谷氨酰胺对高温下黄羽肉鸡增重及血液生化指标的影响

选用42日龄健康“岭南黄”黄羽肉鸡60只,饲养于32±2℃的封闭舍内,随机分成4组,A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,B、C和D组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加0.2%、0.5%和0.8%的谷氨酰胺,试验期14 d。试验结果表明,高温下在日粮中添加谷氨酰胺能提高黄羽肉鸡的平均日增重,其中添加0.5%谷氨酰胺的效果显著(P<0.05),其显著提高49、56日龄的血清总蛋白含量(P<0.05),添加0.2%谷氨酰胺显著降低56日龄的血清尿素氮含量(P<0.05),添加谷氨酰胺对血清中的葡萄糖含量无影响(P>0.05)。说明谷氨酰胺有缓解肉鸡高温应激的作用。     

外源添加谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡生长性能反抗氧化指标的影响

选1日龄Avian肉仔鸡360羽,随机分成4组,试验组日粮分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,Gln).对照组饲喂基础日粮,于42日龄进行屠宰取样,测定各项指标,结果表明:与对照组相比,添加0.5%谷氨酰胺组的日采食量和日增重均显著提高(P<0.05),试验各组的料重比都有所下降,但差异不显著;1.0%Gln组胸肌中MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组胸肌中SOD活力有升高的趋势;0.5%和1.0%Gln组血清中S0D和GSH-Px活力显著提高(P<0.05).说明饲粮中添加Gln有提高肉仔鸡生长性能和抗氧化能力的趋势,综合分析0.5%Gln添加组效果最佳.     

日粮添加发酵银杏叶对1～42 d黄羽肉仔鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮添加不同水平发酵银杏叶对1~42 d黄羽肉仔鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化性能的影响。选用960只1 d雌性岭南黄羽肉仔鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复40羽。对照组饲喂玉米—豆粕型基础日粮,试验1~3组分别饲喂含0.2%、0.4%和0.8%发酵银杏叶日粮,试验期为6周。结果表明:日粮添加发酵银杏叶对22~42 d黄羽肉仔鸡平均日采食量无显著影响(P0.05),添加0.2%发酵银杏叶较其他各组显著提高了黄羽肉仔鸡全期平均日采食量(P0.05);与对照组相比,日粮添加0.4%发酵银杏叶显著提高22~42 d和1~42 d黄羽肉仔鸡平均日增重(P0.05),同时显著降低22~42 d和1~42 d黄羽肉仔鸡料重比(P0.05)。0.4%发酵银杏叶组较对照组显著提高了肉仔鸡血清白蛋白(ALB)含量(P0.05),同时显著降低血清尿酸(UA)和甘油三酯(TG)含量(P0.05)。日粮添加0.4%发酵银杏叶显著提高血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力(P0.05),显著降低血清丙二醛(MDA)含量(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,综合考虑肉鸡的生产性能和抗氧化性能,玉米—豆粕型日粮中发酵银杏叶的适宜添加水平为0.4%。     

谷氨酰胺对黄羽肉鸡生长和蛋白质代谢的影响

选用450只健康的黄羽肉鸡随机分为5组,分别饲喂含0、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%的谷氨酰胺的日粮。试验结果表明,1～28日龄黄羽肉鸡日粮中添加0.6%和0.8%谷氨酰胺可使平均日增重分别提高8.8%和7.2%(P<0.05),29～49日龄日粮中添加0.8%和1.0%谷氨酰胺可使平均日增重分别提高9.1%和11.9%(P<0.05),添加0.8%和1.0%谷氨酰胺使血清中尿酸含量分别下降40.6%和45.6%(P<0.05)。     

日粮中添加谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡肉品质和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究外源添加谷氨酰胺(Gln)对肉仔鸡肉品质的影响,并对肌肉中风味物质和抗氧化指标进行分析,探讨其对肉质的影响机理.选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡360羽,随机分成4组(每组6个重复,每个重复15羽),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中分别添加了0.5%、1.0%、1.5%谷氨酰胺的试验日粮.于42日龄进行屠宰取样,测定各项指标.结果表明,与对照组相比,各试验组鸡的肌肉系水力和pH均有所提高(P>0.05),皮脂厚和肌间脂肪宽度有所降低(P>0.05);肌肉中胶原蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05);胸肌中必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量都显著增加(P<0.05),谷氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量亦显著增加(P<0.05);1.0%和1.5%添加组肌苷酸含量有所提高(P>0.05);1.0%Gln组胸肌中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组胸肌中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力有升高的趋势(P>0.05);0.5%和1.0%Gln组血清中SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力显著提高(P<0.05).以上表明,日粮添加Gln可改善肉仔鸡肉品质,提高鸡肉的鲜味和抗氧化能力,以0.5%的Gln添加量效果最佳.     

