海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林林窗对土壤呼吸的影响

研究林窗对土壤呼吸的影响及其机制,可为热带森林生态系统土壤呼吸的准确估算和森林土壤有机碳管理提供科学依据。以海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林林窗（台风干扰形成）样地为研究对象,通过开展林窗内和林窗外（林内）土壤呼吸的原位观测试验,并设置去除/保留凋落物处理来分析凋落物对土壤呼吸的影响;结合林窗内外土壤的理化性质及气象要素,研究土壤呼吸的排放与环境因子的关系。结果表明：林窗的空气相对湿度、土壤温度和土壤含水量与林内均存在极显著差异（P<0.01）;林窗的空气温度与林内的差异不显著（P>0.05）;林窗内外的平均土壤呼吸分别为(3.29±0.54)μmol/(m²·s)和(2.38±0.51)μmol/(m²·s)。在月尺度上,林窗内外的土壤呼吸的排放速率呈现多峰型曲线变化规律,排放趋势大致相同,整体呈现出雨季大于旱季的变化规律。林窗和林内的土壤呼吸速率存在显著差异（P<0.05）。影响林内和林窗土壤呼吸的最主要因素分别是有机碳和地下5 cm温度。     

耕作方式对灌区春小麦田土壤呼吸的影响

为了从土壤呼吸、水热特征探讨河西灌区耕作方式对春小麦的影响,以连续12年(2005-2016)的保护性耕作长期定位试验为基础,比较分析了垄作固定道(PRB)、平作固定道(ZT)、传统耕作(CT) 3种耕作方式下河西灌区春小麦田土壤水热物理特征、土壤呼吸强度及小麦产量的差异。结果表明,播前与收获后,在0～90 cm土层,PRB处理平均土壤含水量较CT处理分别增加15.06%和18.75%,ZT处理较CT处理平均土壤含水量分别增加7.26%和5.98%;不同耕作方式下,春小麦整个生育期的土壤温度总体表现为先增后降,土壤温度响应气温的变化趋势;秸秆覆盖(PRB与ZT)在春小麦苗期表现出降温效应,而在春小麦苗期至成熟期,PRB处理的0～30 cm土层平均土壤温度较ZT、CT处理分别提高0.56～4.39℃和0.05～2.6℃;小麦生育期土壤呼吸强度先增后降,且随土层深度增加而减弱,不同耕作方式下呼吸强度表现为CT>PRB>ZT;土壤呼吸强度与温度呈显著的指数关系,Q₁₀(温度每增加10℃土壤呼吸所增加的倍数)随土层深度的增加而逐渐增大,且不同耕作方式下表现为Z...     

长期少免耕对中国东北玉米农田土壤呼吸及碳氮变化的影响

在黑土区37年不同耕作模式定位试验田,采用原位法比较常规旋耕灭茬起垄（CT）、旋耕留高茬行间深松-少耕（RT）、免耕（NT）和深翻（PT）4种耕作模式土壤呼吸速率及其与土壤温度和湿度的关系,测定土壤总碳氮、无机氮,微生物碳氮的变化。结果表明,玉米生育期间土壤呼吸呈单峰变化,开花期达最大值,生长季平均呼吸速率依次为RT > NT > CT > PT。4个处理土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率间存在显著指数关系。不同耕作模式0~10 cm土壤温度可解释土壤呼吸速率变异的38.3%~67.9%,温度敏感性系数Q10范围为2.1~5.3;RT和NT处理显著提高0~20 cm土壤碳氮含量;RT处理在0~20 cm土壤中微生物碳含量均高于CT、NT和PT处理。RT处理土壤呼吸对温度响应提高,RT和NT处理显著增加上层土壤总碳氮含量,利于土壤质量提升。     

铝和镉污染对砖红壤土壤微生物及土壤呼吸的影响

通过室内模拟土壤盆栽试验,研究铝、镉对砖红壤土壤微生物及土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:铝和镉对土壤生化过程有不同的效应。铝浓度≤100 mg/kg和≤50 mg/kg分别对细菌和放线菌有一定促进作用,高浓度则产生抑制作用,土壤真菌数量随土壤铝浓度的增加而逐渐减少。而镉对土壤微生物及土壤呼吸作用的影响比铝小。镉对细菌生长影响波动幅度大,镉浓度在5~100 mg/kg时,对真菌生长有促进作用,而抑制放线菌的生长。铝对土壤呼吸作用抑制效果随铝处理浓度增加而增加,而不同镉处理浓度对土壤呼吸作用影响较铝的作用小。铝镉复合污染对土壤细菌和真菌的影响表现出协同效应,对土壤放线菌的影响表现出拮抗效应。     

