2种盐度和3种糖源对凡纳滨对虾生长和糖代谢的影响

为研究肌醇对不同盐度 (4和28) 条件下凡纳滨对虾 (Litopenaeus vannamei) 幼虾生长、血清生化指标和非特异性免疫的影响,选取初始体质量为 (0.75±0.03) g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,以添加0、100、200、400、800和1 600 mg∙kg⁻¹肌醇的6种等氮等脂饲料持续投喂10 周。结果表明,高盐度对虾终末体质量、增重率、成活率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质净利用率、总胆固醇含量、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、总超氧化物歧化酶和一氧化氮合酶显著高于低盐度 (P<0.05),饲料系数和水分则相反。饲料系数和总胆固醇含量随饲料中肌醇水平的升高而降低,终末体质量、增重率、成活率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质净利用率则相反,肌醇添加组的肝体比、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组 (P<0.05)。综上,饲料中添加肌醇可促进凡纳滨对虾的生长发育,提高其成活率和非特异性免疫力;低盐条件下凡纳滨对虾的生长发育和免疫力受抑制,肌醇水平不低于100 mg∙kg⁻¹能使其生长发育恢复至高盐水平,不低于200 mg∙kg⁻¹可在一定程度上提高其免疫力。     

高盐对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长、渗透调节及免疫相关酶活性的影响

为探讨高盐条件下凡纳滨对虾仔虾的耐盐性和免疫响应,进行了为期30 d的生长实验。实验设置4个盐度梯度(40、50、60、65),以盐度30为对照,称量实验起始和结束时仔虾的体质量,计算平均日增重,实验结束时检测体内总ATPase、Na~+-K~+-ATPase、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和溶菌酶(LZM)、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示,高盐能显著抑制凡纳滨对虾仔虾的日增重,盐度40、50、60、65平均日增重分别为对照组的84.53%、60.99%、46.19%、27.71%;存活率随盐度升高而显著降低。随着盐度的升高,仔虾体内Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性缓慢升高,盐度60后趋于稳定。总ATPase活性表现出先小幅下降后稳定的趋势,最终维持在1.4 U/mg prot左右。T-SOD和CAT活性随盐度升高均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,盐度50时达到峰值;ACP和AKP活性随盐度升高呈上升趋势,不同盐度间差异显著。此外,盐度显著影响凡纳滨对虾仔虾的MDA含量,对LZM含量无显著影响。研究表明,盐度越高,仔虾生长越缓慢,用于渗透调节的能量增加。在一定的盐度范围内,高盐能激发仔虾机体部分非特异性免疫酶活性以适应高盐胁迫。     

pH变化对日本囊对虾仔虾离子转运酶活力和存活、生长的影响

研究了pH变化对日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)仔虾离子转运酶(ATPase、Na -K -ATPase、V-ATPase和HCO3--ATPase)活力和存活、生长的影响.结果表明:pH(7.1、7.6←8.1→8.6、9.1)变化对日本囊对虾仔虾离子转运酶活力和存活率、体质量增重率的影响显著(F>F0.05),而对照组无明显变化.各处理组仔虾ATPase、Na -K -ATPase活力在72 h内呈峰值变化,于24 h时达到最大值,至72 h后趋于稳定,稳定后ATPase活力和对照组差异显著,与pH值呈负相关,而Na -K -ATPase活力则恢复至对照组水平;仔虾V-ATPase和HCO3--ATPase活力随着pH变化的增加而变化增大,24 h后保持稳定,且与pH值呈负相关.在实验梯度范围内,pH 7.6、8.6处理组与对照组仔虾存活率差异不显著,且pH 8.6处理组仔虾体质量增重率与对照组也无明显差异.建议日本囊对虾仔虾pH变化范围不应大于0.5.     

