日粮果寡糖对肉鸡生长性能、消化酶活性和短链脂肪酸的影响

通过日粮中添加果寡糖(FOS)测定其对肉鸡生长性能、消化酶活性和短链脂肪酸的影响,研究果寡糖在肉鸡生产中的应用效果。试验选取250只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡,随机分为5个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。处理组CON为对照组,饲喂不添加果寡糖的基础日粮;处理组FOS_(125)、FOS_(250)、FOS_(500)、FOS_(1000)分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加125、250、500、1 000 mg/kg FOS的日粮。试验结果表明,与CON组相比,添加250 mg/kg FOS不仅能够显著提高肉鸡平均日采食量(P<0.05)和十二指肠食糜中淀粉酶活性(P<0.05),还能够提高22 d肉鸡盲肠食糜中戊酸含量。同时饲料中添加125 mg/kg和500 mg/kg FOS也能显著提高肉鸡盲肠食糜中戊酸含量(P<0.05)。由此可知,肉鸡饲料中果寡糖的最佳添加量为250 mg/kg。     

Effects of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis in dogs

An Escherichia coli bacterial prostatitis was experimentally induced in dogs to determine the effect of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis. Two weeks after instillation of bacteria directly into the prostate gland, 17 of 22 adult mixed-breed male dogs had positive urine or prostatic fluid cultures or both. Seven of the 17 dogs were randomly chosen to be castrated, and 10 of the 17 served as sham-operated controls. At weekly intervals, urine was obtained from 17 dogs for aerobic microbiologic culturing. At each week, dogs with no bacterial growth in the cultured urine had prostatic fluid collected for aerobic microbiologic culture. Dogs with negative urine, prostatic fluid, and prostatic tissue needle biopsy culture results at week 7 were euthanatized. For remaining dogs, weekly cultures were continued until the dogs were euthanatized at week 12. None of the 7 castrated dogs and 6 of the 10 dogs subject to sham operation had prostatic infection at the time of necropsy. The castrated dogs had a mean infection duration of 4.2 weeks, which was statistically shorter than the 9.5-week mean duration of infection in the sham-operated controls. Cultures of prostatic tissue obtained immediately after euthanasia correlated 100% with urine and prostatic fluid cultures taken before euthanasia. All of the 6 dogs with positive prostatic cultures at termination had moderate to marked lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis. The 11 dogs that were not infected at the end of the study had normal to moderate lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis on histologic examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Postnatal changes in bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs

OBJECTIVE: To describe postnatal changes in the populations of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of dogs. ANIMALS: 110 Beagles ranging from neonatal to adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Contents of the stomach and proximal and distal portions of the colon and contents and mucosa of the mid region of the small intestine were collected from puppies at 1 day after birth and subsequent suckling; puppies at 21, 42, and 63 days after birth; and adult female dogs (ie, dams of the puppies) for enumeration of bacterial populations. RESULTS: The entire GIT was colonized at day 1 by all groups of bacteria studied; aerotolerant forms were dominant. During subsequent postnatal development, there were changes in the relative proportions of the various groups of bacteria with anaerobic groups increasing in absolute and relative numbers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Establishment of bacterial populations in the GIT of dogs is a gradual process that begins immediately after birth. Age-related changes in the relative proportions of bacterial groups coincided with changes in diet and physiologic processes of the host and can influence nutritional state and disease resistance of developing dogs. Differences among regions of the GIT suggest that fecal samples may have limited use for understanding the populations of bacteria and the age and diet-related changes in various regions of the GIT.     