贮藏温度与pH对锥栗淀粉糊回生的影响

以锥栗淀粉为原料,采用酶法研究不同贮藏温度和pH对锥栗淀粉糊回生的影响。结果表明：锥栗淀粉糊在贮藏温度4℃时易回生,1 d后的淀粉糊回生率已达9.76%;pH为5和7时,锥栗淀粉糊易回生,pH为3和9时锥栗淀粉糊回生延缓。     

海南油茶林土壤养分状况调查

为了给海南油茶的科学施肥提供参考,以五指山地区为重点调查了海南油茶林土壤的pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量等养分状况。结果表明,海南油茶林土壤存在一定程度的酸化,碱解氮含量丰富,有机质、全氮和全钾含量中等,速效磷和速效钾含量偏低,全磷极度匮乏。海南油茶林土壤养分管理应根据土壤养分状况,实行配方施肥,防止土壤进一步酸化。     

橡胶林土壤呼吸研究概述及展望

橡胶林生态系统是热带地区重要的人工生态系统,为热带地区的生态服务和经济发展做出了重要贡献,在世界森林生态系统中占有重要的位置。橡胶林土壤呼吸对调控大气CO2有着重要的作用,是全球变化背景下碳循环过程研究的一个重要环节。系统概述了橡胶林土壤呼吸的研究意义、研究方法、影响因素、时空变化以及对干扰的响应和组分区分,指出橡胶林土壤呼吸研究中存在的不确定性,并对后续研究的热点与方向进行展望。     

玉米秸秆覆盖对春小麦田土壤物理性状的影响

为了明确生物覆盖对塔里木盆地绿洲区土壤性能的影响,采用田间试验研究了玉米秸秆不同覆盖处理方式对土壤容重、温度及含水量的影响。结果表明,覆盖处理、立秆处理都较常规处理降低了土壤容重。在春小麦播种期和分蘖期,覆盖处理的5cm土层温度最低,较常规处理的分别低2.13℃和1.79℃;15cm土层温度较常规处理的分别低2.36℃和1.90℃;土层加深10cm土壤温度的最高点和最低点都延迟3h出现。土壤含水量表现为0～10cm土层立秆、覆盖处理的土壤含水量均较常规处理的高,而10～20cm土层则表现为立秆、覆盖处理的土壤含水量均较常规处理的低。     

杉木人工复层林土壤理化性质变化的初步研究

研究在杉木人工林中套种阔叶树形成复层林后林地土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明：杉木人工林套种阔叶树形成复层林后,土壤的容重降低,在0-20 cm土层中下降了1.8%-3.3%,而土壤最大持水量、非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量和最小持水量均增加,其中毛管持水量增加了1.4%-7.6%;土壤有机质含量提高了2.9%-9.4%,全N、全P、水解N和速效K等营养成分含量也均有提高。可见,杉木人工林套种阔叶树后有效地改善了林地土壤的理化性质,维持了林地肥力。     

地膜覆盖对玉米田间土壤含水率和地温变化的影响

2013年5~10月在内蒙古阿荣旗进行大田玉米膜下滴灌试验,测定玉米苗期、拔节期、灌浆期及成熟期不同深度土层土壤含水率和土壤温度,研究覆膜(滴灌)和裸地对玉米田间土壤含水率及土壤地温变化的影响。结果表明,在玉米整个生育期,覆膜条件下0~60 cm层土壤含水率高于常规裸地,玉米蜡熟期两种处理田间土壤含水率变化不明显;玉米生育期内0~20 cm层土壤平均含水率均高于播前土壤含水率,生育后期21~60 cm土壤含水率均低于播前土壤含水率。降雨对土壤温度的影响较为显著,雨后土壤表层温度急剧下降,25 cm以下深层土壤温度下降相对缓慢;地膜覆盖对玉米苗期和拔节期增温效果明显,平均增温2℃左右,对玉米生长发育有积极作用,灌浆期及玉米生育后期覆膜增温作用不明显。     

锥栗溃疡病的化学防治

应用8种化学农药对福建锥栗溃疡病进行化学防治,结果表明,不同药剂不同浓度处理后,锥栗溃疡病病斑抑制率、病斑愈合率和绝对防治率均存在显著差异。不同处理中,25％溃疡灵可湿性粉剂200、400倍液和80％代森锌可湿性粉剂200倍液的绝对防治率较好,分别达到869．6％、633．4％和385．3％。8种药剂的3种浓度中,80％代森锌可湿性粉剂200倍液对病斑抑制率、病斑愈合率和绝对防治率均产生较好的效果。     

锥栗总RNA提取方法比较及LFY基因克隆

锥栗总RNA的提取质量是后期锥栗空棚分子机理研究的关键。以锥栗花序为材料,采用2种植物RNA快速提取试剂盒、改良Trizol法和改良CTAB法提取锥栗总RNA,并采用多种方法检测提取出的总RNA的质量。结果表明:采用改良CTAB法获得的总RNA可明显看到28S和18S条带,且亮度比约为2∶1,DNA基本无残留,点样孔无杂质,OD260/OD280均接近2,而OD260/OD230均超过2,经逆转录可作为模板,获得LFY基因。改良后CTAB法最合适,所得的总RNA产量高、比较纯净、完整,可用于后续的逆转录并进行基因片段的扩增。     

