壳聚糖-明胶复合涂膜处理对南果梨保鲜效果的研究

采用壳聚糖、明胶、甘油制备不同配比的壳聚糖-明胶复合涂膜保鲜液,对南果梨进行涂膜处理,在室温下进行贮藏,通过对果实的失质量率、硬度、可溶性固形物和VC含量的测定,评价壳聚糖-明胶复合涂膜保鲜液对南果梨的保鲜效果。结果表明,壳聚糖-明胶复合涂膜液可以降低果实的失质量率,减缓硬度的下降速率,维持可溶性固形物和VC的含量,保鲜效果显著。保鲜效果最佳的涂膜保鲜液配比为壳聚糖0.9%,明胶1.25%,甘油0.4%。在此条件下,南国梨的保鲜期可延长至20 d左右。     

不同涂膜处理对樱桃番茄保鲜效果的影响

以樱桃番茄为试材,以大豆分离蛋白(SPI)、蜂蜡、芦荟原汁等不同组合作为涂膜材料对樱桃番茄进行涂膜处理,通过测定樱桃番茄的失重率、硬度、颜色、可溶性固形物含量和pH等指标,研究不同涂膜处理对樱桃番茄保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,2%大豆分离蛋白+30%芦荟原汁+0.2%蜂蜡复合涂膜可以降低樱桃番茄失重率,有效维持番茄果实的硬度、颜色、可溶性固形物含量及pH,对樱桃番茄的保鲜具有明显效果。     

不同精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜对草莓贮藏品质的影响

以新鲜草莓为试材,分别采用大蒜精油、山苍子精油、丁香花蕾精油、生姜精油复合羧甲基纤维素钠为涂膜保鲜原料,研究(15±2)℃条件下不同精油涂膜液处理对草莓贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,山苍子精油、大蒜精油、生姜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜液均能显著降低草莓果实在贮藏过程中的腐烂指数及重量损失,显著抑制贮藏前期草莓果实的呼吸强度,进而抑制草莓果实在贮藏过程中可溶性固形物含量和花色苷含量的下降及丙二醛含量的上升,提高草莓的贮藏品质。其中,山苍子精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜液对草莓的保鲜效果最佳,为草莓的贮藏保鲜提供了一种新的方法。     

壳聚糖-植物提取物复合涂膜对樱桃番茄保鲜效果的影响

为了研究壳聚糖-植物提取物复合涂膜对樱桃番茄保鲜效果的影响,利用壳聚糖与不同浓度的丁香或荷叶提取物制备复合膜溶液对樱桃番茄进行涂膜处理,考察樱桃番茄在4 ℃冷库贮藏过程中的硬度、失重率、腐烂率和营养成分的变化。结果表明：经壳聚糖-植物提取物复合涂膜处理后,樱桃番茄的保鲜效果有了明显的提升,较好地保持了果实色泽和新鲜度;贮藏56 d时,10 g/L壳聚糖和10 g/L丁香提取物复合涂膜处理的果实硬度最高,为220.8 g,腐烂率比空白对照组果实降低了10.00个百分点,失重率降低了0.06个百分点,与其他处理组相比,该处理抑制可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、VC等营养成分流失的效果最好。该研究为开发新型果蔬生物保鲜剂提供了理论依据。     

壳聚糖复合涂膜对杏鲍菇保鲜效果的研究

【研究目的】杏鲍菇在采后易失水褐化等原因降低食用及商品价值,为延长其货架期,需筛选出适于杏鲍菇的壳聚糖复合涂膜。【方法】该实验以杏鲍菇（Pleurotus eryngii）为研究材料,在室温（22±2℃）条件下,以去离子水浸涂杏鲍菇为对照,采用不同的壳聚糖复合涂膜处理进行保鲜实验,通过L9（33）正交试验筛选杏鲍菇保鲜的最佳复合涂膜配方,并研究其生理效应。【结果】结果表明,与对照相比,筛选出的最佳壳聚糖复合涂膜液能够有效降低杏鲍菇的褐变程度与含水率,延缓游离氨基酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性总糖等各指标的变化幅度,保鲜效果达到显著水平（P＜0.05）。【结论】适于杏鲍菇的壳聚糖复合涂膜的配比为1.5%的壳聚糖+1.0%的乙酸+0.03%的吐温20+3.0%的甘油,该涂膜起到延缓杏鲍菇采后衰老,保持较好的营养价值和加工风味,达到保鲜目的。     

