盐碱复合胁迫对水稻种子发芽的影响

为研究盐胁迫与碱胁迫复合对水稻种子发芽的影响,采用模拟试验方法,将两种中性盐(NaCl、Na_2SO_4)和两种碱性盐(NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_3)按照不同比例[NaCl︰Na_2SO_4︰NaH∶CO_3︰Na_2CO_3分别为1︰1︰0︰0(A), 1︰2︰1︰0(B), 1︰9︰1︰0(C), 1︰1︰1︰1(D),9︰1︰1︰9(E)]混合,每个混合比例设不同总盐浓度(50 mmol·L~(-1)、100 mmol·L~(-1)、150 mmol·L~(-1)、200 mmol·L~(-1)),模拟20种盐碱胁迫环境,以去离子水作为对照(CK),研究不同盐碱混合胁迫对水稻种子发芽的影响。结果表明,水稻种子经两种中性盐混合胁迫溶液培养后,与CK相比,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数的降幅分别为9.2%～74.4%、10.0%～48.9%、5.6%～55.6%,平均发芽时间延长3.2%～96.4%;随胁迫溶液中碱性盐比例的增加,与CK相比, B-E组发芽率分别降低8.9%～96.5%、15.0%～98.0%、7.5%～98.7%、18.9%～95.7%,发芽势分别降低20.0%～94.4%、13.2%～97.8%、3.3%～100%、36.7%～94.4%,发芽指数分别降低16.7%～94.4%、22.2%～100%、16.7%～100%、27.8%～94.4%,平均发芽时间较CK延长0.8～4.5倍,说明中性盐和碱性盐的混合胁迫溶液对水稻种子发芽的抑制作用更强。将在盐碱胁迫溶液中未萌发的水稻种子转移至蒸馏水中培养7d后,水稻种子的最终萌发率均达73.33%以上,表明胁迫溶液没有破坏水稻种子的活性,只是暂时性抑制了种子的萌发。试验结果表明:与单施中性盐比较,中性盐与碱性盐混合胁迫作用对水稻种子萌发的抑制作用更明显,且在中性盐与碱性盐混合溶液浓度达200mmol×L~(-1)时,种子发芽率接近0。     

小麦与油菜种子萌发对酸雨胁迫的反应研究

用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0模拟酸雨处理小麦和油菜种子试验结果表明,pH2.0时小麦和油菜种子不发芽,pH2.5时只有小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时小麦和油菜种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均与pH值显著正相关,小麦异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低。小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率、贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;小麦和油菜的根、芽长抑制指数均与pH值显著负相关,且小麦抗酸雨胁迫能力强于油菜。     

酸雨胁迫对大豆萌发种子糖代谢动态的影响

为了探索酸雨胁迫对大豆萌发种子糖代谢动态的影响,试验采用蒸馏水浸泡大豆种子,再以pH2.5、4.5模拟酸雨(AR)处理大豆种子,考察不同强度AR胁迫对大豆萌发种子可溶性糖、还原性糖、蔗糖、淀粉及α、β-淀粉酶含量的影响。结果表明,第1天AR组的可溶性糖含量上升,第2天明显降低,随后稳定降低;AR胁迫下的第1天-第4天,还原糖含量维持较高水平,第3天-第5天呈下降趋势;pH2.5组在第2天-第5天蔗糖含量减少;AR胁迫的第2天-第4天淀粉含量降低;总体上,AR组的α-淀粉酶活性CK,但从第5天起pH2.5组的α-淀粉酶活性CK;β-淀粉酶活性在第1天-第6天高于或接近CK,pH2.5组在第7天低于CK。糖代谢各项指标和淀粉酶活性之间的关系表明,可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖含量变化幅度随AR胁迫强度增大而增加,淀粉含量变化与之相反;AR组对淀粉酶活性影响是导致萌发改变的内在因素之一。     

