油菜籽粒干物质来源的研究

本试验采用分部位去叶、遮光、环割果柄和测定茎枝的干物质积累等方法,研究了油菜的光合产物和贮藏物质对籽粒产量的影响,结果表明:(1)角果的光合产物是籽粒产量的主要来源,占2/3左右,其中果喙的光合产物约占籽粒产量的8％。(2)茎枝的光合产物对产量的贡献占13.5％,其中花序轴供给约5％。(3)茎枝中的贮藏物质对籽粒的灌浆结实     

晚播小麦灌浆期光合物质同化、分配及群体调节的效应

晚播小麦灌浆期叶片光合同化量最高、红占６０％以上，穗的光合同化量约占１５％，叶鞘及茎的光合同化量均在１１％左右。群体调节对植株上部器官、茎和叶鞘的光合同化影响较小，而主要影响倒二叶及以下叶片的光合同化。增加密度使植株中，下部叶片的光合速率及光合同化量显著降低。灌浆期籽粒是植株光合物质的主要输出部位。光合物质向茎的分配取决于种植密度。在较低密度条件下，茎是光合物质的输入部位，而在高密度条件下则是光合     

栽插方式对南梗9108产量和构成因素的影响

以姜堰地区大面积种植的南梗9108为供试材料,研究栽插方式对水稻产量和构成因素的影响。结果表明:水稻产量以人工栽插最高,机插次之,直播最低。在产量构成因素上,穗粒数、结实率和千粒重均表现为人工栽插机插直播,穗数则相反。同时,人工栽插稻生育前期干物质积累多,单茎干重大,籽粒灌浆前中期有较多的光合物质,满足籽粒充实,后期茎鞘再度充实,保持茎秆支撑强度;籽粒灌浆后期有较高茎鞘贮藏物质的输出与转运,满足籽粒库容的有效充实。直播稻和机插稻在前中期茎鞘贮藏物质少,灌浆后期光合物质生产主要提供籽粒灌浆,茎鞘再充实强度小,影响后期抗倒能力。     

不同收获指数甘蓝型油菜β-淀粉酶活性及其基因家族成员的表达分析

油菜“源”器官中光合产物向籽粒转移的效率是提高油菜收获指数的关键环节,而“源”器官中淀粉酶活性影响同化物向籽粒的运输强度。β-淀粉酶(β-amylase, BAM)及其基因家族成员与油菜高收获指数形成之间的关系还不清楚。本研究选择高产高收获指数型、高产低收获指数型、低产低收获指数型 3 类油菜品种,在终花期后 5、10、15、20、25d 分别取茎杆、叶片、角果皮与种子,分析β-淀粉酶活性及其基因家族成员的表达水平。结果表明,β-淀粉酶活性在所检测“源”器官中酶活性总体随发育时期增加。高收获指数型油菜叶片、角果皮中的β-淀粉酶活性显著高于低收获指数型油菜。β-淀粉酶基因家族中, BAM1、BAM4 与 BAM5 在油菜茎、叶及角果皮中的表达量总体随发育时期增加。花后25 d 时, BAM1与BAM3在高收获指数油菜叶片、角果皮中的表达量显著高于低收获指数油菜。BAM4 与 BAM5 在高收获指数油菜角果皮中的表达量分别于花后 15 d 与 20 d 开始显著高于低收获指数油菜。综合分析认为, BAM1 和 BAM3可能通过促进叶片与角果皮淀粉分解而加强光合产物向籽粒的运输强度;BAM4 与 BAM5 可能主要通过作用于角果皮淀粉分解而调控光合产物向籽粒的运输。BAM4 与 BAM5 也可能参与了油菜种子中淀粉的调控。     

