表达H3N2亚型猪流感病毒HA的重组伪狂犬病病毒对仔猪的免疫效力评价

利用猪流感病毒(Swineinfluenza virus,SIV)与伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)血清学阴性的4周龄断奶仔猪,对此前构建的表达SIVA/Swine/Inner Mogolian/547/2001(H3N2)血凝素(HA)基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒(rPRV-HA)进行了免疫效力评价。按每头105.0PFU rPRV-HA肌肉注射断奶仔猪(n=12),同时设Bartha-K61免疫对照组(n=5)和非免疫攻毒对照组(n=5)。免疫后35d用2×105.0TCID50的SIVA/Swine/Heilongjiang/74/2000(H3N2)进行强毒攻击。rPRV-HA免疫组免疫后7d均可检测到高滴度针对SIV的血凝抑制(HI)抗体,而所有对照组小猪仅在攻毒后7d才开始产生针对SIV的HI抗体;rPRV-HA免疫组在病理学保护方面明显优于对照组,支气管和肺泡冲洗液病毒分离结果显示,攻毒后7d rPRV-HA免疫组没有检测到病毒,而两个对照组可检测到病毒。以上试验结果表明,rPRV-HA免疫猪对同亚型SIV的攻击具有很好的保护作用。     

表达猪瘟病毒E2蛋白的重组腺病毒对猪的免疫效力评价

为了进一步验证含有猪瘟病毒E2基因的重组腺病毒（rAdV—E2）在猪体上的免疫效力,将rAdV—E2按108TCID50／头接种猪2次,同时用野生型腺病毒wtAdV作为阴性对照,当抗体上升到一定程度后用致死剂量的猪瘟强毒石门株进行攻击。结果表明,rAdV—E2免疫组（n=5）所有免疫猪在加强免疫后均产生了猪瘟特异性中和抗体,并于加强免疫后3w达到峰值,攻毒后所有猪只抗体迅速升高,除了一头猪短期体温升高外,未出现任何其它临床症状;而野生型腺病毒wtAdV免疫组（n=5）猪只在攻毒前一直没有检出特异性抗体,攻毒后全部出现典型的猪瘟临床症状和严重的病毒血症,剖检时可见典型猪瘟病理变化。这表明构建的猪瘟病毒E2基因重组腺病毒rAdV—E2免疫猪后产生了很好的免疫效果,有望成为具有开发价值的活载体疫苗。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎弱毒疫苗免疫抗体水平与保护效力的关系

利用微量血清中和试验和攻毒试验、牛传染性鼻气管炎弱毒活疫苗检测免疫后牛血清中牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒的抗体效价及其与保护效力的平衡关系。40头牛其中弱毒活疫苗免疫牛30头,对照牛（抗体阴性牛）10头,采用不同剂量免疫（10^3.5～10^6.5TCID50／mL）,按抗体效价高低将实验动物分,并用IBRV LN01／08强毒株攻击,将攻毒保护结果与攻毒时抗体效价结果平行比较分析,结果显示,当IBRV抗体效价高于1：6时,疫苗免疫可以对牛产生良好的保护效力,保护率在80％以上,低于1：6但高于1：3时,免疫苗抗体阳性牛攻毒后保护率近78％。试验结果显示牛传染性鼻气管炎活疫苗的抗体水平于保护效力之间存在一定的平行关系。     

H1亚型猪流感病毒HA基因密码子优化的DNA疫苗免疫保护效力研究

DNA疫苗的免疫效果与抗原基因的表达量及表达抗原的免疫原性有直接关系。为了提高猪流感病毒（Swine influenza virus,SIV）HA基因DNA疫苗的表达量,增强其免疫效果,本研究通过人工合成的方法将H1亚型猪流感病毒A／Swine／Guangdong／1／01（H1N1）的HA基因密码子优化为猪体内偏嗜性密码子optiHA,同野生型A／Swine／Guangdong／1／01（H1N1）的HA基因分别与真核表达载体PCAGGS连接构成重组质粒PCAGGS—optiHA和PCAGGS—HA,然后分别转染293T细胞,48h后采用间接免疫荧光的方法检测Ⅲ基因的瞬时表达蛋白情况。将质粒PCAGGS—HA、PCAGGS—optiHA以100μg／只的剂量,采用后腿肌肉多点注射的方式,免疫6-8周龄雌性BALB／c小鼠,同时设立空载体PCAGGS对照。共免疫3次,每次间隔2周,三免2周后对每组以10^3.87 EID50的A／Swine／Guangdong／1／01（H1N1）进行攻毒。采用ELISA、血凝抑制试验、细胞因子检测和肺组织病毒含量测定等实验评价这两种DNA疫苗的免疫效果。结果表明,HA基因密码子优化的DNA疫苗可显著提高体液免疫和细胞免疫的应答水平,攻毒后免疫组PCAGGS—optiHA的保护效力明显高于免疫组PCAGGS—HA。这一结果为进一步研究和设计有效的SIVDNA疫苗奠定了基础。     