稀土对种子萌发影响的研究进展

稀土元素在农业上得到了广泛应用,产生了显著的经济效益。适量稀土浓度可促进植物生长,提高种子萌发能力,还可增强植物的抗逆性并对一些植物病害具有一定的防治作用。本文从稀土元素对植物种子萌发的影响和影响萌发的机理两方面分析了稀土元素对植物萌发阶段影响的最新研究成果,重点介绍了稀土元素对植物发芽率（势）、发芽指数和活力指数的影响,以及稀土元素对酶合成、呼吸作用、吸水、物质分解和激素变化的影响机理,为稀土农用技术的研究提供新思路。     

木麻黄种子萌发对铬胁迫的生理生态响应研究

试验研究不同浓度CrCl3 胁迫对木麻黄种子萌发初期一些生理生态特征的影响结果表明 ,随CrCl3 处理浓度的加大而木麻黄种子萌发率逐渐降低 ,幼苗株高、根长、鲜物质量和干物质量均逐渐降低 ;脯氨酸、超氧负离子含量先升后降 ,蛋白质含量逐渐升高 ;超氧化物歧化酶活性 (SOD)先升后降 ,过氧化物酶活性 (POD)和过氧化氢酶活性 (CAT)则逐渐增加 ,SOD、POD、CAT活性可作为毒物的敏感指示者。环境胁迫条件下植物体形态特征的响应常滞后于生理特征。     

Cd胁迫对不同类型甜瓜种子萌发的影响

以薄皮、厚皮及野生3种类型甜瓜种子为试材,研究了在不同质量浓度Cd胁迫下甜瓜种子的萌发差异。结果表明,Cd质量浓度≤ 50 mg/L时,对甜瓜种子的发芽率没有明显影响;野生甜瓜种子对Cd胁迫最敏感,在200 mg/L的Cd胁迫下发芽率仅为6.7%;高质量浓度Cd胁迫下甜瓜种子胚根不能正常伸长,易产生无根苗。所有参试品种初生根长度均随Cd质量浓度增加而下降,而芽长均随Cd质量浓度增加先升后降,Cd质量浓度 ≥50 mg/L时,初生根长和芽长的降幅较大。各类甜瓜种子萌发的鲜重对Cd胁迫相对比较稳定。总体而言,Cd质量浓度越大,对甜瓜种子萌发的抑制作用越强。Cd对甜瓜种子萌发抑制作用因品种而异,所测各项指标均呈厚皮甜瓜耐受性最高,野生甜瓜最低,薄皮甜瓜居中的趋势。     

镧对西葫芦种子酸雨胁迫的缓解效应

研究了镧对酸雨胁迫下西葫芦种子萌发状况及活性氧代谢的影响。结果显示,经12mg/L LaCl3浸种后,可明显缓解酸雨对西葫芦种子萌发的抑制作用,pH3.5时效应最显著,种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数显著升高,并接近于对照;pH3.0时也有明显改善,但达不到对照水平;在pH2.5时,发芽状况没有明显改变,仍只有少数种子能萌发。同时,镧处理能显著减少强酸雨对抗氧化酶的破坏,缓和MDA的积累。上述结果表明,镧浸种可通过调节抗氧化酶活性,缓解酸雨对种子萌发的抑制作用;但活性氧代谢的改进必须达到其阈值,否则就没有生长促进效应。因此,这类指标的数值不能直接用于抗逆性评价。     

镧对酸雨胁迫下高粱种子萌发及POD活性和MDA含量的影响

本文以高粱"熊杂9号"为对象,采用模拟酸雨伤害的常规种子实验方法,研究稀土镧对酸雨胁迫下高梁种子萌发及过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果显示,12 mg·L-1La(Ⅲ)浸种后,可明显缓解酸雨对高梁种子萌发的抑制作用,高粱种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数较未处理组升高,而异状发芽率降低,pH 2.5时变化幅度最明显.pH 2.0时由于酸雨使种子内部结构严重破坏,La(Ⅲ)的加入已无法缓解酸雨引发的伤害.La(Ⅲ)处理组MDA含量和POD活性均低于未处理组.上述结果表明,La(Ⅲ)可通过调节POD活性减轻酸雨胁迫引发的膜脂过氧化,缓解酸雨对种子萌发的抑制作用.     