不同油菜品种机收损失率及其与产量性状的相关性

为明确不同油菜品种机收损失率及其与主要产量性状的关系,对14个油菜品种分2次重复进行了机收损失率的测定,考察了各品种主要农艺性状及收获时籽粒含水量并进行分析。结果表明,不同油菜品种间机收损失率存在显著差异,品种机收产量与机收损失率呈极显著负相关(r=-0.6367**),机收损失率越高实收籽粒产量越低;机收损失率与株高和单株角果数均呈显著负相关,植株较高、角果数较多的品种机收损失率较低;机收损失率与收获时籽粒含水量呈显著正相关(r=0.6012*),籽粒含水量越高损失率越大。建议生产上选用植株较高、单株角果数较多的丰产油菜品种,在油菜完熟期适时进行机械化收获,可降低机收损失率,达到油菜丰产丰收的目标。     

施氮量对油菜氮素积累和运转及氮素利用率的影响

于2010-2012年度以5个不同油含量的常规油菜品种为材料,设置120 (N1)、240 (N2)和360 kg hm^–2 (N3) 3个水平的氮肥处理,在初花期和成熟期取样及定期捡拾田间落叶,测定植株干物质积累量、氮素含量及油含量,研究氮肥水平对油菜氮素积累、运转及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,随着氮肥用量增加,产量和氮素积累总量增加,氮素收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率逐渐降低。不同处理叶片氮素运转率变幅为76.6%~80.2%,不同氮肥处理间无显著差异。不同处理茎枝氮素运转率变幅为36.0%~57.6%,随着氮肥用量增加而降低。不同处理落叶氮占植株总氮积累量比例的变幅为14.9%~20.3%,随着氮肥用量增加,落叶氮比例逐渐增加。不同处理初花期氮积累量占植株总氮量的变幅为75.5%~90.5%,随着氮肥用量的增加,其比例逐渐增加。初花期期积累氮素对后期产量形成作用较大,注重前期施肥可促进花芽分化,形成更多的有效角果,有利于获得高产。     

植物激素处理对春油菜结实特性的影响

用4种不同植物激素分别处理春油菜-青油46号的角果,结果表明4种植物激素处理对油菜角果的生长发育均有不同程度的影响,其中6-BA(6-卞氨基嘌呤)处理对促进角果长度、粗度和每角粒数的增加作用较大,单位角果皮面积的籽粒重(PPA)、单位角果皮表面积负担的籽粒数(SNPA)和粒壳比指标也较高.4种不同植物激素均增加了春油菜的千粒重、每角粒数和单株产量.     

西藏林芝地区甘蓝型油菜常规品种农艺性状的主成分分析

对引种的8个半冬性甘蓝型油菜常规品种进行春播,成熟期对其农艺性状进行主成分分析。结果表明,茎枝性状的贡献率为35.30%,对产量的影响最大;单株角果性状的贡献率为28.05%,籽粒重量性状贡献率为22.17%,它们是影响产量的主要因子。在进行半冬性甘蓝型油菜常规品种的引种过程中,应注重选择分枝数较多,主花序较长的材料,同时兼顾单株角果数适中,千粒重较大的性状特征。本试验条件下,供试的8个常规品种均能正常生长和成熟,中双11号、中双10号、中双9号、华双5号表现较高的产量水平,为西藏甘蓝型油菜育种、生产及推广提供科学依据。     

双低杂交油菜‘丰油10号’干物质积累及养分吸收规律

为了解双低杂交油菜新品种‘丰油10号’养分吸收利用规律,以‘丰油10号’为材料,在河南油菜主产区进行田间试验,分析了油菜各器官干物质积累量以及成熟期氮、磷、钾、硫、硼养分的累积量。结果表明:油菜全株干物质积累量随生育进程的推进呈"S"形变化曲线,蕾薹期至花期呈快速增长趋势;油菜籽粒产量与苗期干物质积累量呈抛物线关系(R2=0.9798**),与开花期-成熟期干物质净增量呈显著线性关系(R=0.9879**)。籽粒是氮、磷的分配中心,分别占总吸收量的73.32%和75.16%;钾主要分布在茎枝和角果壳中,籽粒中钾素仅占总吸收量的21.31%;硫主要分布在角果壳和籽粒中;硼元素主要分布在茎枝和籽粒中,占总吸收量的69.89%;根中各养分分布均最少,分配比例也最低。新品种‘丰油10号’地上部分与全株干物质积累量均随生育时期的推进呈现"慢—快—慢"的变化曲线,根、茎、叶中的养分N和P在花期后会转移到籽粒中,因此,油菜花期前保证充足的养分供给是高产的前提。     

双低油菜主要农艺性状的通径分析

用35个双低油菜品种,进行株高、角果长、分枝高度等主要农艺性状与籽粒产量的遗传相关和通径分析.结果表明,株高、一次有效分枝、单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒重与单株产量呈正相关,其中得与千粒重达极显著正相关(r=0.548 9**);而角果长、分枝高度和二次有效分枝与单株产量呈负相关.株高、单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒重与籽粒产量的直接通径系数均为正值,其中千粒重与籽粒产量的直接通径系数最大(0.679 0),其次是每角粒数(0.396 6)、单株角果数(0.377 3)和株高(0.309 5),而角果长等其它4个农艺性状的直接通径系数均为负值.因此,在油菜高产育种中,应加强对这些主要农艺性状的选择,特别应注重对千粒重、角粒数、单株角果数和株高的选择.     

不同绿豆品种花后干物质积累与转运特性

以夏播区高产绿豆品种冀绿2号、安9910和低产品种赤峰绿豆、泰来绿豆为材料,对开花至成熟期间植株茎秆、叶片、豆荚、籽粒等地上部各器官的干物质积累、分配与转运规律进行了研究。结果表明,绿豆开花后,植株地上部总干物质积累和籽粒干物质积累均呈近“S”型增长趋势,花后16~31 d是生物产量和籽粒产量形成的关键时期;主茎开花节位叶片是籽粒充实的主要源器官,对籽粒产量的贡献率最大。不同绿豆品种间差异显著,高产品种冀绿2号和安9910各器官干物质积累和转运能力强,尤其是主茎开花节位叶片干物质合成和积累较多,具有较充足的源,加之其单株结荚数多,具有较大的库容,最终获得了较高的收获指数和籽粒产量。因此,绿豆生产中,选用库容大的多荚、大粒型品种,抓好花后田间管理,延缓主茎开花节位叶片衰老,同时采用去除无效分枝等措施增强源库间的物质运输与分配是提高籽粒产量的关键。     

油菜不同产量类型品种氮素吸收与利用特性研究

摘要: 【研究目的】探讨甘蓝型油菜不同产量类型品种氮素吸收与利用特性。【方法】在不同土壤肥力条件下以甘蓝型油菜品种（2006-2007年度73个、2007-2008年度98个）为材料,成熟期测定各器官干物重、氮素含量,采用组内最小平方和动态聚类方法对供试品种产量进行聚类。研究不同产量类型品种氮素积累与分配差异。【结果】结果表明：供试品种间产量差异很大,类型间差异显著。随着产量增加,氮素吸收总量、氮素籽粒生产效率增加,籽粒氮素积累量增加,茎枝、果壳氮素分配比例下降,籽粒氮素比例增加。土壤肥力高,植株吸氮总量增加,氮素籽粒生产效率降低。【结论】增加氮素吸收总量,促进氮素向籽粒中输送,使得高产和高氮素利用效率统一。     

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Some New Released (00) Spring Rapeseed Cultivars Grown under Different Competitive Systems

