西江中下游生态公益林对降水的截留分配效应研究

为了评估生态公益林涵养水源服务功能,选择德庆县三叉顶自然保护区生态公益林,定位观测2006年6月～2007年6月100次大气降水事件的截留分配效应。结果表明,观测期内降水总量为1317．60mm,林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透水量分别是318．37,87．85和911．38mm,林冠截留率、茎流率和穿透率分别为24．16％,6．67％和69．17％。林外降水量大于1．31mm时才能观测到穿透雨,林外降水量达到3．0mm时才开始有树干茎流出现。林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈正相关,相关系数序分别为0．7888,0．9577和0．9659;林冠截留率与林外降水量呈负相关,而树干茎流率和穿透率呈正相关,相关系数尺。分别为0．8356,0．8034和0．8742。     

天然次生林对降水的分配效应浅析

通过观测我国东北东部天然次生林对降水的分配效应,结果表明:降雨量在1.69～24.36 mm时,森林各水文分配效应总体表现为穿透雨量>地表径流量>树干茎流量>林冠截留量.随降雨量和降雨强度的增加,穿透雨量、地表径流量和树干茎流量随之增大.当降雨量较小(1.69～4.91 mm)时,穿透雨量、地表径流量和树干茎流量随降雨量的增加呈低速增加趋势;当降雨量较大(4.91～24.36 mm)时,其增加速度随降雨量的增加而加快.     

西藏色季拉山高山松林降雨再分配格局研究

对西藏色季拉山高山松林冠截留、树干茎流与大气降雨量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:观测期间总降水量达337.90 mm,其中林冠截留量为82.17 mm、截留率为24.32%、变化幅度为13.19%⁶8.72%,穿透雨量为215.76 mm、穿透率63.85%、变化幅度为1.67%68.72%,穿透雨量为215.76 mm、穿透率63.85%、变化幅度为1.67%¹3.57%,树干茎流量39.97 mm、茎流率11.83%、变化幅度为29.70%13.57%,树干茎流量39.97 mm、茎流率11.83%、变化幅度为29.70%⁷3.26%。林冠截留量、穿透降雨量和树干茎流量与林外降雨量之间的关系分别为幂函数、直线性和二次函数关系。降雨的发生与林冠截留的产生是同步的,但是穿透产生和茎流产生与降雨发生并不同步。穿透雨和树干茎流是降雨量达到一定程度才开始出现的,而且刚开始很小,随后逐渐增大。     

西江中下游生态公益林对降水截留分配效应研究

为了评估生态公益林涵养水源服务功能,选择德庆县三叉顶自然保护区生态公益林,定位观测2006年6月～2007年6月100次大气降水事件的截留分配效应。结果表明,观测期内降水总量为1 317.60mm,林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透水量分别是318.37,87.85和911.38 mm,林冠截留率、茎流率和穿透率分别为24.16%,6.67%和69.17%。林外降水量大于1.3 mm时才能观测到穿透雨,林外降水量达到3.0mm时才开始有树干茎流出现。林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈正相关,相关系数R2分别为0.788 8,0.957 7和0.965 9;林冠截留率与林外降水量呈负相关,而树干茎流率和穿透率呈正相关,相关系数R2分别为0.835 6,0.803 4和0.874 2。     

紫金山麻栎林降水分配格局研究

对紫金山栎林林冠截留、树干茎流与降水量之间的关系进行了研究。在观测的46场降水中,降水量达823.8 mm,林冠总截留量、树干茎流量和穿透雨量分别为207.95 mm、33.30 mm、582.55 mm,林冠截留率、树干茎流率和穿透率分别为25.24%、4.04%、70.71%。随着降水量的增大,林冠截留量、树干茎流量、穿透雨量及穿透率都有所增加,林冠截留率降低,树干茎流率在2～50 mm降水量级中逐渐增大,在>50 mm降水量级有所降低。林冠截留量与降水量之间呈幂函数关系,而树干茎流量、穿透雨与降水量之间呈线性相关。     