外源添加谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化指标的影响

选1日龄Avian肉仔鸡360羽,随机分成4组,试验组日粮分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,Gln),对照组饲喂基础日粮,于42日龄进行屠宰取样,测定各项指标,结果表明:与对照组相比,添加0.5%谷氨酰胺组的日采食量和日增重均显著提高(P<0.05),试验各组的料重比都有所下降,但差异不显著;1.0%Gln组胸肌中MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组胸肌中SOD活力有升高的趋势;0.5%和1.0%Gln组血清中SOD和GSH-Px活力显著提高(P<0.05)。说明饲粮中添加Gln有提高肉仔鸡生长性能和抗氧化能力的趋势,综合分析0.5%Gln添加组效果最佳。     

不同浓度的同源益生素对肉鸡抗氧化能力的影响

为了探讨不同浓度的同源益生素对肉鸡抗氧化性能的影响,采用分组试验的方法,选用1 500羽1日龄AA肉仔鸡,公母各半,随机分成5组,分别为对照组不同浓度的同原益生素(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%)组,每组设10个重复,每个重复30羽,试验期为42 d。观察肉鸡血液总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,以研究同源益生素对肉鸡血液抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,在肉鸡饲料中添加同源益生素可极显著提高肉鸡血液GSH-Px活力(P<0.01)、显著提高SOD、AOC含量(P<0.05)、降低了MDA含量但不显著(P>0.05),尤其以0.3%同源益生素组对肉鸡具有抗氧化、提高机体免疫力的作用最佳。     

中草药添加剂对肉鸡抗氧化能力和红细胞免疫功能的影响

为了解中草药添加剂对肉鸡抗氧化和红细胞免疫功能的影响,选用80只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为对照组(C)和试验组(T),每组40只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加1%中草药添加剂,连续饲喂20d。在试验初(0d)和试验末(20d),分别测定血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、红细胞C3b受体花环率(E-C3bRR)和免疫复合物花环率(E-ICRR)。结果表明:0d时两组鸡抗氧化能力和红细胞免疫功能测定值差异不显著(P>0.05);20d时试验组与对照组比较,血清SOD、GSH-Px活性和E-C3bRR分别提高8.51%、7.49%和10.23%(P<0.05);血清MDA含量和E-ICRR分别下降5.85%和7.87%(P<0.05)。     

丙氨酰谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长和血清抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)对断奶仔猪生长及抗氧化能力的影响.试验选择经产母猪产的大×长二元杂交仔猪48头(公母各占1/2),21 d断奶,按公母比例一致,同窝次均分的原则,随机分成4个处理,每个处理12个重复,每个重复1头猪.A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;B、C和D组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.3%和0.5% Ala-Gln的H粮.试验结果表明,随日粮Ala-Gln添加水平提高,21～31 d时,仔猪的平均日增重以二次曲线方式提高(P=0.04),31～41 d和21～41 d时,仔猪的平均日增重均以线性方式提高(P=0.07和P=0.05);31 d时,添加0.5%的Ala-Gln显著降低仔猪血清尿素氮(BUN)含量(P<0.05),且随着日粮Ala-Gln添加水平提高,仔猪BUN含量以线性方式降低(P=0.06);添加Ala-Gln对仔猪血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和血清丙二醛(MDA)含量均有不同程度的影响,其中添加0.1%、0.3%和0.5%的Ala-Gln均显著提高仔猪血清GSH-Px活力(P<0.05),且在31和41 d时,血清GSH-Px活力以线性方式升高(P=0.01和P=0.05).结果提示,断奶仔猪日粮中添加Ala-Gln能促进体内蛋白质合成,提高血清抗氧化能力,促进仔猪生长.     

谷氨酰胺对黄羽肉鸡生长、抗氧化力及肉品质的影响

试验选择240只42 d健康的黄羽肉鸡(母),随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只,分别饲喂添加0%、0.4%、0.7%和1.0%谷氨酰胺(Gln)的饲粮,试验期28 d,研究外源Gln对黄羽肉鸡后期生长、抗氧化力及肉品质的影响。结果表明:随着饲粮Gln添加水平的提高,56～70 d和42～70 d的耗料增重比线性降低,1.0%Gln组的耗料增重比显著低于0%组(P0.05);70 d的血清、肝脏、胸肌和腿肌GSH-Px活力呈线性提高,0.4%、0.7%和1.0%Gln组的肝脏GSH-Px活力显著高于0%组(P0.05),0.7%和1.0%Gln组的血清和胸肌GSH-Px活力显著高于0%组(P0.05),1.0%Gln组的腿肌GSH-Px活力显著高于0%组(P0.05);70 d的血清、肝脏、胸肌和腿肌MDA含量以线性方式降低,0.4%、0.7%和1.0%Gln组的肝脏MDA含量显著低于0%组(P0.05),0.7%和1.0%Gln组的血清和胸肌MDA含量显著低于0%组(P0.05),1.0%Gln组的腿肌MDA含量显著低于0%组(P0.05);70 d的胸肌和腿肌滴水损失以线性方式降低,。0.4%、0.7%和1.0%Gln组胸肌和0.7%和1.0%Gln组腿肌滴水损失显著低于0%组(P0.05);70 d的胸肌pH24h以二次曲线方式提高和腿肌的pH24 h以线性方式提高,0.7%和1.0%Gln组腿肌pH24 h值显著高于0%组(P0.05)。提示,添加0.7%～1.0%Gln能改善黄羽肉鸡后期饲料利用率,提高机体抗氧化力,改善肉品质。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -