organic pollutants levels in both alluvial soils and sediments exceeded the safe environmental limits at numerous sites. Pollutants concentrations and relative distribution as well as organic carbon content in both sediment and floodplain soils were significantly affected by the flooding, which resulted in a decrease of all studied contaminants in sediments and significant rise of the PAH pollution in the flooded soils. There was a unique and highly conserved PAH pattern in soils regardless of the floods and greater changes in PAH pattern in sediments related to floods. The relative distribution of individual PAHs reflected a combustion generated PAH profile. PAH levels in the river sediments rose again at the sites with continuous sources several years after floods. Discussion  The results showed different dynamics of PAHs and PCBs during the floods when PAHs were redistributed from the sediments to alluvial soils while PCBs have been washed out of the study regions. The data reveal longer contamination memory and consistent contamination pattern in soils, whereas sediments showed more dynamic changes responding strongly to the actual situation. The stable PAH pattern within the regions also indicates that a relative amount of all compounds is comparable across the samples and, thus, that the sources at different sites have similar character. Conclusions  Sediments have the potential to function as a secondary source of contamination for the aquatic ecosystem, but also for the floodplain soils and other flooded areas. The floods served as a vector of PAHs contamination from sediments to soils. The reloading of river sediments in time, namely with PAHs, due to present sources increases their risk as a potential source in the next bigger flood event both to the downstream river basin and affected alluvial soils. Recommendations and Perspectives  The results stress the importance of including the floodplain soil contamination in the risk assessment focused on flood effects. Floodplain soils have stable long-term environmental memory related to contamination levels, pattern and distribution, whereby they can provide relevant information on the overall contamination of the area. The sediments will continue to serve as a potential source of contaminants and alluvial soils as the catchment media reflecting the major flood events, especially until effective measures are taken to limit contamination sources. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Henner Hollert (Hollert@uni-heidelberg.de) This article is openly accessible!     

Differentiation between bioavailable and total hazard potential of sediment-induced DNA fragmentation as measured by the comet assay with Zebrafish embryos

Goals, Scope and Background  While water quality strongly improved over decades in the Rhine River, sediments still reflect elapsed contaminations of organic pollutants and heavy metals. In comparing genotoxic effects induced by both sediment extracts and whole sediments, a ratio of bioavailable toxicity and total extractable toxicity is obtained. Since contaminated sites whose contaminants are toxic and as well bioavailable present an elevated risk to the ecosystem, such ratios may be used as a warning signal to identify sites of primary concern. Methods  Accordingly, two different exposure scenarios were compared to reveal the genotoxic potential of 18 sediment samples derived from 9 sample sites along the River Rhine. For assessment of effects on genome integrity, DNA fragmentation was measured using the comet assay with primary cells isolated from zebrafish embryos previously exposed to either organic sediment extracts or freeze-dried sediments at sublethal concentrations. Additionally, chemical data were used to determine responsible pollutants and correlate them with biological effects. Results  Whereas 17 out of 18 sediment extracts caused significant DNA damage to the embryo cells, only 4 native sediments showed a genotoxic potential. Thus, under field-like exposure conditions, a major part of potentially genotoxic compounds seem to remain particle-bound and ineffective, as shown for whole sediment exposure. Conversely, the organic extracts seem to contain enriched concentrations even of hardly soluble substances. Hence, organic extracts may be used as a screening tool to address potentially polluted sites, even though the relevance of these results for the field situation may be questionable. Investigations on native sediments determined few sites with bioavailable and therefore ecologically most relevant genotoxic sediment compounds. Discussion  However, these results may underestimate the total hazard potential of sample sites with hardly bioavailable substances. Chemical data revealed a variety of anthropogenic pollutants, ranging from PAHs to heavy metals. Nevertheless, chemical data on the measured priority pollutants did not fully explain the pollution pattern of the bioassays but clearly determined substances of concern (e.g., HCB, heavy metals) in particular sample sites. Conclusions  There is a striking advantage in assessing the genotoxicity by means of different exposure scenarios that focus on either bioavailable or extractable fractions, as the combination of the results allows obtaining information on specific properties of the genotoxicants and their bioavailability. An additional correlation with chemical data should be required to identify priority pollutants, as long as the responsible contaminant is known a priori. As many studies revealed inherent failures of such a correlation, an effect-driven analysis of pollutants is recommended as a promising tool to identify even non-priority pollutants by means of their ecotoxicological effectiveness.     