乳酸菌胞外多糖对逆境胁迫下水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探究乳酸菌胞外多糖浸种对酸、盐胁迫条件下水稻生长发育的影响,采用室内恒温培养试验,研究不同浓度乳酸菌胞外多糖对水稻种子萌发及相关生理代谢指标的影响。结果表明,采用不同浓度胞外多糖浸种可以显著提高逆境胁迫下水稻种子的发芽势、发芽率及发芽指数,促进水稻根系生长,随着胞外多糖浓度的升高,对水稻种子萌发的促进作用呈先升高后降低趋势;胞外多糖浓度为200 mg·L^-1时,缓解逆境胁迫伤害效果最为显著;pH值为3.0的酸胁迫下,与不添加胞外多糖相比,水稻种子的发芽势、发芽率及发芽指数分别提高了178.2%、38.7%和114.4%;7 mg·mL^-1NaCl胁迫下,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数分别提高了152.9%、73.8%、103.0%,且差异均达显著水平(P<0.05);胞外多糖浸种可显著降低各胁迫下水稻幼芽丙二醛(MDA)含量,不同程度地提高过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等抗氧化酶活性,同时胞外多糖对经过逆境胁迫的水稻种子播种后生长的幼苗也具有一定的促进作用,可缓解逆境胁迫对水稻造成的毒害。本研究为微生物源物增强作物抗逆性研究提供了理论依据。     

沙蒿种子萌发对NaCl及聚乙二醇胁迫的响应

[目的]研究在盐分以及干旱胁迫条件下沙蒿种子的萌发能力,为沙蒿的人工培育和栽种提供参考依据。[方法]以沙蒿种子为试验材料,使用不同浓度的NaCl溶液(0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%,1.2%,1.4%,1.6%,1.8%)和聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液(5%,10%,15%,20%,25%)模拟盐分以及干旱对种子的胁迫条件,测定种子萌发初期的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数。[结果]当NaCl浓度≤0.6%时,上述指标与对照组相比未发生显著变化;但当溶液浓度高于这一范围时,各项指标则随浓度升高而显著降低;说明NaCl溶液浓度为0.6%是种子正常萌发的适宜浓度界限。当PEG浓度≤15%时,沙蒿种子的上述指标与对照组相比未发生显著变化;但当PEG浓度高于15%时,种子各项指标与对照组相比则显著降低;说明PEG浓度为15%是种子正常萌发的适宜浓度界限。[结论]沙蒿种子对轻、中度的盐分及干旱胁迫表现出耐受性,在含盐量较低的土壤以及轻、中度的干旱环境中仍可正常萌发。     

种子萌发过程中呼吸代谢对环境变化的响应

呼吸作用是种子萌发过程中储藏物质分解、代谢不可或缺的途径和能量供给的主要来源,其变化直接影响种子的活力, 进而影响萌发后种子的生长.为系统了解种子萌发过程中, 呼吸代谢对外界环境变化所作出的响应及外界环境变化通过改变呼吸代谢影响种子萌发的内部机理, 本文从干旱、高温、低温、盐渍、紫外辐射增强、重金属与有机污染物及农药污染等环境因子的角度, 概述了近年来国内外相关研究成果, 内容涉及种子萌发时的抗氰呼吸、酶系统、膜系统、激素、内源物质的动员、萌发指数、遗传防护等内容, 总结了种子萌发时呼吸代谢对环境变化的响应机理、外界环境变化影响呼吸作用的途径和结果以及呼吸作用变化对种子萌发的影响, 并提出该领域研究的主流和发展方向, 以及应加强研究的5个方面内容.     