日粮类型对奶牛粪尿特性及氮排放的影响

通过研究不同类型日粮对泌乳奶牛粪尿及氮排放的影响,达到减少和控制氮排放的目的,本试验选用12头体重514 kg、年龄3～5岁的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,分为3组,分别饲喂粗料为干秸秆玉米,精粗比40∶60的A日粮、粗料为玉米青贮,精粗比分别是40∶60和60∶40的B和C日粮进行了对其粪尿特性及氮排放的试验研究。结果表明,日粮类型对奶牛粪便及尿液产生量均有一定的影响。粪便产生量结果为秸秆型A日粮>青贮型低精比B日粮>青贮型高精比C日粮。3种日粮的尿液产生量为C日粮>B日粮>A日粮。同时,日粮类型对奶牛氮平衡具有显著的影响,秸秆型日粮的乳氮、尿氮含量和氮的消化率极显著低于青贮型日粮低(P<0.01),粗料均为青贮玉米条件下,随日粮精料水平的提高,氮消化率和尿氮极显著增加(P<0.01),粪氮和乳氮增加不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,秸秆型日粮的摄入氮主要是从粪中排出,粗料为青贮玉米时,随日粮精料水平的提高粪氮比例减少,而尿氮比例增加,粪氮和尿氮占总粪尿氮的比例基本一致。     

Effects of dietary protein conditioning on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in dogs*

Eighteen, six-month-old male Beagles with normal renal function were randomly divided into three groups of 6. Each group was fed a diet that was similar except for protein content (high = 26%, medium = 13% and low = 9%, all on an as fed basis) throughout the experimental period. After a 21 day dietary protein conditioning period (including a terminal 2 day testing period), gentamicin was administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg q. 8 h for 8 days. The first dose on days 1 and 7 was administered i.v. and all others were given i.m. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using blood samples collected over an 8 h period following the i.v. dose on day 1. The elimination rate constant was calculated on days 1 and 7. The data best fit a two-compartment open model for all dogs on day 1. The volume of distribution was higher and the clearance greater in the high protein group compared to the other two groups. No difference was found in the rate of elimination between days 1 and 7 for the high protein group: however, in the medium and low protein groups the rate of elimination decreased over the 7 days of treatment. Therefore, high dietary protein prior to and during gentamicin administration induced faster gentamicin clearance and a larger volume of distribution and preserved the ability to eliminate gentamicin in dogs with normal renal function.     

Effects of age and dietary beta-carotene on immunological variables in dogs

beta-Carotene is a naturally occurring carotenoid reported to have health-promoting effects in several species. Advancing age is known to have a negative impact on various immune variables in several species. This study was conducted in order to assess the effect of age on immune response in dogs and to determine whether beta-carotene is able to reverse this age-associated decline. To test this hypothesis, young and old dogs (n = 36) were fed either a control diet or experimental diets containing supplemental beta-carotene for 2-month periods. Age significantly (P < .05) lowered CD4+ T cell populations (47.2% versus 33.7%; young-control versus old-control, respectively) and beta-carotene restored percent distributions in old dogs to nonsignificance versus younger controls (41.0%). T cell proliferation was lower in old dogs (30,254 +/- 2,248 versus 14,811 +/- 2,497 cCPM; young-control versus old-control, respectively; P < .05), and beta-carotene supplementation significantly improved responses in this age group (21,329 +/- 2,275 cCPM). Although B cell proliferation was depressed with age (17,967 +/- 1,384 versus 7,535 +/- 1,469 cCPM; young-control versus old-control, respectively; P < .05), beta-carotene supplementation improved B cell proliferation in young dogs (23,500 +/- 1,339 cCPM). Old dogs displayed lower delayed-type hypersensitivity test (DTH) responses versus younger controls to both phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA; 11.1 +/- 0.95 versus 7.57 +/- 1.15 mm; young-control versus old-control, respectively; P < .05) and sheep red blood cell (RBC; 9.12 +/- 0.62 versus 8.08 +/- 0.75 mm; young-control versus old-control, respectively; P < .10). beta-Carotene improved these responses, mostly within the first 24-48 hours after injection. In summary, older dogs have lower immunological responses compared with younger controls. beta-Carotene supplementation significantly restored immune responses in older dogs when compared with their age-matched controls and younger counterparts.     

The bacterial fraction in swine feces

By a treatment with a solution of detergent, subsequent sedimentation and centrifugation faeces samples taken from 12 growing female pigs were divided into: fraction A (coarse particles), fraction B (finer particles), fraction C (bacteria fraction). N-, AA- and diamino pimelic acid (DAP) analyses as well as microscopic analyses were carried out with the complete samples and the fractions. By means of fractioning, 55% of the faecal N and 80% of the DAP could be concentrated in fraction C, fraction A contained approximately 23% of the N and 20% of the DAP. From the DAP: N quotient of fraction C, which was 65 mg DAP/g N, a quota of nearly 70% bacteria-N in the total faecal N of the pigs was calculated.     

果寡糖对固始鸡血液生理指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同添加剂量的果寡糖对固始鸡血液生理指标的影响,并确定果寡糖的最佳添加剂量。选用1日龄固始鸡公雏150只,随机分成5个处理组,1个为对照组,其余4个为试验组,对照组不加果寡糖,其他4个组的果寡糖添加水平分别为3、5、7mg/kg和9mg/kg。测定红细胞压积(PCV)、血红蛋白(Hb)含量、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)等指标。试验结果表明:1)21和42日龄时,果寡糖试验组的红细胞压积、血红蛋白含量、红细胞数量和白细胞数量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验组的MCH和MCHC均略有升高,并且可以显著提高MCHC(P<0.05);2)日粮中添加5mg/kg果寡糖对提高红细胞压积、血红蛋白含量、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、MCH和MCHC具有最佳效果。     

Effects of dietary modification in dogs with early chronic valvular disease

Background:The potential benefits of nutritional modification in early canine cardiac disease are not known.
Hypothesis:We hypothesized that echocardiographic, neuroendocrine, and nutritional variables will differ between dogs with asymptomatic chronic valvular disease (CVD) and healthy controls, and that a moderately reduced sodium diet enriched with antioxidants, n-3 fatty acids, taurine, carnitine, and arginine will alter these variables in dogs with CVD.
Methods: Echocardiography was performed and blood was collected. After baseline comparison with healthy controls, all dogs with CVD were fed a low-sodium run-in diet for 4 weeks, reevaluated, and then randomized to receive either the cardiac diet or a placebo diet for 4 weeks.
Results: At baseline, dogs with CVD (n = 29) had significantly lower circulating sodium, chloride, arginine, and methionine concentrations and higher plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide compared to healthy controls. In dogs with CVD, plasma aldosterone concentration and heart rate increased significantly after 4 weeks of eating the run-in diet. The cardiac diet group (n = 14) had larger increases in levels of cholesterol ( P = .001), triglycerides ( P = .02), eicosapentaenoic acid ( P < .001), docosahexaenoic acid ( P < .001), total omega-3 fatty acids ( P < .001), vitamin C ( P = 0.04), alpha-tocopherol ( P < .001), and gamma-tocopherol ( P < .001) compared to the placebo diet group (n = 15). The cardiac diet group also had larger reductions in maximal left-atrial dimension ( P = .003), left-ventricular internal dimension in diastole ( P = .03), and weight-based maximal left-atrial dimension ( P = .03).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Observed changes in both blood variables and echocardiographic measurements warrant additional studies on dietary modifications in dogs with early CVD.     

Effects of bacterial infection and castration on prostatic tissue zinc concentration in dogs

An Escherichia coli bacterial prostatitis was experimentally induced to determine the effect of bacterial infection on prostatic tissue zinc concentrations in castrated and gonadally intact male dogs. Five of the 22 mixed-breed dogs (group 1) had no culture evidence of infection 2 weeks after the instillation of bacteria into the prostate gland. The remaining 17 infected dogs were allotted to 2 groups; 1 group of dogs was subjected to castration (group CA, 7 dogs), and the other group of dogs was subjected to sham operation (group SO, 10 days). The groups were divided into groups of dogs with prostatic infection at necropsy (groups CA-I and SO-I), and those dogs without prostatic infection at necropsy (groups CA-N and SO-N). Urine, prostatic fluid, and prostatic tissue (week 0, 7, +/- 12) specimens were obtained for bacteriologic culturing to determine whether prostatic infection was present. Prostatic tissue was obtained at necropsy (week less than 6, 7, or 12) for analysis of zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The logarithmic mean prostatic tissue zinc concentrations were compared between groups. Group CA had a significantly lower prostatic zinc concentration than all other groups. Zinc concentrations were not statistically different between any of the other groups. Castration did decrease the prostatic tissue concentration of zinc, a known natural antibacterial factor. However, resistance to infection and resolution of infection were not correlated with prostatic tissue zinc concentrations in this experimental model.     

Effects of dietary supplementation of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on growth performance,immune status,antioxidant capacity and selected microbial populations of weaned piglets

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are a complex mixture of highly branched and partially characterised polysaccharides and proteoglycans extracted from the goji berry. This mixture has great potential as a novel feed supplement for pigs. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation with LBPs on the growth performance, immune status, antioxidant capacity and selected intestinal microbial populations in weaned piglets. In trial 1, a total of 400 weaned piglets [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 6.34 ± 0.16 kg (21 days of age) were divided into five groups and fed a basal diet (control group) or a basal diet containing 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 or 6,000 mg/kg LBPs (supplemented at the expense of corn). Supplementation with 4,000 or 6,000 mg/kg LBPs for 2 weeks significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the pigs compared with the control group (p < .05). In trial 2, thirty-two 21-days-old weaned piglets (BW: 6.33 ± 0.11 kg) were allotted to a control group (fed with a basal diet) or an experimental group (basal diet containing 4,000 mg/kg LBPs). The experiment lasted for 14 days. Pigs fed LBP diets exhibited an increased ADG and ADFI, and a decreased diarrhoeal incidence compared with those fed the basal diets (p < .05). Supplementation with LBPs increased the serum IgG and IgM levels (p < .05). Dietary LBPs effectively promoted antioxidant defence properties through enhancing the activities of serum, liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), in addition to decreasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (p < .05). The addition of LBPs increased the amounts of Bacteroidetes in the ileum and caecum and the caecal contents of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. (p < .05), while decreased the populations of Escherichia coli and Firmicutes in the ileum and caecum (p < .05) compared with the control group. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with LBPs can enhance growth performance, immune status and antioxidant capacity, and improve the intestinal microbial populations of weaned piglets.     

Effect of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage on performance,egg quality and caecal bacterial populations in laying hens

1. Bacteriophages (BP) have gained increasing attention as a treatment of bacterial infection for animals. However, the data pertaining to dietary application of BP for laying hens have been limited.

2. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary BP on laying performance, egg quality and caecal bacterial populations in laying hens.

3. The dietary BP used in this experiment was a mixture of individual BP targeting Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella derby and Staphylococcus aureus.

4. A total of 360 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 32 weeks of age were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with 6 replicates in a completely randomised design. The basal diet was prepared, and 0.4 or 0.8 g/kg BP mixture was supplemented to the basal diet. Diets were fed to hens for 8 weeks.

5. Laying performance and egg quality were not affected by dietary treatments. As inclusion levels of BP mixture in diets were increased, the DNA copy numbers for Salmonella spp. in the caecal contents decreased linearly, whereas the DNA copy numbers for Escherichia coli in the caecal contents increased linearly.

6. Results indicate that dietary supplementation of BP mixture decreases the target Salmonella spp. populations but increases Escherichia coli populations in the gastrointestinal tract of laying hens with little impact on laying performance and egg quality.     