小球藻藻渣替代豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和氮磷排放的影响

为探究小球藻藻渣替代凡纳滨对虾饲料中的豆粕对其生长性能及氮磷排放的影响,实验设计6种等氮等能饲料:使用6%、11%、16%、21%(A1、A2、A3、A4组)的藻渣分别替代饲料中5.5%、10.0%、14.5%、19.0%的豆粕,使用8%的藻渣替代饲料中5.1%的鱼粉(B组)和不使用藻渣的对照组。用上述6种饲料饲喂初始体质量为(5.02±0.73)g的凡纳滨对虾45 d。结果发现,存活率A3组显著低于对照组;增重率和特定生长率A2组和A4组与对照组差异不显著,其他各组显著低于对照组;饲料系数A3组显著高于对照组,其他各组无显著性差异;蛋白质效率A3组最低,B组其次,其他四组无显著性差异。肌肉鲜样中蛋白质含量组间无显著性差异;对照组总磷含量最低,A4组最高。肌肉总氨基酸和总必需氨基酸呈现先上升后下降的趋势,A2组含量最高;总非必需氨基酸A1、A2和A4组显著高于对照组,其他组与对照组无显著性差异。肠道中,除A1组外,其他各组蛋白酶活力显著低于对照组;脂肪酶A2组显著高于对照组;淀粉酶A4组显著低于对照组。肝胰脏中,蛋白酶活力A1组最低,其他组与对照组差异不显著;5个实验组脂肪酶活力均显著高于对照组,且A3组最高;淀粉酶除A3组外,其他各组显著低于对照组。耗氧率各组间差异不显著;排氨率呈先上升后下降的趋势,A3组最高。各替代组排放率均不高于对照组;氮排放率A3最高,其他组均不高于对照组。研究表明,小球藻藻渣可以部分替代凡纳滨对虾饲料中的豆粕,当其用量为11%时,可使豆粕的用量从19.0%降至10.0%而不影响凡纳滨对虾的生长和氮排放,并降低磷排放。     

盐度对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长和能量收支的影响

研究了盐度(0·5、5、10、15、20、25、30和35)对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei(平均初始湿重0·776~0.781g)存活、生长和能量收支的影响。实验周期45d。结果表明,(1)对虾特定生长率、摄食量、饲料转换效率和吸收效率均以20盐度最高,而存活率以35盐度最高;(2)在0.5盐度下,对虾特定生长率、摄食量和吸收效率均最低。     

Chilled storage of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) spermatophores

Chilled storage of spermatophores from white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is needed to generate a consistent and reliable supply of spermatozoa for domestication purposes. The objective of this study was to develop a protocol for the chilled storage of white shrimp spermatophores and to evaluate bacterial propagation during such storage. In the first experiment, spermatophores were immersed in four extenders, mineral oil, Ringer's solution, phosphate buffer and 0.85% NaCl, and stored at low temperature (2-4 °C) for 35 days. Characteristics of preserved spermatophores changed the least and viable sperm was highest when spermatophores were stored in mineral oil. Spermatophores preserved with mineral oil appeared morphologically normal. Bacillus circulans, Staphylococcus hominis and S. lugdunensis, S. sciuri, S. xylosus and Micrococcus spp. were identified as the predominant bacteria during chilled storage, and total bacterial counts gradually increased during the experiment. A second experiment investigated the effect of antibiotic on chilled storage. Spermatophores were preserved in only mineral oil or mineral oil with 0.1% penicillin-streptomycin. These were evaluated for changes in external morphology of spermatophores, sperm viability and total bacteria count every week during a 35-day experimental period. Percentages of viable sperm (69.5 ± 3.9%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) among spermatophores preserved in mineral oil with 0.1% antibiotic compared with those preserved only in mineral oil (57.7 ± 3.4%) over 35 days. The number of total bacteria in the treatment with mineral oil ranged between 28.3 ± 4.8 and 2416.7 ± 299.4 CFU/g, but in mineral oil containing antibiotic bacteria were undetectable. This study suggests that chilled storage of spermatophores is a feasible approach for the management and spawning of white shrimp broodstock.     

饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗感染和5种免疫基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染能力和非特异性免疫基因表达水平的影响,以初体质量为(6.95±1.20)g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,在室内养殖箱进行3周的养殖实验和2周的副溶血弧菌人工感染实验;其中,对照组每日投喂普通商品饲料,实验组每日投喂在普通商品饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌/枯草芽孢杆菌(1:1)配制成的3组实验饲料,实验饲料中益生菌的终浓度为10⁷ cfu/g。并采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对保护率最高的地衣芽孢杆菌/枯草芽孢杆菌实验组进行凡纳滨对虾相关免疫基因表达水平的分析。实验结果表明,在饲料中添加单一益生菌或复合益生菌均可显著提高对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染的能力(P<0.05),且复合益生菌的保护效果更佳,其相对免疫保护率为31.11%。感染副溶血弧菌后,地衣芽孢杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌实验组凡纳滨对虾血淋巴中的先天免疫缺陷基因(innate immune deficiency gene,IMD)、对虾素3a分子(penaiedin 3a)、酚氧化酶原(prophenoloxidase,proPO)、溶菌酶(Lysozyme,LZM)和甲壳素Crustin的mRNA的相对表达量均显著上调,且分别在18～24 h达到最大值。实验结果提示:饲料中添加芽孢杆菌可有效提高凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染的能力,这种能力的提高可能是通过增加抗病相关基因的表达量实现的。     