Zinc priming promotes seed germination and seedling vigor of rice

The present study evaluated effects of seed zinc (Zn) priming at concentrations from 0 to 25 mM ZnSO₄ on seedling vigor and viability in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Zinc priming substantially increased Zn concentration in the husk, but not in brown rice. The movement of primed Zn from the husk into the inner layers of rice seed during germination was suggested by Zn concentration declining in the husk coinciding with the increase in brown rice over time (r = –0.62; p < 1%), which did not happen in unprimed seed. Zinc priming significantly enhanced seedling growth and development up to 5 mM. Germination rate, root number, and dry weight were much higher than in unprimed seed, but higher Zn concentrations (10 and 25 mM) depressed seedling vigor. Priming rice seed with 2.5 mM Zn also improved the germination rate of rice in a Zn‐deficient soil, with or without soil Zn application. The results confirm that priming rice seed with Zn can improve germination and seedling vigor and for the first time show how Zn requirement of germinating rice seed and seedlings can be met by the prime Zn accumulated in the husk.     

Response of Ammophila breviligulata to acid rain and low soil pH

The effects of simulated acid rain and low soil pH on the growth of Ammophila breviligulata (Cape Strain), American beach grass, were studied in greenhouse experiments. Plants treated with acid rain were shorter, but shoot density, live shoot biomass, and rhizome biomass were not adversely affected by the acid rain treatments. Root biomass was greatest in the acid rain treatments. A manipulated soil pH of 4.0, typical of that found in field sites of dying beach grass, resulted in significantly reduced plant height, shoot density, shoot biomass, and rhizome biomass. Root biomass was greater in the low pH treatment and was six times greater than rhizome biomass in that treatment while the root to rhizome ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the control — likely a reflection of the plant's response to decreased nutrient availability in the low pH soil. Acid rain treatment of dune sand resulted in the leaching of Al, a potentially phytotoxic element.     

30种草本观赏植物对模拟酸雨的反应

采用叶面喷洒模拟酸雨方法,研究了30种草本观赏植物对酸雨急性伤害的反应。试验结果表明,随酸雨胁迫强度增强,多数草本观赏植物叶片伤斑面积加大。当酸雨pH达2．0时,所有植物叶片均出现伤斑,其中近半数种类叶片伤斑面积>20％。30种草本观赏植物中敏感植物3种,占10．0％;抗性植物17种,占56．67％;中等抗性植物10种,占33．33％。在设定的酸雨胁迫强度(pH 2．0～3．5)下,多数植物的伤害阈值可被确定,惟有羽衣甘蓝、三色堇和葱兰在pH 2．0酸雨胁迫下仍无法确定其伤害阈值,表明此3种草本观赏植物对酸雨有极强抗性。试验表明30种受试草本观赏植物抗酸雨能力强弱与叶片细胞pH变化有关,即叶片细胞pH缓冲能力影响了酸雨对叶片的表观伤害效应。     

铬与酸雨污染对大豆种子萌发的复合影响

酸雨(AR)和重金属是对陆地生态系统有较大影响的2类污染物[1].中国西南及华南地区是继北美、欧洲后世界第三大酸雨区[2];同时我国南方地区有色金属矿分布密集,随矿产资源大量开采、冶炼,重金属污染日益严重[3].     

Effect of salicylic acid and salt on wheat seed germination

Abstract

The effects of pretreatment with salicylic acid on wheat seed germination (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Roshan), lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activity were studied under conditions of salt stress. Seeds treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid were used for measuring germination traits. Salt stress was induced by sodium chloride solution. Seeds were soaked in salicylic acid solution for 24 h, dried with sterile paper, transferred to sterile Petri dishes, and treated with 10 ml NaCl solution at different concentrations. After 1 week, the number of germinated seeds, root length, seedling length, and dry weight were recorded. Antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation were also assayed. Salinity decreased seed germination. Thus, a high concentration of NaCl (200 mM) decreased germination by 17.6% compared with control treatment. Salicylic acid significantly increased germination in stressed and control seeds. Salicylic acid increased the level of cell division of seedlings and roots, which increased plant growth. Salt stress significantly increased the activity of the antioxidative enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase in wheat seedlings, and salicylic acid reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes as stress signal molecules. Our results indicated that scavenging of reactive oxygen species was effective, especially by salicylic acid, and that membrane damage was limited. The aim of the present work was to study the character of changes in enzymatic systems induced by NaCl and salicylic acid in wheat seedlings under conditions of salt stress. In brief, salicylic acid treatment reduced the damaging action of salinity on embryo growth and accelerated a restoration of growth processes; thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of seed germination in arid and semi-arid regions.     

