利用触破式微粒胶囊剂防治栗山天牛成虫试验初报

通过利用触破式微粒胶囊剂进行栗山天牛成虫的野外防治试验，发现触破式微粒胶囊剂对栗山天牛成虫有较好的防治效果，并且残较期长达40d左右。通过本试验还筛选出林间最佳防治用药剂量和施药期，为今后采用科学的防治方法提供了科学依据。     

触破式微胶囊剂防治天牛成虫试验研究

通过林间应用触破式微胶囊剂 (Aprionagermari)防治杨树桑天牛、柳树光肩星天牛成虫试验 ,结果表明该药剂不仅对两种天牛致死快、防治效果显著 ,且药效持续时间长达 5 0天。     

触破式微胶囊剂防治黄斑星天牛试验

触破式微胶囊剂是防治杨树蛀干害虫的新型药剂。通过防治黄斑星天牛Anoplophora nobilis Ganglbauer成虫试验 ,施药 40天后罩网平均防效达 91 .6 % ,地面防效调查平均单株成虫死亡数为 5 6 0头 ,防治效果显著 ,在杨树天牛防治工作中具有较好的推广应用前景     

触破式微胶囊剂防治杨树天牛试验

触破式微胶囊剂是防治大型害虫的新型药剂,通过防治杨树蛀干天牛成虫田间试验、罩网防治试验,施药52天后具有较强的触杀作用和很长的持效期,伐倒木罩网不同施药浓度38天后的平均死亡率95.53%。防治效果显著,用浓度以0.33%为宜。     

触破式微胶囊剂防治黄斑星天牛试验

触破式微胶囊剂是防治杨树蛀干害虫的新型药剂。通过防治黄斑星天牛Ａｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａ ｎｏｂｉｌｉｓ Ｇａｎｇｌｂａｕｅｒ成虫试验，施药４０天后罩网平均防效达９１．６％，地面防效调查平均单株成虫死亡数为５６０头，防治效果显著，在杨树天牛防治工作中具有较好的推广应用前景。     

林间药剂喷雾防治新疆光肩星天牛的药效试验

通过选择48%乐斯本、5%锐劲特、2.5%溴氰菊酯、8%触破式微胶囊剂、2%噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂等5种高效低毒农药对光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky)进行喷雾防治试验,结果表明:防治效果较理想的为8%触破式微胶囊剂、2%噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂和5%锐劲特3种药剂,防效分别达到80.7%、78.1%和76.3%。     

直升机喷洒微囊剂防治松褐天牛的药效试验

以诱捕到的松褐天牛成虫总数来测定8％氯氰菊酯触破式微囊悬浮剂(绿雷二代)和3％噻虫啉缓释型微囊悬浮剂防治对松褐天牛的飞机防治效果.结果表明:8％氯氰菊酯触破式微囊悬浮剂和3％噻虫啉缓释型微囊悬浮剂都对松褐天牛有较强的毒力,但8％氯氰菊酯触破式微囊悬浮剂药效持效期更长,可高达1个月以上;在后续的田间试验防治松褐天牛试验中...     

触破式微胶囊剂防治光肩星天牛成虫的初步应用

通过林间用触破式微胶囊剂防治杨树光肩星天牛试验 ,发现该胶囊剂对光肩星天牛有较强的杀灭效果 ,而且持效期长达 42d以上。并提出了内蒙古自治区防治光肩星天牛的林间最佳防治用药浓度、施药方法和施药期。     

触破式微胶囊与缓释性微胶囊制剂有何区别

正触破式微胶囊是利用昆虫触破胶囊时短时间内释放出高效原药杀死昆虫,缓释性微胶囊是通过缓慢释放有效充分杀死昆虫并延长持效期。缓释性微胶囊在用于天牛类大型害虫时存在一个问题,就是由于天牛类害虫一般个体大,耐药力强,仅靠少量恒定释放剂量不足以将天牛成虫杀死,而且还有可能诱导其抗药性,而触破式微胶囊克服了缓释性微胶囊短时间内释放剂量     

应用绿色威雷防治绒毛白蜡云斑天牛试验研究

云斑天牛(Batocera horsfieldi)是黄河三角洲广泛栽植的绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)最重要的蛀干害虫之一,其成虫补充营养期是防治的关键时期。应用绿色威雷(8%触破式微胶囊水悬剂)0.25%、0.33%、0.5%浓度的药液对绒毛白蜡云斑天牛成虫进行喷雾防治试验,以罩网法和地面法调查平均防治效果分别为90.7%和86.2%,防治效果非常显著,且特效期长达50d。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.