温度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺氧代谢及能量代谢的影响

为探究温度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺氧代谢和能量代谢的影响,本研究采用生物化学方法分析了低温及高温胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中超氧阴离子(O2-·)产生,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力及其催化的一氧化氮(NO)生成量,以及对三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量的影响.结果表明,15℃低温及31与35℃的高温胁迫均会导致O2-·显著增加,在15 ～31℃内,SOD活力与O2-·含量变化趋势相似,低温胁迫导致CAT活力升高更为显著,低温与高温胁迫后,GSH含量均显著增加;高温胁迫会引起NOS活力及其催化的NO生成量显著增加;低温与高温胁迫均会引起ATP含量显著增加,但是随着温度回复至对照水平,ATP含量也回复至对照水平.结论:低温和高温胁迫均会引起凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺组织中氧代谢失衡,SOD、CAT及GSH在机体应对低温及高温胁迫导致的氧化损伤中可能扮演不同角色,NO介导的信号传导可能在应对高温胁迫中起着重要作用;低温及高温均会导致ATP含量增加,提示对虾在应对温度胁迫的过程中可能需要更多能量.推测环境温度过低或者过高时,可能由于超出凡纳滨对虾氧-温度忍受极限(OCLTT)而导致氧代谢失衡,并对凡纳滨对虾的能量代谢及其他生理活动产生重要影响.     

Oxytetracycline (OTC) accumulation and elimination in hemolymph, muscle and hepatopancreas of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei following an OTC-feed therapeutic treatment

The white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, has become a very important species for the development of shrimp aquaculture in Northwest Mexico. However, viral and bacterial diseases are considered a major threat to the development of this industry. In the present study a trial was conducted to evaluate the tissue distribution, maximum concentration, and elimination of the widely used antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) in L. vannamei using indoor tanks under laboratory-controlled conditions. OTC was given to shrimp simulating a therapeutic treatment through medicated feed for 14 days followed by a period of feeding without antibiotic for another 14 days to evaluate the elimination pattern. Samples of hemolymph, muscle, and hepatopancreas were taken from medicated animals every two days for 28 days. All tissues were removed and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen. OTC levels were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results showed an important OTC increase during consumption of medicated feed in all examined tissues. OTC maximum concentrations were 33.54 ± 11.19, 194.37 ± 16.11, and 18.79 ± 5.87 µg g^− 1 for muscle, hepatopancreas and hemolymph, respectively. Although the highest OTC level was found in the hepatopancreas, it required only two days after the start of dosing to reach this value, whereas the maximum OTC for muscle and hemolymph was detected after eight days of dosing. Ten days after the cessation of medicated feeding, the drug content in the shrimp tail muscle was under the detectable limit for the method (0.01 µg g^− 1 of OTC).     

凡纳滨对虾细胞因子信号转导负调控因子 基因(Lv-SOCS)的克隆及特征分析

为了探讨凡纳滨对虾细胞因子信号转导负调控因子(SOCS)在病毒引发的免疫应答过程中的潜在作用,本实验根据前期的转录组和表达谱结果提示信息,首次克隆了凡纳滨对虾的SOCS基因(Lv-SOCS,GenBank注册号:KJ000426),利用在线软件进行了生物信息学分析,运用半定量的方法进行了组织表达分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术分析了该基因在白斑杆状病毒(WSSV)侵染过程中的表达变化特征。结果显示,Lv-SOCS的ORF区1 191 bp,编码397个氨基酸,预测分析显示该基因编码的蛋白质含有1个SH2结构域和1个SOCS-box结构域,组织表达分析表明该基因主要在凡纳滨对虾血细胞、肠道和肝胰腺中表达。在WSSV感染后中晚期(6~48 hpi),Lv-SOCS可以被显著诱导,在血细胞中呈明显上调表达趋势,表明该基因在一定程度上参与了凡纳滨对虾体内由WSSV引发的先天免疫应答过程,上述结果为进一步研究Lv-SOCS基因在对虾应答病毒侵染过程中的功能和作用机制奠定了基础。     