日粮添加碳酸氢钠对蛋鸡肠道菌群多样性的影响

900羽21周龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分成5组,每组6个重复,每个重复30羽。分别在基础日粮中添加0、0．1％、0．5％、2．5％、5％NaHCO3,持续10周。结果显示,与对照组相比,0．1％组蛋鸡盲肠乳酸菌数量增加,大肠杆菌数量降低,菌群多样性指数提高（P〉0．05）。0．5％组蛋鸡粪便pH值显著提高（P〈0．05）,乳酸菌数量增加,菌群多样性指数提高（P〉0．05）。2．5％、5％组蛋鸡粪便pH值、水分含量极显著高于其他组（P〈0．01）。同时,2．5％、5％组盲肠乳酸杆菌数量降低（P〉0．05或P〈0.05）,大肠杆菌数量增高（P〉0．05或P〈0．05）,5％组菌群多样性指数亦显著降低前3组（P〈0．05）。结果表明,日粮添加NaHCO3超过2．5％,蛋鸡腹泻严重,肠道菌群平衡严重破坏。而当NaHCO3的添加量低于0．5％时,肠道有益菌数量和菌群多样性指数呈增加趋势,蛋鸡生产性能维持正常。因此,本试验提示蛋鸡生产中饲料添加剂NaHCO3最高耐受量为0．5％。     

Effects of 2 different medetomidine infusion rates on selected neurohormonal and metabolic parameters in dogs

The effects of 2 different 8-hour continuous rate infusions (CRIs) of medetomidine on epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, glucose, and insulin levels were investigated in 6 healthy dogs. Each dog received both treatments and a control as follows: MED1 = 2 μg/kg bodyweight (BW) loading dose followed by 1 μg/kg BW per hour CRI; MED2 = 4 μg/kg BW loading dose followed by 2 μg/kg BW per hour CRI; and CONTROL = saline bolus followed by a saline CRI. Both infusion rates of medetomidine decreased norepinephrine levels throughout the infusion compared to CONTROL. While norepinephrine levels tended to be lower with the MED2 treatment compared to the MED1, this difference was not significant. No differences in epinephrine, cortisol, glucose, or insulin were documented among any of the treatments at any time point. At the low doses used in this study, both CRIs of medetomidine decreased norepinephrine levels over the 8-hour infusion period, while no effects were observed on epinephrine, cortisol, glucose, and insulin.     

Effects of dietary protein/phosphate restriction in normal dogs and dogs with chronic renal failure

The effects of three dietary protein intakes (1–9, 1–3, and 0–6 g protein/kg bodyweight/day) on selected aspects of protein, mineral and electrolyte balance as well as renal functions was studied in normal dogs with moderate chronic renal failure. Dietary phosphate levels varied according to the quantity of phosphate in protein sources. Within the ranges of protein intake examined in this study, protein intake did not have a significant effect on glomerular filtration rates as measured by inulin clearance or 24-hour creatinine clearance. Restricting protein intake to less than 1–9 g protein/kg bodyweight/day further reduced retention of nitrogenous waste products as measured by serum urea nitrogen concentrations, but at the expense of adequate protein nutrition. Diets providing less than 1–9 g protein/kg bodyweight/day promoted protein malnutrition characterised by hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia in both normal dogs and dogs with renal failure. Serum protein concentrations were similar in normal and renal failure dogs, suggesting that, under the conditions of this study, normal and renal failure dogs may have similar protein requirements. Progressive dietary protein/phosphate restriction improved but did not normalise phosphate balance in renal failure dogs.     

日粮硝酸钾添加量对湖羊瘤胃细菌群落结构的影响

试验旨在研究湖羊采食高剂量硝酸钾日粮的瘤胃细菌群落结构的变化规律。采用高通量测序和RT-PCR方法,以不添加硝酸钾为对照,研究了日粮添加6、12、18、24 g/d和30 g/d硝酸钾的瘤胃细菌多样性、群落结构和硝酸盐还原菌相对丰度。结果表明,30 g/d以内的硝酸钾剂量不影响瘤胃细菌群落的丰度和多样性。拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门是优势菌群,12 g/d和18 g/d的日粮硝酸钾显著增加了拟杆菌门和普雷沃氏菌属的相对丰度(P<0.05),但随着硝酸钾剂量的升高,细菌相对丰度下降。日粮添加30 g/d以内硝酸钾不影响反刍兽新月单胞菌的相对丰度,但显著升高胎儿弯曲杆菌的相对丰度(P<0.05)。湖羊瘤胃细菌群落结构与日粮硝酸钾含量相关。