The rate of respiration of potato tubers during storage. 3. Relationships between rate of respiration,weight loss and other variables

Summary In 1973 the rate of respiration of stored potato tubers was highest in those cultivars which had the greatest weight loss, but this was not found in 1972. The rate of respiration could almost completely be explained by the factors storage temperature, degree of sprouting and storage duration, and the interactions between these factors. The main effects often had a strong curvilinear component. The increase in rate of respiration found after one and a half years of storage at low temperatures was cuased by physiological deterioration of the tubers. Paper No 690, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, USA     

不同坡位杉木—闽粤栲混交林及杉木纯林养分循环特征的比较

选择福建省建阳范桥国有林场16 a生杉木—闽粤栲混交林与杉木纯林为研究对象,进行不同坡位不同林分养分循环特征的比较分析,结果表明：杉木—闽粤栲混交林与杉木纯林养分存留量差异明显,混交林中坡和下坡分别比杉木纯林高28.16%、19.39%;各个坡位养分归还量均表现为：混交林〉杉木纯林,混交林下坡的养分归还量最大,其次是上坡,再次为中坡;中坡和下坡养分吸收量分别是杉木纯林的1.29、1.49倍;同一坡位同一林分的养分归还比表现为：N〉P〉K,说明养分N在两林分中的循环能力最强。混交林在上、下坡的归还比分别比杉木纯林高160.0%、104.55%,而二者在中坡的差异则较不明显,混交林养分归还比表现为：下坡〉上坡〉中坡,说明混交林下坡的养分循环能力最强。     

闽北江南油杉人工林的生长规律和生物量

研究了福建省邵武市江南油杉人工林的生长规律和生物量。结果表明,12年生江南油杉人工林树高前期生长较快,随后变慢,在第1年左右达到生长高峰期,10年后树高生长缓慢,胸径生长逐渐加快;乔木层生物量达119．41t·hm^-2。     

Abundance and Frequency of the Asiatic Oak Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Defoliation on American,Chinese, and Hybrid Chestnut (Castanea)

The Asiatic oak weevil, Cyrtepistomus castaneus Roelofs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a nonnative defoliator of trees in the Fagaceae family in the United States but has not been studied on Castanea species in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Planted trees of Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (Fagales: Fagaceae), Castanea mollissima Blume (Fagales: Fagaceae), and four hybrid breeding generations were evaluated in 2012 for insect defoliation and C. castaneus abundance and frequency. Defoliation was visually assessed throughout the growing season at two sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains (western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee). C. castaneus abundance and frequency were monitored on trees using beat sheets and emergence was recorded from ground traps. Asiatic oak weevils were more abundant and more frequently collected on American chestnut (Ca. dentata) and its most closely related BC₃F₃ hybrid generation than on the Asian species Ca. mollissima. In most months, C. castaneus colonization of hybrid generations was not significantly different than colonization of parental species. Frequency data for C. castaneus suggested that adults were distributed relatively evenly throughout the study sites rather than in dense clusters. Emergence of C. castaneus was significantly higher under a canopy dominated by Quercus species than under non-Quercus species or open sky. C. castaneus emergence began in May and peaked in late June and early July. These results may be useful for resource managers trying to restore blight-resistant chestnut to the Southern Appalachians while minimizing herbivory by insect pests.     

Modelling pasture production and soil temperature,water and carbon fluxes in Mediterranean grassland systems with the Pasture Simulation model

Grasslands play important roles in agricultural production and provide a range of ecosystem services. Modelling can be a valuable adjunct to experimental research in order to improve the knowledge and assess the impact of management practices in grassland systems. In this study, the PaSim model was assessed for its ability to simulate plant biomass production, soil temperature, water content, and total and heterotrophic soil respiration in Mediterranean grasslands. The study site was the extensively managed sheep grazing system at the Berchidda‐Monti Observatory (Sardinia, Italy), from which two data sets were derived for model calibration and validation respectively. A new model parameterization was derived for Mediterranean conditions from a set of eco‐physiological parameters. With the exception of heterotrophic respiration (Rh), for which modelling efficiency (EF) values were negative, the model outputs were in agreement with observations (e.g., EF ranging from ~0.2 for total soil respiration to ~0.7 for soil temperature). These results support the effectiveness of PaSim to simulate C cycle components in Mediterranean grasslands. The study also highlights the need of further model development to provide better representation of the seasonal dynamics of Mediterranean annual species‐rich grasslands and associated peculiar Rh features, for which the modelling is only implicitly being undertaken by the current PaSim release.