饥饿对凡纳滨对虾仔虾摄食行为和消化酶活力的影响

2004年5月,在中国海洋大学海水养殖教育部重点实验室内营造半精养、精养养殖模式,研究短期饥饿(0(对照组)、1、2、3、4、5、6d)对凡纳滨对虾仔虾摄食行为、摄食率及消化酶的影响。结果表明,两种模式中仔虾的摄食行为和摄食率都随饥饿天数的增加而呈现先上升后下降的趋势;半精养模式中,经饥饿再投喂后仔虾的胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力均随饥饿天数的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势;精养模式中,胃蛋白酶活力也呈现以上趋势,但类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力则在饥饿初期波动,然后下降。凡纳滨对虾仔虾遭遇饥饿胁迫后,通过提高摄食强度、摄食率及消化酶的分泌量来进行能量补充。但随着饥饿时间的延长,其应对饥饿胁迫的能力下降,各种消化酶活力呈降低趋势。实验表明,在半精养模式中,凡纳滨对虾对饥饿胁迫的承受能力高于精养模式。     

凡纳滨对虾AP-1基因的克隆和表达特征分析

为了探讨凡纳滨对虾转录因子AP-1在病毒引发的免疫应答过程中的潜在作用,实验根据前期的转录组和表达谱结果提示信息,首次克隆了凡纳滨对虾AP-1基因(LvAP-1,GenBank注册号:KF999956),利用在线软件进行了生物信息学分析,运用半定量的方法进行了组织表达分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术分析了该基因在白斑杆状病毒(WSSV)侵染过程中的表达变化特征。结果显示,AP-1基因ORF区全长882 bp,编码293个氨基酸。预测分析显示该基因编码的蛋白质含有1个Jun结构域和1个高度保守的亮氨酸拉链结构域(bZIP),其中Jun结构域在非脊椎动物中保守性不高。组织表达分析表明,该基因在凡纳滨对虾各组织中广泛表达,其中在血细胞中表达量最高。在WSSV感染早期(0.5 hpi),该基因表达没有显著改变,感染后5 h(5 hpi),AP-1基因开始显著上调表达,在人工感染后24 h,该基因的表达量达到最高(P0.01)。研究表明,该基因在一定程度上参与了凡纳滨对虾体内由WSSV引发的先天免疫应答过程,为进一步研究LvAP-1在对虾应答病毒侵染过程中的功能和作用机制奠定了基础。     

三种糖源对凡纳滨对虾仔虾期饥饿和补偿生长后营养物质代谢的影响

为了解2种状态(饥饿和复投喂)下投喂3种糖源对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长、虾体组成成分、代谢指标的影响,实验共5个处理,分别为饥饿组S0、对照组C、实验组S1、S2、S3(在基础饲料中糖源分别为：葡萄糖、蔗糖、玉米淀粉)。实验选取体质量为(1.84±0.23) g的凡纳滨对虾仔虾用方形纱制网兜独立喂养,进行为期12 d的饥饿实验后继续复投喂12 d。结果显示,饥饿后仔虾体组成成分及相关酶[脂肪酶(LPS)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、已糖激酶(HK)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)]差异显著;仔虾肝糖原、肌糖原均呈现出反复升降的过程,饥饿8 d后肝糖原降到最低值,肌糖原短暂回升后显著下降。复投喂4 d后S3组增重率最高,实验各组间无显著差异,均低于C组;全虾水分、全虾粗灰分、肌糖原含量无显著差异;S1、S2组虾体粗脂肪含量显著高于S3组;肝糖原、肌糖原均有回升,S1组肝糖原显著低于其他组。复投喂12 d后,S3组LPS活性、HK活性显著高于其他各实验组,GS、PFK含量实验组间无显著差异。研究表明,凡纳滨对虾仔虾饥饿过程中糖原和脂肪先于蛋白质被动用供能;复投喂出现部分补偿生长效应,玉米淀粉作为糖源饲料对凡纳滨对虾仔虾期恢复生长效果最佳。     

Successful culture of larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei fed a microbound formulated diet exclusively from either stage PZ2 or M1 to PL1