VARIATION IN COMPOSITION OF STREAM BED SEDIMENTS IN A SMALL WATERCOURSE

We investigated the regional and temporal variation of the composition stream of bed sediments of the Langbroekerwetering, The Netherlands, in particular the effect of effluent discharges of sewage treatment plants on the sediment composition. Before we could map the chemistry of the bed sediments we had to examine two aspects which might obscure regional variation, namely variation due to differences in clay and organic matter content and short range variation. To remove the effect of clay and organic matter, the concentrations in the bed sediment were normalized to a standard sediment with 7% clay and 5% organic matter. By means of a nested sampling we ascertained that the sediments were highly variable within short distances. By increasing the effective support size by collecting composite samples, the regional differences can be mapped. The number of subsamples needed for a composite sample was established at 25. From the mapping of the study area it appears that the two existing effluent discharges affect the sediment composition locally. In particular, concentrations of N, P, K, Na, Zn, and Cu are raised due to the discharge of effluent. Inlet of water from the River Rhine and the occurence of flood waves are the main sources of temporal variation in the bed sediment composition in the Langbroekerwetering.     

天津于桥水库沉积物理化特征及磷赋存形态研究

以天津于桥水库作为我国北方湖泊的代表,应用淡水沉积物磷形态的标准测试程序（SMT）对于桥水库6个表层沉积物样品的理化特征及磷赋存形态进行分析,并在此基础上探讨了各形态磷之间及各形态磷与沉积物理化特征,如阳离子交换量、有机质总量、颗粒组成、主要金属含量之间的相关性。结果表明,研究区域内总磷含量为354～581mg·kg-1,其中以无机磷（IP）为主;占总磷含量的57.3%～74.7%;3种主要磷形态含量的大小依次为Ca-P〉OP〉Al/Fe-P,其中Ca-P是沉积物中磷的主要赋存形态;随着沉积物中有机磷含量的增加,有机质总量与阳离子交换量也逐渐提高,细粉粒（0.01～0.005mm）的含量也有所增加。此外,还对水库调水前后沉积物磷赋存形态的变化进行了研究,发现沉积物在调水期间主要扮演＂汇＂的角色,其中Fe/Al-P为调水期内变化最为活跃的磷形态。     

Caesium-137 dating applied to slackwater flood deposits of the Llobregat River, NE Spain

During a palaeoflood study of the Llobregat River (NE Spain), analysis of ¹³⁷Cs was carried out on slackwater flood deposits to obtain an improved flood chronology for the most recent flood sediments. At the Monistrol study reach, ¹³⁷Cs was measured in flood deposits preserved in valley side rock alcoves, with a range of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations of 2.80–10.06 mBq/g measured. The ¹³⁷Cs was associated with sediment mobilised from the upstream catchment by erosion and transported to the alcoves during floods. The onset of measured caesium activity in the sedimentary profiles permitted the deposits to be divided between those from floods that occurred before the mid-1950s and those from events after this period. Combining the information derived from the slackwater flood stratigraphy, the minimum discharge estimates associated with the flood deposits, ¹³⁷Cs analysis and the instrumental peak discharge series, it was possible to identify the particular flood events responsible for the majority of the slackwater flood units. At Vilomara, however, ¹³⁷Cs activity was measured in palaeoflood deposits dated to the Late Bronze Age and located at an elevation not reached by the floodwaters of the largest modern events. The data from this site indicated that the ¹³⁷Cs was not associated with sediments transported by floods but was rainfall-derived, the rainwater reaching the deposits through fissures in the rock. To ensure the successful application of caesium dating to slackwater flood deposits preserved within rock alcoves, or caves, some general guidelines are proposed. The technique is best applied: (1) when there is a sedimentary profile of greater than 1 m depth; (2) when the profile is sampled away from zones affected by direct percolation or springwater entering the alcove; and (3) where there are various levels of contrasting textures within the profile.     

沉积物中核酸态有机磷及其矿化过程研究

水体沉积物界面中磷的释放机制非常复杂,生物作用导致的pH值和氧化还原条件变化对湖泊沉积物矿化能力有显著影响。普遍认为沉积物中有机磷的矿化过程是对水体富营养化具有重要贡献的环节之一,而核酸态有机磷可从一定程度上表征微生物水平,反应微生物对矿化作用的影响。据此采用DNA提取的方法对沉积物中核酸态有机磷的含量进行测定,并模拟沉积物中核酸在不同pH和溶解氧条件下的矿化过程。结果表明,DNA提取方法可以快速、准确提取沉积物中核酸磷;沉积物中核酸磷含量为0．43～0．61μg·g^-1,占有机磷总量的0．27％～0．37％,精确度为1．58％～3．63％。模拟实验结果表明,在两种情况下上覆水中总磷浓度均呈波动式上升,在pH接近7时沉积物中核酸磷较低,有氧条件下核酸磷呈下降趋势。     