The inter-relationships between fifteen quantitative characters of spring oilseed rape were computed using four "free erucic acid" cultivars viz. Callypso, Semit 2080, Semu DNK 203/84 and Semu 304 , grown under two different distances between drill rows (16 and 32 cm) and three population densities (30, 60 and 90 plants/m²). The experiments were carried out in Kiel, West Germany, in 1986 and 1987 seasons.
Positive and highly significant values were obtained in the two seasons between seed yield per plant and the characters: dry matter (DM) per plant, per main stem and per branches, number of branches, siliqua per plant or per branches and yield per branches. All the characters that showed strong association with yield/plant behaved in a similar way and similar magnitudes with yield/branches. By contrast, yield/main stem showed different magnitudes in the two years with the previous characters and the association was weak or absent in most cases.
Seed index and the quality traits (oil and protein %) did not correlate significantly with the majority of the characters studied. Only the association between DM/main stem and protein content showed highly significant negative values in both seasons.
Path coefficient analysis revealed that number of siliqua per plant had the highest direct effect on seed yield/plant in both years. The source character (DM) affected yield/plant indirectly through number of siliqua per plant and the indirect contribution was high m both years.     

Effects of the Developmental Stage at Harvest on Dry Matter and Chemical Component Partitioning in Berseem

The influence of cutting applied at four stages of plant growth on dry matter, crude protein, total available carbohydrates and reducing sugar partitioning was examined in six genotypes of berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.). The research was conducted in Foggia (Italy) during 1990 and 1991 in a glasshouse with controlled water application. The plants were grown in a plastic-lined, PVC cylinder. At each cut, dry matter and chemical components were evaluated in leaf, stem and root fractions; at the end of the biological cycle, seed yield was recorded.
Plants showed similar dry matter partitioning between leaves and stems at the eighth internode stage. The crude protein concentration was highest in leaf fractions, reaching the maximum value (31%) at an early stage of growth (fourth internode stage). The maximum value of total available carbohydrates was obtained in the stems at the early flowering stage (11 %), whereas reducing sugars almost always showed higher concentrations in the leaves (4 %). As for forage and seed yields, the developmental stage at cutting had a great influence on dry matter and chemical component partitioning among the different organs. Genotypic differences were observed for dry matter partitioning in leaves and stems in all developmental stages, but diversity in chemical component content was more evident in the roots.     

Interaction of Plant Density with Mepiquat Chloride Affects Plant Architecture and Yield in Cotton

[Objective] The effect of planting density and mepiquat chloride (DPC) on cotton plant architecture, growth, yield, and quality at Anyang City, Henan Province, China, was studied. [Method] Field experiments with cotton variety Lumianyan 28 were conducted with five planting densities (15 000, 45 000, 75 000, 105 000, and 135 000 plants·hm^－2) and application of DPC at three concentrations (0, 195, and 390 g·hm^－2). [Result] Increasing cotton plant density resulted in increased internode length and plant height but also caused the decrease of inclination of fruiting branches and leaves as well as elevated dry matter allocation to leaves and fruiting branches, which led to a decrease in dry matter accumulation. Application of DPC reduced the azimuth angle of fruiting branches and plant height, but increased the insertion angle of fruiting branches with the main stem, leaf length, and petiole length. Planting density and DPC treatment showed a significant interaction on fruiting branch insertion angle, plant height, stem diameter, and dry matter allocation to fruits and leaves. The interaction of DPC and planting density had a complementary effect on the spatial distribution of cotton-yielding bolls. The final dry matter was highest (14 362 kg·hm^－2) at the planting density of 105 000 plant·hm^－2 and DPC application of 390 g·hm^－2, which resulted in the highest seed yield (3 257 kg·hm^－2). [Conclusion] For maximization of cotton yield and quality, a plant density of 75 000 to 105 000 plants·hm^－2 and DPC application of 195 to 390 g·hm^－2 in the Yellow River cotton-producing region is recommended. The results may help to optimize labor-saving cotton management and to generate a plant architecture suitable for mechanical harvesting in the Yellow River cotton-producing region.     