In three separate experiments, harpaticoid copepods Tisbe monozota (alive and dead) and a microparticulate microbound diet were evaluated as alternatives to live Artemia nauplii as food, beginning at either stage PZ2 or M1, in the larval culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Larvae were cultured in 2 L round bottom flasks at a density of 150 L^− 1 (Experiment 1) and 100 L^− 1 ( 3.2 and 3.3) at 28 °C, 35‰ salinity and 12:12 LD photoperiod, and fed 4×/day^- 1. Larvae were initially fed a mixture of phytoplankton to stages PZ2 or M1 and then fed either live Artemia, live or dead copepods, or a microparticulate microbound diet. The experiments were terminated and all larvae were harvested when more than 80% of larvae had molted to postlarvae 1 (PL1) within any flask representing any of the treatments. The comparative value of the different diets and feeding regimes was determined by mean survival, mean dry weight and total length of individual larva, and percentage of surviving larvae that were PL1. Trypsin activity of samples of larvae from each treatment was also determined. The microparticulate microbound diet effectively served as a complete substitute for Artemia nauplii when fed beginning at stage M1. When fed at the beginning of the PZ2 stage, survival was comparable to that of larvae fed Artemia, but mean dry weight, mean total length, and percent of surviving larvae that were PL1 generally were significantly less. Responses to the feeding of copepods, whether fed dead or live, as a substitute were generally significantly less than those of larvae fed either the Artemia nauplii or the microparticulate diet. Values of trypsin activity (10^− 5 IU/μg^- 1 dry weight) corresponded to the relative proportions of the different larval stages within a treatment, with higher activity being characteristic of early stages. Previously demonstrated successful results with another species of crustacean suggest that the microparticulate microbound diet has characteristics that should be effective in the culture of the carnivorous stages of other crustacean and fish larvae that are currently fed live Artemia nauplii.     

复方中草药对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶和免疫因子活性及抗WSSV的影响

研究复方中草药(葛根、黄连、金银花、板蓝根、黄芪、甘草、柴胡、当归、山楂、陈皮和茯苓)对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶和免疫因子活性及抗WSSV的影响,为对虾健康养殖提供科学依据。分别在饲料中添加0%(对照组)、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%该复方中草药,连续投喂凡纳滨对虾[体质量(0.026±0.007)g]28 d(每组3个重复,每个重复160尾),每隔1周随机采样10尾/桶测量体长、体质量,并取肝胰腺用于生长指标(WGR、SGR、FR和SR)、相关酶(淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、SOD、GPT和GOT)及MDA含量的测定。研究结果表明,复方中草药对凡纳滨对虾的生长均有提高,其中0.8%和1.2%添加组效果最佳,差异显著;且饵料系数显著下降。对虾肝胰腺消化酶(淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶)和免疫相关因子(SOD、GPT和GOT)随养殖时间的延长,高酶活性逐渐由高添加量组向低添加量组移动,其中以0.8%和1.2%添加组效果最佳,差异显著;与对照组相比,0.4%,0.8%和1.2%添加组MDA含量差异显著下降。对照组和0.4%添加组对虾经投喂感染WSSV后全部死亡,但0.4%添加组对虾第1尾死亡时间、50%死亡时间以及100%死亡时间分别比对照组延后8 h、16 h和8 h;0.8%添加组成活率最高(33.3%),与其他组差异显著。复方中草药能促进对虾生长、消化,提高免疫和抗WSSV能力,其中以添加0.8%和1.2%效果最佳。     

盐度和营养对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳和生长的影响

采用实验生态学方法以初始体质量为(2.01±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,投喂不同蛋白水平饲料,实验周期30 d,研究了盐度和饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳和生长的影响。实验采用5×3析因设计,盐度梯度设置为6、12、18、24、30五个水平,饲料蛋白水平梯度设置为30%、36%、42%三个水平。结果表明:(1) 对虾蜕壳相对增重率呈现出随盐度上升而降低的变化趋势,以盐度为6时蜕壳相对增重率为最高。盐度和饲料蛋白水平及其交互作用对实验对虾蜕壳相对增重率影响差异显著(P＜0.05);对虾的特定生长率随盐度升高而上升,盐度和饲料蛋白水平对特定生长率影响差异显著(P＜0.05),其交互作用对特定生长率影响差异不显著。(2) 实验对虾的蜕壳频率,在低盐度水平下随盐度的增加而显著增加(P＜0.05),盐度18时蜕壳频率达到最高,之后随盐度的升高蜕壳频率下降,差异不显著。各盐度水平下,以中等蛋白质水平饲料组(36%)对虾蜕壳频率较高。方差分析表明,盐度和饲料蛋白水平对蜕壳频率影响差异显著(P＜0.05),其交互作用对蜕壳频率影响差异不显著。(3) 对虾蜕壳间期随盐度升高呈先延长后缩短的变化趋势。盐度对对虾蜕壳间期影响差异显著(P＜0.05),饲料蛋白水平单因子以及它和盐度的交互作用对对虾蜕壳间期影响不显著。     