嵌合型猪圆环病毒（PCV1—2）及PCV2 ORF2真核表达质粒对商品猪的免疫保护

应用本实验室构建的嵌合型猪圆环病毒（PCV1—2）及真核表达质粒pcDNA3．1／V5-His-ORF2作为免疫原免疫母源抗体ELISA效价在0．07～0．60不等的商品猪,9头猪随机分为4组,1组（3头）肌肉注射免疫10^3.5 TCID50的PCV1-2／头,2组（2头）肌肉注射真核表达质粒200μg／头,3组（2头）肌肉注射空载体（pcDNA3．1）200μg／头,4组（2头）不免疫作为攻毒对照组。于免疫后42d,PCV1—2组及真核表达质粒组产生了PCV2抗体。免疫后42d所有组攻毒PCV2和PRRSV,剂量分别为2×10^4.5 TCID50／头和10^6 TCID50／头。攻毒后21d,攻毒对照组猪淋巴结比免疫组显著肿大,免疫组猪血清、淋巴结中PCV2病毒栽量低于对照组,攻毒对照组猪淋巴结中PCV2抗原含量高于免疫组。这些结果表明,嵌合型PCV1-2及真核表达质粒肌肉注射免疫商品猪后,对PCV2感染能产生保护性免疫应答,有可能成为候选疫苗。     

表达禽流感病毒H5HA、H7HA基因DNA疫苗的免疫原性研究

为研究双顺反子DNA疫苗对禽流感病毒（AIV）的保护作用，将H5和H7亚型AIV的HA基因克隆到同一表达栽体上，构建了双顺反子HA基因表达质粒pCI—H5HA—H7HA。以此质粒肌注免疫4周龄SPF鸡，首次免疫后3周加强免疫，同时设pCI—H5HA和pCI—H7HA联合免疫组及空白对照组，每周采血用微量血凝抑制法检测HI抗体。加强免疫后3周分别以100LD50的高致病力禽流感病毒（HPAIV）A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96（H5N1）和A／FPv／Rostock／34〈（H7N1）进行致死性攻击。结果显示各免疫组均可刺激鸡体产生H5、H7特异性抗体，pCI—H5HA—H7HA诱导产生的抗体对H5N1和H7N1的攻毒保护分别为50%和10％，而pCI—H5HA和pCI—H7HA联合免疫的攻毒保护均为70％。表明双顺反子质粒可诱导鸡产生较好或一定的保护，但免疫效果不够理想，推测与DNA的摄取及其体内表达有关，可望通过调整DNA疫苗的多种因素提高免疫效果。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒弱毒活疫苗免疫持续期的研究

为检测牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)弱毒活疫苗在免疫牛体内抗体产生及其消长规律,评价弱毒疫苗的保护效力,并确定免疫持续期,本试验对免疫试验牛每头颈部肌肉接种BVDV SM株弱毒疫苗104.5TCID50,监测血清抗体效价,进行免疫持续期的确定。在疫苗免疫后的6个月、9个月和12个月,分别抽取5头免疫组和5头对照组牛,采用BVDV-JL强毒株进行攻毒试验,每头牛攻毒剂量为6×107.0TCID50/mL。结果显示疫苗免疫后12个月时血清中和抗体效价仍维持在1∶1048以上。攻毒结果显示,在3个不同时间点进行强毒攻击后,免疫组所有动物白细胞数量都没有下降也没有分离到病毒,而对照组动物白细胞数下降均超过30%,6个月和9个月时动物血清中均能分离到病毒,而12个月对照组动物由于年龄大,没有分离到病毒,因此暂定此疫苗的免疫持续期为9个月。     