渭河陕西段河道沉积物中碳氮磷来源分析及污染评价

基于渭河陕西段及其支流河道16个采样点中沉积物的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)含量,运用C/N和N/P比值法研究沉积物中营养元素的可能来源,并采用有机污染指数法评价沉积物污染状况。结果表明,沉积物中TN含量为0.069~3.839g/kg,66.1%的样品含量低于平均值0.639g/kg;TP含量为0.453~1.841g/kg,62.7%的样品含量低于平均值0.713g/kg;TOC含量为0.772~25.221g/kg,62.3%的样品含量低于平均值5.609g/kg。渭河陕西段沉积物中有机质主要受内源影响,以藻类和浮游动植物为主;沉积物中磷的来源主要为外源输入。2014—2016年所有采样点的N/P值均小于Redfield比,这可能与沉积物中碳氮磷的生物地球化学过程有关。2016年11月,在局部河道如林家村、卧龙寺桥、常兴桥、兴平、草滩、清姜河入渭处可能受到外源有机质的影响。2015年内有机指数与有机氮指数变化一致,即汛前<汛中<汛后。在2014—2016年,渭河陕西段沉积物中有机氮污染和有机污染整体上得到有效控制,但在局部河道如咸阳铁桥、草滩、黑河入渭和灞河入渭处等距离城市较近区域存在污染反弹可能,需引起注意。     

洪水沉积物对长江中游洪泛区土壤钾素营养的影响

本文对比研究了长江中游几类洪泛区 (江心洲、洲滩和圩垸等 )的洪水沉积物和剖面土壤的钾素营养状况。结果表明 ,相对于洪泛区耕层 (表层 )或剖面土壤的钾素状况 ,洪水沉积物的覆盖能丰富表土的钾素营养 ,显著增加表土的速效钾和缓效钾含量 ,且速效钾的增幅大于缓效钾 ,而对全钾无明显影响。沉积物对土壤钾素状况的影响与其颗粒组成、有机质含量、CEC和土地利用方式等因素有关。沉积物和土壤的钾素状况与粘粒含量 (<0 0 1mm)呈显著正相关 ,与砂粒部分呈负相关 ;有机质和CEC对土壤钾素的有效性有一定影响 ;而洪泛区土地利用方式与耕层土壤钾素的消耗有关     

A Novel Particle Contact Assay with the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background   Numerous xenobiotics released into surface waters are transferred to suspended particulate matter and finally attached to sediments. Aquatic organisms may be exposed to them by direct particle feeding, by physical contact with contaminated surfaces as an exposure route, and by the uptake of dissolved contaminants after equilibration via the free water phase. In order to assess potential sediment toxicity, each of these exposure routes has to be addressed. This paper presents a newly developed particle contact assay that uses the fermentation performance of a specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for the assessment of toxic effects in sediments. The test procedure is based on the characteristic feature of growing yeast cells to attach to sediment particles, which are also relevant for the accumulation of contaminants. The physical contact with lipophilic contaminants mirrors an exposition pathway for the direct uptake into the cells. In order to quantitatively characterize the toxic effects of particle attached pollutants on the fermentation performance, unpolluted native reference sediment was spiked with representatives for widely distributed anthropogenic contaminants. Methods   Saccharomyces cerevisiae was established as sensitive eukaryotic microorganism for the ecotoxicological assessment of particle attached anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater sediments. For this purpose, yeast cells were cultivated in sediment samples and the resulting fermentation performance was continuously measured. Sediments artifically spiked with HCB, PCB, g-HCH, DDT, and benzo(a)pyrene and solutions of each contaminant were comparatively investigated by means of their adverse effects on yeast fermentation performance. Additionally, four native river sediments characterized by increasing levels of pollution were assessed by the yeast particle contact assay, and simultaneously by standard aquatic tests with algae, daphniae, and luminescent bacteria using pore water and elutriates. Results of the bioassays were related to specific sediment contamination with respect to metals and organic priority pollutants. Results and Discussion   In sediments spiked with PCB and benzo(a)pyrene fermentation, performance was affected extensively below concentrations inhibiting fermentation in contaminant solutions. This suggests a high efficiency of the exposure route by physical contact. The fermentation performance was only slightly affected by single lipophilic pollutants, whereas mixtures of individually spiked sediments caused critically reduced fermentation performance suggesting additive synergistic effects. Native river sediments modestly to critically polluted by hazardous organic compounds lead to a slightly to dangerously reduced fermentation performance in the yeast contact assay. These inhibitory effects were much less pronounced in the standard bioassays conducted with algae, daphniae and luminescent bacteria, applying pore waters and elutriates as sample matrices. Using pore water, inhibition was measured only in the most polluted sediment, elutriates lead to a slight inhibition of the algal growth in the undiluted sample only. These results indicate an improved sensitivity of the yeast particle contact assay compared to the standard assays, due to uptake and physical cell contact as additional routes of exposure. Conclusion   The yeast particle contact assay is a valuable tool for the assessment of ecotoxicological potential in freshwater sediments. Since the assay addresses physical contact as an exposure route, it indicates bioavailability of lipophilic compounds in sediments. Outlook   The sensitive indication of bioavailable contaminants associated to sediment particles by the newly developed yeast particle contact assay recommends it as a complementary microbial bioassay in a test battery for assessing major pathways of contaminants in whole sediments.