铬Cr^6＋对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用水培和土培试验方法,研究了不同浓度的铬(Cr6 )对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,六价铬对水稻种子的萌发及出苗都有不良影响;幼苗随着铬(Cr6 )浓度的增加,植株的生长明显受到抑制,株高、根长、鲜重和干重均下降,但水培较土培所引起铬的危害起始浓度更小,失绿症状更严重。     

Effect of zinc sulfate fortification in germinated brown rice on seed zinc concentration, bioavailability, and seed germination

Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population and, hence, the main source of a vital micronutrient, zinc (Zn). Unfortunately, the bioavailability of Zn from rice is very low not only due to low content but also due to the presence of some antinutrients such as phytic acid. We investigated the effect of germination and Zn fortification treatment on Zn bioavailability of brown rice from three widely grown cultivars using the Caco-2 cell model to find a suitable fortification level for producing germinated brown rice. The results of this study showed that Zn content in brown rice increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the external Zn concentrations increased from 25 to 250 mg/L. In contrast, no significant influence (p > 0.05) on germination percentage of rice was observed when the Zn supply was lower than 150 mg/L. Zn fortification during the germination process has a significant impact on the Zn content and finally Zn bioavailability. These findings may result from the lower molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and higher Zn content in Zn fortified germinated brown rice, leading to more bioavailable Zn. Likewise, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Zn accumulation and Zn bioavailability; these results might be attributed to the difference in the molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and the concentration of Zn among the cultivars evaluated. Based on global intake of Zn among the world population, we recommend germinated brown rice fortified with 100 mg/L ZnSO(4) as a suitable concentration to use in the germination process, which contains high Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability. In the current study, the cultivar Bing91185 fortified with Zn through the germination process contained a high amount as well as bioavailable Zn, which was identified as the most promising cultivar for further evaluation to determine its efficiency as an improved source of Zn for target populations.     

水稻种植模式对水稻籽粒离子组的影响

亚细胞、细胞、器官乃至有机体内所有矿质元素的组合称为离子组。离子组是植物化学元素指纹,能够定量、精准地反映环境因子驱动下植物体产生的无机化学响应。为探求不同种植模式对水稻籽粒离子组的影响,采用大田试验,研究比较了长期常规种植、绿色蛙稻和有机蛙稻3种水稻种植模式水稻籽粒中矿质元素含量的差异和元素间的相关关系,并探讨了土壤中可利用态元素向水稻籽粒中的转移效率。21种元素含量通过高通量元素分析电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定,并利用主成分分析和方差分析等统计方法分别对数据进行综合分析和各元素处理间差异分析。结果表明,各元素在水稻籽粒中的浓度顺序为:KPMgCaMnZnFeCuRbNaBaMoBNiSrAsCrCdSeCoCs。主成分分析结果表明,不同水稻种植模式对水稻籽粒离子组有显著影响,第1主成分占总变量的32.7%,区分了有机和绿色种植模式;第2主成分占总变量的27.1%,将常规种植模式和另外两种模式区分开。不同水稻种植模式对水稻籽粒离子组有显著影响。与常规种植相比,绿色蛙稻模式下籽粒第1主族元素K、Na、Cs、Rb含量显著增加21%、31%、59%、72%,Mn、Cd的含量显著增加23%、441%,B和Cr的含量显著降低63%和51%;有机模式下水稻籽粒中Co、Ni和Cd含量分别增加60%、286%和488%,而Ca、B、Mo、Sr和Cr的含量显著降低38%、60%、20%、27%和96%,而同主族元素间的竞争并未发现。因此,从水稻必需元素吸收角度出发,绿色蛙稻种植模式优于有机和常规种植模式;但绿色和有机蛙稻种植模式对一些非必需元素的吸收也为水稻食品安全带来隐患。因此,科学的养分管理和合理种植结构的调整对保证水稻食品的安全有非常重要的意义和价值。