表达H1N1、H3N2猪流感病毒HA基因重组质粒在小鼠的免疫效力

应用已构建的真核表达质粒pCI-H1-HA、pCAGGS-H1-HA、pCI-H3-HA和pCAGGS-H3-HA作为DNA疫苗，利用BALB／c小鼠进行免疫保护试验，通过测定不同免疫期HI抗体滴度、分析攻毒后BALB／c小鼠体重变化及肺脏病毒含量，评价DNA疫苗的免疫效力。结果表明：构建的DNA疫苗均可诱导小鼠产生免疫力；BALB／c小鼠体重变化统计学分析显示，免疫组与对照组差异极显著（P〈0．01），pCAGGS表达载体构建的DNA疫苗免疫效果优于pCI表达载体构建的DNA疫苗（P〈0．05）。     

鸽新城疫病毒分离株的部分生物学特性鉴定及疫苗免疫试验

从暴发疑似鸽新城疫的某赛鸽场分离到1株病毒，通过血凝（HA)试验、血凝抑制（HI）试验及鸡胚中和试验初步鉴定为鸽新城疫病毒，进而进行了鸡胚半数感染量（EID50）、鸡胚平均死亡时间（MDT）测定和对不同动物红细胞的凝集试验，证明该分离株属新城疫强毒力毒株，将该毒株经鸡胚尿囊液增殖后用甲醛灭活，制成油佐剂来活苗，对鸽免疫后检测其血清抗体水平并进行攻毒试验，结果在免疫后21d抗体达到高峰，攻毒试验表明油佐剂灭活苗对鸽新城疫病毒感染有较强的保护力。     

表达H3N2亚型猪流感病毒HA基因重组伪狂犬病病毒的构建

将SV40启动子控制下的LacZ基因表达盒和CMV启动子控制下的H3N2亚型猪流感病毒（SIV H3N2）的HA基因插入到伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）通用转移载体pBdTK-Uni中，获得转移载体pLTK-HA。将该载体与PRV Bartha-K61株基因组DNA通过脂质体法共转染Vero细胞，经过10代蓝斑筛选、纯化和PCR鉴定获得了一株插入SIV HA基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒，命名为rPRV-HA。Western blotting和间接免疫荧光试验证实HA基因在重组病毒感染的细胞中获得了表达。用不同的细胞（PK-15、IBRS-2、Vero和鸡胚成纤维细胞）对该重组病毒与亲本病毒的增殖滴度和致细胞病变进行比较，未见显著差异，对第30代重组病毒的HA基因进行序列分析，表明该重组病毒遗传性状稳定。     

A recombinant pseudorabies virus encoding the HA gene from H3N2 subtype swine influenza virus protects mice from virulent challenge

The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of A/Swine/Inner Mogolian/547/2001 (H3N2) swine influenza virus (SIV) was recombined into the genome of pseudorabies virus (PRV) Bartha-K61 vaccine strain, generating a recombinant PRV expressing the HA gene, designated as rPRV-HA. One group of 15 mice was inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with 10(5.0) PFU of rPRV-HA, and another two control groups of mice (15 mice per group) were mock-inoculated or inoculated with Bartha-K61. Mice inoculated with rPRV-HA developed hemagglutination inhibition antibodies 3 weeks post-inoculation. Twenty-eight days post-inoculation, all mice were challenged i.n. with 10(5.0) TCID50 of A/Swine/Heilongjiang/74/2000 (H3N2). No challenge virus was isolated from vaccinated mice, and mild pathological lesions were observed only in lungs following challenge. The results demonstrate that the recombinant rPRV-HA expressing the HA gene from H3N2 SIV can protect mice from heterologous virulent challenge, and may represent a candidate vaccine against SIV.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒灭活疫苗对猪伪狂犬病病毒流行毒株和经典毒株的免疫保护效果评估

为评估猪伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies virus,PRV）灭活疫苗（HN1201-ΔgE株）免疫后对PRV流行毒株和经典毒株的保护效果,本研究对试验猪分别免疫PRV灭活疫苗（HN1201-ΔgE株）和PRV活疫苗（Bartha-K61）,免疫后第0、7、10、14、17、21、24和28天采血测定PRV gB抗体,并分别使用PRV流行毒株HN1201株和经典毒株闽A株测定免疫后第0、7、14、21和28天血清的中和抗体水平,于免疫后第28天分别使用HN1201株和闽A株攻毒并观察,之后测定体温,测定攻毒后第7和14天PRV gE抗体,及攻毒后0~8 d的排毒情况。结果显示,HN1201-ΔgE免疫组较Bartha-K61免疫组gB抗体和中和抗体产生早,且抗体水平较高。两个免疫组试验猪在攻毒后虽然均无明显临床症状,且免疫组织化学检测（IHC）组织中的病毒抗原均为阴性,但HN1201-ΔgE免疫组试验猪脏器未见任何病理损伤,Bartha-K61免疫组试验猪部分脏器具有病理损伤。与未免疫对照组相比,2个免疫组试验猪在HN1201株和闽A株攻毒后,gE抗体转阳时间晚且排毒率低,HN1201-ΔgE免疫组gE抗体水平整体均低于Bartha-K61免疫组,攻毒后排毒检测中,Bartha-K61免疫组于2个毒株攻毒后第3~5天可检测到排毒,而HN1201-ΔgE免疫组全程未检测到排毒。研究结果表明,灭活疫苗（HN1201-ΔgE株）对PRV流行毒株和经典毒株均可提供完全保护。     

