超声波辅助提取圣女果番茄红素及其抗氧化活性研究

以圣女果为原料,采用超声波辅助提取法提取圣女果中的番茄红素,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对该提取工艺进行优化,同时利用清除DPPH·法和·OH法评价圣女果番茄红素的抗氧化活性。结果表明,超声波辅助提取圣女果番茄红素的最佳工艺条件为:以体积比为7∶1的乙酸乙酯-丙酮溶液为提取剂,料液比1∶7(g/m L),超声功率280 W,超声温度70℃,超声时间50 min。在该工艺条件下,番茄红素提取量为63.2μg/g。圣女果番茄红素对DPPH·和·OH具有较强的清除能力,且与番茄红素浓度呈明显的量效关系,表明圣女果番茄红素具有强的抗氧化活性,可作为一种天然抗氧化剂。     

响应面优化玉米苞叶多酚微波辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化性

为了优化玉米苞叶多酚微波辅助提取工艺及研究其抗氧化性,本研究以多酚提取率为指标,在分别考察乙醇体积分数、料液比、微波功率和微波时间对玉米苞叶多酚提取影响的基础上,进行响应面设计实验,并以对·OH和DPPH·的半清除率(IC50)评价玉米苞叶多酚的抗氧化性。结果显示,玉米苞叶多酚微波辅助提取的最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数50%、料液比1∶40(g/mL)、微波功率390 W,微波时间60 s。该工艺条件下,玉米苞叶多酚提取率为2.647 mg/g,与模型理论预测值(2.673 mg/g)的相对误差仅为0.98%,表明该工艺稳定、可靠。玉米苞叶多酚与BHT对·OH的IC50分别为4.28μg/mL和23.41μg/mL,对DPPH·的IC50分别为5.84μg/mL和27.57μg/mL,表明玉米苞叶多酚具有较强的抗氧化性。本研究为玉米苞叶多酚的提取及其抗氧化活性的深入研究提供了依据。     

黑枸杞总黄酮微波辅助提取及其抗氧化活性研究

以总黄酮提取率为考察指标,通过单因素试验与正交试验,研究了影响黑枸杞总黄酮微波辅助提取的因素条件,优化了提取工艺,同时以2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT)为阳性对照,利用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)与羟基自由基(·OH)清除法评价黑枸杞总黄酮的抗氧化活性。结果表明,乙醇浓度对黑枸杞总黄酮微波辅助提取有显著影响,黑枸杞总黄酮最佳提取工艺条件为:60%乙醇为提取剂,料液比1∶25(g/m L),微波时间14 min,微波功率325 W。该提取工艺条件下,黑枸杞总黄酮提取率为4.35%。黑枸杞总黄酮与BHT对DPPH·的IC50分别为0.64 mg/m L和1.30 mg/m L,对·OH的IC50分别为0.40 mg/m L和1.68 mg/m L,表明黑枸杞总黄酮具有很强的抗氧化活性。     

微波辅助提取石榴皮黄酮及抗氧化活性研究

以石榴皮为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化石榴皮中黄酮化合物的微波辅助提取工艺,并就其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)清除能力进行探讨。结果表明,石榴皮黄酮化合物的微波辅助提取最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度60%,液料比40∶1(m L/g),微波提取时间2.70min,该条件下黄酮提取率的平均值为(4.424±0.168)%,与模型预测的黄酮提取率4.523%相近。制得的石榴皮提取物对DPPH·清除试验的IC_(50)为0.187 mg/m L,说明其具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

马齿苋多糖双酶法提取工艺优化及其抗氧化性研究

以马齿苋多糖得率为考察指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化马齿苋多糖纤维素酶和果胶酶双酶法提取工艺,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行了考察。结果表明,马齿苋多糖最佳提取工艺条件为:液料比25∶1(mL/g),纤维素酶和果胶酶的添加量分别为1.5%和2.0%,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间100 min,在该提取工艺下,马齿苋多糖得率为19.83 mg/g DW。体外DPPH·和·OH清除试验表明,马齿苋多糖对两者均有较好的清除作用,体外抗氧化活性强于VC。     