基于修正的Gash模型模拟缙云山毛竹林降雨截留

为了验证修正的Gash模型对缙云山毛竹林林冠截留模拟的适用性,基于2009年4—7月的气象和林分特征资料以及实测的穿透雨和树干茎流等资料,分析缙云山毛竹林林外降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流特征,并应用修正的Gash模型对林冠截留量进行模拟,对比分析周降雨累计截留量和单次降雨截留量的模拟值和实测值,采用敏感性分析法分析模型参数对截留量的影响程度。结果表明:研究期间共29次降雨,总降雨量为531.1mm,平均降雨强度为2.11mm·h-1,大部分为低雨强、低雨量级、长历时的降雨;穿透雨量、茎流量和林冠截留量的实测值分别为463.2,6.5和61.4mm,模拟值分别为461.1,6.1和63.9mm,模拟的截留量约高出实测值4.07%,模型计算的周累积截留量和单次降雨截留量与实测值相比的相对标准差分别为5.02%和7.13%,模拟效果较好,模型适用于缙云山毛竹林;以林冠郁闭度(c)对模拟结果影响最大,其次为平均降雨强度()、林冠持水能力(S)和林冠平均蒸发速率(),树干茎流系数(Pt)和树干持水能力(St)这2个参数对林冠截留总量影响很小。     

闽东北鹫峰山天然黄山松林内降雨分配的研究

通过对闽东北鹫峰山雨期天然黄山松林内降雨分配情况进行观测研究,结果表明:在观测期间,总降雨量1622.12mm,穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别为1194.19mm、15.16mm和412.77mm,分别占总降雨量的73.62%、0.93%和25.45%.随着降雨量的增大,树干茎流量和茎流率、穿透雨量和穿透率、林冠截留量都增大,而林冠截留率降低.穿透雨量和总降雨量之间的关系为线性相关关系;茎流量和降雨量之间的关系也为线性相关关系;林冠截留量和总降雨量之间的关系为幂函数相关关系.     

湖南省张家界马尾松林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素分析

对马尾松林的穿透雨、林冠截留和树干流的水文效应进行监测,并对其影响因素进行初步分析.结果表明:降雨主要集中在5-8月,期间穿透雨量、林冠截留量和树干流量分别占全年分配量的一半以上.穿透雨量、树干流量和林冠截留量与降雨量显著正相关,而穿透雨率和树干流率随着降雨强度的增加而升高,但截留率逐渐降低.马尾松林穿透雨量最大值出现在最大雨量级(≥90.0 mm)和3.0～4.0 mm·h-1雨强范围内; 但是截留率最大值出现在最小的雨量级(＜10.0 mm)和＜1.0 mm·h-1雨强范围内; 树干流率最大值出现在中等雨量(60.0～70.0 mm)和2.0～3.0 mm·h-1雨强范围内,显然降雨特征是影响马尾松林内雨的关键因子.林下穿透雨率存在明显的空间异质性,靠近树干的林冠内部穿透雨率高于林冠外部,而且空间异质性随着降雨量的增加而降低.马尾松树干流与胸径及冠层面积呈极显著正相关.     

林冠分配降雨过程模拟与模型 Ⅰ．常雨强下穿透降雨、树干径流和林冠截留模型

应用系统论方法．从连续方程出发推演出次降雨通过林冠的穿透降雨、树干径流和林冠截留三个过程模型均为ｎ＋１阶常系数微分方程。用方程表述穿透降雨和树干径流过程，旨在揭示林冠分配降雨特征与动态规律。以穿透降雨为例，其模型模拟结果与实验比较，相对误差不超过２％，与野外观测比较，多次平均相对误差为６％。笔者发现次降雨通过林冠这一多孔介质的穿透降雨、树干径流过程与电学中Ｒ－Ｌ－Ｃ电路暂态过程的方程具有同一形式。     

云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林林冠对降雨的再分配

在哀牢山国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林内对降雨、穿透雨、树干茎流进行了观测，发现在１９９１年５月～１９９５年４月间，林冠截留量为２４３９２ｍｍ，截留率为１２９５％，穿透雨占降雨的８１％，树干茎流全年只有３１４ｍｍ，可以忽略不计。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.