MLKL基因敲除对猪伪狂犬病病毒复制的影响

【目的】构建混合谱系激酶结构域样(mixed lineage kinase domain-like, MLKL)基因敲除的PK-15细胞株(PK-15 MLKL-KO),研究敲除MLKL基因对猪伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus, PRV)复制的影响。【方法】根据MLKL序列设计特异性编辑位点,利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建MLKL-sgRNA编辑载体,转染至PK-15细胞,经嘌呤霉素药物筛选获得多克隆细胞系,通过有限稀释法获得PK-15 MLKL-KO单克隆细胞株。通过靶基因组PCR、测序和Western blotting验证MLKL基因在PK-15细胞上的敲除水平;采用Reed-Muench法检测病毒增殖水平;采用PI染色和荧光显微镜观察细胞坏死情况。【结果】试验成功构建MLKL-sgRNA载体,筛选出1株MLKL基因缺失647 bp的PK-15细胞株,Western blotting未检测到MLKL蛋白的表达。与PK-15细胞相比,PK-15 MLKL-KO细胞极显著或显著提高了PRV GD-WH(感染后36 h除外)和PRV Bartha-K61的病...     

表达多个外源基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒的构建及其细胞培养特性研究

将SV40启动子控制下的LacZ报告基因表达盒与分别在CMV启动子控制下的含有猪瘟病毒（CS-FV）E2基因及猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）GP5基因的表达盒插入到伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）Bartha-K61株TK基因中，通过蓝斑筛选获得了一株插入CSFVE2、PRRSVGP5与LacZ基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒，命名为rPRV-E2-GP5。经Western blot、间接免疫荧光试验证实E2、GP5基因在重组病毒感染细胞中获得了表达。重组病毒感染Vero、PK-15、IBRS2和CEF细胞后的增殖滴度和致细胞病变特征与亲本病毒比较，无显著差异。本试验结果表明在PRV基因组中可以插入多个外源基因，为进一步研究多价基因工程载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

伪狂犬病弱毒株的分离鉴定及生物学特性的研究

在流行病学调查中分离到1株病毒,经鉴定为伪狂犬病弱毒株,定名为F971株。分离病毒经克隆纯化后测得其毒价为10^7.59TCID50/ml,通过细胞中和试验表明分离病毒能也有效地被猪伪狂犬病毒闽A株阳性血清中和。病毒在电镜下可以清楚地观察到囊膜及外周纤突。分离株对3日龄乳鼠有一定的致病力,但对家兔、3日龄乳猪及妊娠母猪都有很高的安全性。用不同的剂量10^0、10^-1、10^-2肌肉注射3日龄乳猪后14天用10^5.7TCID50伪狂犬病强毒攻击,所有试验仔猪均得到保护。用分离株免疫母猪,其后代可获高滴度的母源抗体,15日龄的仔猪能抵御10^5.7TCID50强毒的攻击。用ELISA普查试剂盒测定免疫猪抗体,结果均为阳性,而用g^1-ELISA试剂盒测定抗体时,结果均为阴性。证明分离株具有缺损g^1糖蛋白的特性。综合上述特性,确定F971为1株g^1糖蛋白缺损的猪伪狂犬病弱毒株。     

Prime-boost immunization with HA/C3d DNA followed by a recombinant pseudorabies virus boost enhanced protective immunity against H3N2 swine influenza virus in mice

DNA and recombinant virus vaccines against swine influenza virus (SIV) have been pursued with promising results, but induce poor immunogenicity. This study evaluated the effects of a vaccine regimen in mice including priming with three DNA vaccines expressing soluble HA (sHA), complete HA (tmHA), or sHA fused with three copies murine C3d (sHA-mC3d3) and boosting with recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing HA (rPRV-HA). Immune responses were monitored by ELISA, HI assays, and virus neutralization. Protective efficacy was evaluated by virus isolation from lungs, distribution in tissues, and pathology following challenge with H3N2 SIV. Priming with sHA-mC3d3 and boosting with rPRV-HA induced higher levels of HA-specific antibodies and yielded the most effective protection. This finding implied that priming with a DNA vaccine expressing C3d fused with antigen and boosting with a recombinant vector vaccine is an effective way to induce protective humoral immunity and prevent some infectious diseases.     