超声联合酶法提取紫花苜蓿总黄酮及其抗氧化性能研究

采用超声联合酶法提取紫花苜蓿总黄酮,利用响应面法对该提取工艺进行优化,并对其提取物进行体外抗氧化活性研究。结果表明,超声联合酶法提取紫花苜蓿总黄酮的最佳工艺为:液料比40:1,超声时间为55min,超声温度为60℃,在此条件下紫花苜蓿总黄酮的提取率达9.928mg/g,与理论值的相对误差为0.40%,相比于其他传统方法,提取量大大提高;此外,紫花苜蓿总黄酮拥有良好的清除DPPH和·OH自由基的能力,其半数清除浓度(IC50)分别为14.31μg/mL及28.23μg/mL。     

响应面优化超声辅助提取黄瓜皮多酚工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

应用响应面法对超声波辅助提取黄瓜皮多酚的工艺进行优化,并对多酚的抗氧化活性进行了研究。以多酚提取率为响应值,选取超声温度、乙醇浓度、液料比、超声时间为自变量,应用Box-Behnken对试验进行设计和响应面优化,并通过多酚对羟自由基(·OH)和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除效果来评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,黄瓜皮多酚的最佳提取工艺为:超声温度65℃,乙醇浓度62%,液料比26∶1(mL/g),超声时间31 min。在此条件下,测得多酚提取率实际值为(10.29±0.14)mg/g,理论值和实际值相对误差是0.39%,由此可以说明应用响应面法所得到的提取工艺参数可行性强、可靠性高。黄瓜皮多酚对·OH和DPPH·清除率的IC50值分别为116.60 mg/L和57.41 mg/L,表明黄瓜皮多酚具有较好的抗氧化活性,且抗氧化活性与多酚浓度呈正相关,该研究为将黄瓜皮多酚开发成天然抗氧剂提供理论基础。     

响应面优化蕲艾总黄酮提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

以蕲艾为试验原料,采用微波辅助法提取总黄酮,并应用响应面分析法优化蕲艾总黄酮的提取工艺。结果表明:在微波功率400 W、微波时间5 min、料液比1∶80(g/mL)的条件下,蕲艾中总黄酮得率可高达14.22%。对在该最优工艺条件下提取的蕲艾总黄酮进行抗氧化活性研究,试验结果表明:蕲艾中总黄酮的质量浓度与其对DPPH自由基的清除能力和体外总还原能力均呈线性关系,当质量浓度为1.0 g·mL^-1时,黄酮的DPPH自由基清除能力和体外总还原能力达到最强。     

双酶法提取紫山药原花青素及其抗氧化性研究

为研究紫山药原花青素的最佳提取工艺以及抗氧化活性,以紫山药为试验材料,采用BoxBehnken中心组合试验设计和响应面分析,优化双酶法提取紫山药原花青素的提取工艺,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为纤维素酶加酶量2.19%、果胶酶加酶量2.32%、酶解时间73 min、酶解温度45℃、液料比15 mL:1 g、pH 4.5,此条件下紫山药原花青素得率为93.06 mg/g。体外抗氧化试验结果表明,双酶法提取的紫山药原花青素具有明显的抗氧化性,对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)和羟基自由基(·OH)半数抑制率浓度IC50分别为0.165、0.267 mg/mL,清除能力强于维生素C。     

菊芋叶多酚的超声辅助提取及抗氧化活性研究

以菊芋叶为原料,以料液比、乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声功率为考察因素,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面设计优化菊芋叶多酚的提取工艺,并探究菊芋叶多酚的体外抗氧化活性.结果表明,菊芋叶多酚的最佳提取条件为:料液比1:20(g/mL),乙醇浓度50％,超声时间50 min,超声波功率500 W,在该条件下多酚得率为31.923 mg/g.抗氧化试验表明:菊芋叶多酚具有明显的抗氧化活性,对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)、羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2·)有较好的清除能力;与VC的抗氧化活性相比,菊芋叶多酚对O2·的清除作用明显高于VC.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.