壳聚糖复合涂膜保鲜剂对采后青圆椒保鲜效果的研究

为延长青圆椒的贮藏时间,采用正交试验法研究壳聚糖、柠檬酸、氯化钙复合涂膜对青圆椒的保鲜效果,并进行验证,筛选出较优的壳聚糖复合涂膜保鲜剂质量浓度组合。结果表明,贮藏期间,氯化钙是影响青圆椒质量损失率、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物（TSS）含量的主要因素,柠檬酸是影响青圆椒VC含量的主要因素。10 g/L壳聚糖,15 g/L柠檬酸,15 g/L氯化钙为复合涂膜保鲜剂较优组合,该复合涂膜保鲜剂可减轻青圆椒果实软化程度,减少其贮藏期内质量损失,延缓果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、VC等营养物质的消耗及叶绿素的下降速度,抑制酚类物质含量的下降,维持较高的抗氧化活性,具有较好的保鲜效果。     

不同天然生物保鲜液对桑葚贮藏品质的影响

以桑葚为试材,以果实感官品质评分、失重率、VC含量、色差和腐烂指数为指标,研究山豆根、肉豆蔻及其复合提取液和不同浓度壳聚糖涂膜液对(2±1)℃下贮藏6 d桑葚品质的影响。结果表明,1山豆根、肉豆蔻及其复合提取液与对照(蒸馏水)相比,均对桑葚有较好的保鲜效果,可在一定程度上抑制桑葚的品质下降,降低果实失重率,减缓VC的降解,其中保鲜效果最佳的是山豆根提取液(料液比为1∶10);2在不同浓度的壳聚糖涂膜液中,以1.0%的浓度处理对保持桑葚的VC含量、感官品质以及抑制果实腐烂的效果最明显;在贮藏前3天,浓度为1.5%的壳聚糖涂膜液对桑葚失重率控制最好;在贮藏3~6 d时,壳聚糖浓度越高,失重率越小。     

贮藏温度和壳聚糖姜蒜提取液对辣椒采后生理的影响

本文以转红期辣椒为试验材料,研究了贮藏温度和壳聚糖姜蒜提取液对辣椒采后生理的影响。结果显示,低温能有效减缓辣椒的失重和后熟,抑制辣椒果实中叶绿素含量降低和可溶性固形物减少,对减少Vc和可溶性总糖损失有显著作用;壳聚糖和壳聚糖姜蒜涂膜都可以有效降低辣椒的失重率和后熟指数,减少辣椒果实中可溶性固形物、叶绿素、Vc和可溶性总糖的损失,且后者的效果更好。与涂膜相比,低温对辣椒的保鲜作用更明显;低温下采用壳聚糖姜蒜复合涂膜的保鲜效果最好,低温下壳聚糖涂膜的保鲜效果次之。     

壳聚糖-山梨酸复合涂膜对宣城圆枣保鲜效果的影响

针对鲜食红枣成熟后贮藏期短,商品性会随贮藏期延长而降低等问题,以宣城圆枣为试材,采用5个浓度(0.1%、0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%)壳聚糖与浓度为0.1%的山梨酸混合,配制成复合保鲜液,对其进行涂膜保鲜处理。结果表明:在4℃条件下,壳聚糖-山梨酸复合涂膜处理在一定程度上能延缓宣城圆枣果实失重率与腐烂率上升的速度,同时抑制硬度及VC含量的下降,从而延缓果实的成熟衰老进程,提高贮藏品质,延长货架期。通过对各项果实品质指标数据的综合分析得出,复合涂膜溶液的最佳使用浓度为0.25%壳聚糖+0.1%山梨酸。     

明胶柑橘精油复合膜对草莓保鲜效果的影响

以草莓为材料,研究了不同质量分数柑橘精油(0.50%,0.75%,1.00%)与1%明胶组成的复合涂膜液对草莓的保鲜效果。结果表明,与对照相比,复合涂膜处理能够降低失重率,减缓维C、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量损失,降低果实的呼吸速率,抑制丙二醛含量的累积,减缓花青素及总酚含量变化,延缓果实的成熟衰老。其中,1%明胶与0.75%柑橘精油制成的涂膜液处理对草莓果实保鲜效果最好,其各项指标变化最为缓慢。研究为柑橘精油及其复配物作为防腐剂保鲜果蔬提供了一定的理论支撑。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.