Protective immunity induced by a recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing the GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in piglets

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been developed as a vaccine vector for expressing foreign immunogens. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), continues to be a major problem to the pork industry worldwide. Many vaccine strategies have been developed to control the disease but most of them turn out to be unsuccessful. The objective of this research was to explore the feasibility of PRV-based vector vaccine in protection against PRRSV. A live attenuated vaccine-based PRV recombinant expressing the envelope protein GP5 of PRRSV was generated using recombinant DNA techniques. The Bartha-K61-derived recombinant virus, named rPRV-GP5, was shown to express PRRSV GP5 efficiently. Sixteen healthy piglets were assigned to one of four groups (one to four, four pigs per group). Animals in Groups 1 and 2 were each inoculated intramuscularly and intranasally with 10(7.0) PFU of rPRV-GP5 and its parent Bartha-K61, respectively; Group 3 were vaccinated intramuscularly with one-dose of PRRS inactivated vaccine; Group 4 was served as non-vaccinated control. One month later, all animals were all challenged with 10(6.5) TCID(50) of virulent PRRSV CH-1a. All animals in Groups 1 and 3 remained clinically healthy before and after challenge, with only a short period of fever (no more than 41 degrees C and 3 days), mild and gradually improving lung and kidney lesions, and short-term viremia (2 and 3 week, respectively) in spite of no detectable anti-PRRSV antibody before challenge. On the other hand, all animals in the other two groups showed evident clinical signs with higher temperatures (more than 41 degrees C) after challenge, and severe lung, kidney and spleen lesions and extended viremia (4 weeks). The results indicate that the rPRV-GP5 is safe for vaccinates and able to confer significant protection against clinical disease and reduce pathogenic lesions induced by PRRSV challenge in vaccinated pigs.     

Isolation,Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Important Functional Genes of Porcine Pseudorabies Virus LC Strain

To find out the reason of the reproductive failure in pregnant sows in a hoggery in Guangdong, the mixture with brain, lymph nodes and lungs of farm abortion stillbirth were identified by PCR, virus isolation and culture, tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀) assay, homology and phylogenetic analysis of the important functional genes (gB, gC, gD and gE) and animal test. The results showed that the mixture was proved to be porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) positive samples. The typical cytopathogenic effect was induced in the third passage of Vero cell and the titer of the fifth passage was 10^-6.8/0.1 mL. The sequence analysis and phylogenetic relationship of gB, gC, gD and gE genes showed that it was a Chinese PRV variant, which was named as LC strain. The typical pseudorabies clinical and pathological symptoms were presented in 12-week-old piglets inoculated with LC strain. The results demonstrated that a local pseudorabies virus had been isolated, suggesting that the Bartha-K61 vaccine was not fully effective for controlling the current epidemic of pseudorabies in China.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒LC株的分离鉴定及其重要功能基因的进化分析

为确诊广东某猪场母猪流产发病原因,本研究收集该猪场流产死胎的脑、淋巴结、肺脏混合液,进行PCR鉴定、病毒分离培养、半数组织培养感染剂量（tissue culture infective dose,TCID₅₀）测定、猪伪狂犬病病毒（pseudorabies virus,PRV）重要功能基因（gB、gC、gD、gE）序列测定和进化分析及动物回归试验。结果显示,病料混合液为PRV阳性,接种Vero细胞传至第3代即出现稳定的细胞病变（CPE）,第5代TCID₅₀达到10^-6.8/0.1 mL,PRV gB、gC、gD、gE基因序列测定、同源性及进化树分析显示为,PRV中国变异株,命名为LC株。动物试验显示,LC株对12周龄猪具有一定致病性,可形成PRV典型临床症状及病理变化。本研究分离到一株PRV流行毒株,推测当前使用疫苗Bartha-K61株尚无法完全控制新毒株的流行。