盐度对鸭绿沙塘鳢幼鱼存活和生长的影响

在水温25.0℃～28.0℃下,将平均体重为(0.038±0.005)g的健康鸭绿沙塘鳢(Odontobutis yaluensis)幼鱼直接从淡水放入盐度9.0～14.0(梯度1.0)的水槽(45 cm×31cm×30 cm)中,其12、24、48、72和96h半致死盐度分别为13.56、12.76、10.41、9.92和9.74;放入盐度为28.2的海水中,其50%成活时间为37m in5 sec;经逐渐升盐、驯化后,在盐度0、2.0、4.0、6.0和8.0下饲养60d,结果表明,盐度为0时,鱼生长极显著地慢于其他盐度(p<0.01),盐度为2.0时生长最快,肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性高,鳃小片上细胞略膨大,球形,界线清晰,鳃充分张开,其它盐度间鱼的生长速度差异不显著(p>0.05),盐度8.0时鳃细胞萎缩变形,呼吸表面积减少。刚进入盐度2.0的头15 d里,鱼生长显著快于其他组鱼,之后差异不显著,即低盐水刺激鱼生长。     

The effect of dietary protein and total energy content on digestive enzyme activities, growth and survival of Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus 1767) postlarvae

The effect of dietary protein and energy content on the activity of digestive enzymes (total proteinases, trypsin, chymotrypsin α‐amylase and lipase), and growth and survival of Litopenaeus setiferus postlarvae was investigated under controlled conditions. There was a clear relationship between the diet fed to the postlarvae, growth and survival. Highest weight gain (2110 ± 96.7%) was obtained with a 400 g kg^?1 protein and low energy diet (13.9 kJ g^?1) (P < 0.05). The optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E) estimated was 28.8 mg of protein kJ^?1. Good survival was obtained with low energy diets containing between 200 and 400 g kg^?1 protein and with high energy diets containing 300–500 g kg^?1 protein. Higher values for total proteinases, trypsin and α‐amylase were obtained with the low energy, 400 g kg^?1 protein diet. Chymotryptic activity was considerably lower than that of other proteinases and lipase activity was too low to be reliably measured with the turbidimetric method employed. Total proteinase activity was significantly lower than in experimentally grown postlarvae. The α‐amylase activity was at least two orders of magnitude higher in wild postlarvae than in animals fed with the best experimental diet. Protein requirement was related to total energy content of the diet: best growth and digestive enzyme activity coincide with the low energy, 400 g kg^?1 protein diet. These results suggest that dietary carbohydrates cannot spare protein because growth rates obtained with diets containing 200–300 g kg^?1 protein (337 and 226 g kg^?1 dextrin content, respectively) were significantly lowered.     

Effects of Na/K and Mg/Ca ratios in saline groundwaters on Na-K-ATPase activity, survival and growth of Marsupenaeus japonicus postlarvae

The effects of the Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios in saline groundwaters on Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity, survival and growth of Marsupenaeus japonicus postlarvae were investigated. The results indicate that the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity, survival rate and weight gain of postlarvae were significantly affected by the Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios (P < 0.05). The Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity of postlarvae, in every treatment, changed corresponding to Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios, and came to a stable level after 24 h. There was a negative relation between Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, while there was a positive relation between Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio. Compared with seawater (the Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios are 27.8 and 4.64 respectively), the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity of the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 30 treatment showed no significant difference, while the Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio 4.5 treatment showed distinct difference. The survival rates and weight gain of postlarvae increased markedly when the suitable amount of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ was added to test water, and arrived at their maximum in the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 20-30 or Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio 4.5 treatment, having no significant difference compared with normal seawater. Therefore, considering the Na⁺/K⁺, Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios and the absolute concentration of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ in the experimental saline groundwaters applied to Marsupenaeus japonicus farming, it should be modulated to around 30, 4.5 and 1312 mg/l, 291 mg/l, respectively.