不同密度紧凑型油菜的源库特征及与收获指数的相关研究

旨在为油菜株型育种和机械化栽培提供理论和技术依据。选用3个不同类型的紧凑型油菜常规品种,以松散型油菜杂交种‘秦优7号’为对照,研究了在15万、30万、45万、60万、75万、90万株/hm²密度下各品系的库源特征及其与收获指数的关系。结果表明,紧凑型油菜单株在不同密度下的库源特征与对照松散型相同,单株根、茎、枝、壳干重,角粒数和单株角果数随种植密度的增加而降低,且低密度显著高于高密度;千粒重随密度的变化不大。紧凑型油菜的生物学产量和经济产量随种植密度的增加而增加,松散型油菜随种植密度的增加而下降。说明紧凑型油菜适宜密植和机械化收获。收获指数对密度的响应在两类型品种表现一致,最低密度15万株/hm²增加到30万株/hm²时达到峰值,以后随着种植密度的继续增加而降低。收获指数与茎+枝+壳干重之和,与库性状角粒数、角果数、千粒重、单株产量,与库源关系的粒根比、粒茎比、粒枝比、粒壳比显著正相关,说明要提高收获指数不仅要扩“源”增“库”,还要协调库源的合理分配比例。     

不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累转运与分配特性

以矮秆玉米品种登海661 (DH661),中间型玉米品种超试3号(CS3),高秆玉米品种鲁单981 (LD981)和先玉335 (XY335)为试验材料,研究不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累、转运及分配特性。结果表明,不同株高类型玉米品种干物质积累量在开花期之前差异不显著,其差异主要表现在开花后,随株高的增加,开花后的干物质积累降低。矮秆品种植株中下部茎秆的碳素分配率比高秆品种低,叶片则相反。通过¹³C同位素示踪研究表明,不同株高类型玉米品种不同部位叶片对产量的贡献不同。随株高降低,中、下部叶片的光合产物转移率相对提高,而上部叶片的转移率有所下降,高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高,中矮秆品种DH661和CS3下部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高。不同部位叶片在开花前后对籽粒贡献也不相同,高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片开花后光合产物的转移率最高;矮秆品种DH661中部叶片开花前光合产物的转移率最高。     

甘蓝型冬油菜(Brassica napus)干物质积累、分配与转移的特性研究

采用不同的模型, 定量地研究了不同播期不同基因型油菜干物质积累、分配与转移规律. 结果表明: 油菜总干物质积累动态可拟合成Logistic模型. 油菜根、茎枝、叶干物质分配呈现出多项式函数的变化规律, 角果干物质分配表现为Logistic曲线的变化特征. 晚播油菜干物质冬前优先分配给叶, 角果发育成熟期优先分配给角果并主要给籽粒     

Growth Analysis in Relation to Pigeonpea Improvement

An attempt was made to assess possible constraints to higher production, with respect to partitioning of total dry matter to reproductive sinks in early pigeonpea. Growth, dry matter accumulation and yield components were determined in four diverse genotypes under four dates of sowing and different plant densities. Data on growth characteristics, dry matter accumulation (vegetative and reproductive) were obtained for three sowings, while the data on yield components were obtained for two dates of sowing. Growth analysis showed that the total dry matter was low upto 30 days after sowing and increased linearly upto 120 days. Coversely, LAD was high for the first 30 days and reduced at later stages of growth. The mean LAI of genotypes did not very much at initial stage of growth. However, it has given interesting picture during 70 to 90 days of growth. The higher biological yield and seed yield were attributable to high LAI and LAD coupled with thick stem, more effective branches, more pods per plant and larger raceme length. Harvest index was the maximum with increased plant populations in all sowings. Indeterminate varieties under high plant density and narrow row spacing (50 cm) developed a large leaf area and were presumably able to make better use of light. Growth and branching of individual plants were reduced at the higher plant population, but on per unit basis more dry matter was produced. It is suggested that breeding should be concentrated to improve an inability to accumulate adequate vegetative dry matter for the maintenance and filling of pods, may force the plant to continue vegetative production into the reproductive dry matter to support production of ultimate seed yield.