不同氨水平下根区局部灌溉对烤烟产量、水分利用与氮钾含量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究在不同施氮(N)水平下,根区局部灌溉(部分根干燥和分根区交替灌溉)对烤烟产量、水分利用和烟叶氮钾含量的影响.结果表明,在不同施N水平下,与常规灌溉相比,部分根干燥灌溉(PRD)和分根区交替灌溉(APRI)的烤烟耗水量下降,产量有所减少,而水分利用效率提高7.5%和11.2%;施用N 0.20 g/kg土时,PRD和APRI中部叶N含量分别提高23.1%和25.2%,K含量分别提高33.6%和59.8%.在施用适量N肥条件下,根区局部灌溉生产的烟叶达到了优质烟叶N和K含量的要求.分根区交替灌溉和部分根干燥均是有效的节水优质适产的灌溉方式,但分根区交替灌溉的优势比部分根干燥的更为突出.     

不同氮水平下根区局部灌溉对烤烟产量、水分利用与氮钾含量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究在不同施氮（N）水平下,根区局部灌溉（部分根干燥和分根区交替灌溉）对烤烟产量、水分利用和烟叶氮钾含量的影响。结果表明,在不同施N水平下,与常规灌溉相比,部分根干燥灌溉（PRD）和分根区交替灌溉（APRI）的烤烟耗水量下降,产量有所减少,而水分利用效率提高7.5%和11.2%;施用N 0.20 g/kg土时,PRD和APRI中部叶N含量分别提高23.1%和25.2%,K含量分别提高33.6%和59.8%。在施用适量N肥条件下,根区局部灌溉生产的烟叶达到了优质烟叶N和K含量的要求。分根区交替灌溉和部分根干燥均是有效的节水优质适产的灌溉方式,但分根区交替灌溉的优势比部分根干燥的更为突出。     

农田墒情动态二区模拟模型

为准确模拟土壤计划湿润层内墒情动态变化,基于土壤-植物-大气连续体物质能量运动及土壤水动力学的基本理论,考虑作物根系伸展和吸水特性,把土壤水分变化土层划分为随作物根系伸展而改变深度的包含主要根系的动态根区和无根系的储水区,构建了变根区墒情动态二区模型。模型根区深度随着作物根系伸展改变,以此准确表达土壤计划湿润层内墒情的动态变化;将储水区的土壤水分作为模型变量,计算根区下界面水分通量,由此间接地考虑了深层土壤水分对作物蒸发蒸腾量的影响。将模型拟合误差作为目标函数,采用自由搜索算法率定模型参数。应用建立的模型进行墒情模拟,模拟相对误差小于±5%和±10%所占的比例分别为49.09%和94.55%;经t检验和回归分析表明预测值和实测值相差不大,具有较好的一致性,决定系数为0.779,模型具有较高的模拟精度,能准确反映计划湿润层内墒情的变化。     

春玉米不同生育期土壤湿润层深度调控的稳产节水效应

局部根区水分胁迫可以调节作物的产量、品质及水分利用效率。现有研究多通过调控水平方向作物根区土壤水分分布来构建适宜局部根区水分胁迫环境,而水平方向根区土壤水分分布的调控存在局限性。该文以石羊河流域春玉米为研究对象,通过覆膜和控制不同生育期计划湿润层深度来实现根区土壤水分的垂向调控,分析了调控措施对不同深度土层水分、作物生长指标及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:根区土壤水分垂向调控措施可以有效调控作物根系分布及根区土壤水分的时空变化;调控中选用大的计划湿润层深度可以有效增加深层土壤内的根长密度及其分布比例,减小不同深度土层水分差异;在调控中,水分胁迫多出现于下部土层(50~100 cm),且含水量随时间在胁迫阈值上下波动,存在空间上的局部水分胁迫和时间上的干湿交替,所构建的水分胁迫环境较为理想;该调控措施亦可对灌水量及作物耗水量进行调控,能够调节作物对降雨及深层土壤水的利用,在各生育期使用较大或较小计划湿润均可以增加对非灌溉水的利用,其中,大的计划湿润层深度有利于对深层土壤水的利用;根区土壤水分的垂向调控也会影响干物质在各组织器官间的分配,实现增产增收。以灌溉水利用效率及水分利用效率来评价各调控方案节水效果,最优根区土壤水分垂向调控方案为:地膜覆盖,灌水下限设为65%田间持水量,苗期计划湿润层深度为30 cm,拔节期计划湿润层深度为40 cm,抽雄期至成熟期计划湿润层深度为50 cm。     

覆土浅埋滴灌玉米田双作物系数模型参数全局敏感性分析

为深刻了解双作物系数模型参数对覆土浅埋滴灌玉米田蒸散发耗水结构及水分传输过程的影响,采用拓展傅里叶幅度敏感性检验法对模型参数进行全局敏感性分析,筛选出敏感参数,提高调参校准的效率和精准度。结果表明:参数±10%变化时,全生育期土壤蒸发量、作物蒸腾量、蒸散发耗水量最大值较最小值分别高18.72%、25.37%、19.9%。土壤蒸发是表土水分的消耗过程,总量在最大、最小值条件下1 m土层日贮水量动态接近,而作物蒸腾是消耗整个根系层内土壤水,总量变化对1 m土层水分消耗的影响较大。土壤蒸发总量的敏感参数为土壤表层可蒸发水量、生长中期基础作物系数,其全局敏感性指数为0.662、0.321,是不敏感参数均值的33.6~69.4倍。作物蒸腾总量的敏感参数为根系不受水分胁迫的临界土壤贮水量、生长中期基础作物系数、田间持水量,其敏感性指数为0.569、0.485、0.455,是不敏感参数均值的34.5~43倍。敏感参数与蒸发蒸腾的关系为:表土完全湿润后,其可蒸发水量决定干燥过程土壤蒸发量,二者正相关。中期基础作物系数影响蒸发系数,总蒸发量与其负相关。根系不受水分胁迫的临界土壤贮水量越高,玉米根区易利用的水量区间越窄,根系越早发生水分胁迫,作物蒸腾受限,总蒸腾量与其负相关。中期基础作物系数与总蒸腾量正相关,对其影响程度远高于初期、后期基础作物系数。田间持水量高的土壤能在灌溉、降雨量较大时存贮更多水分用于作物蒸腾,总蒸腾量与其正相关。     

分根区交替灌溉对盆栽甜玉米水分及氮素利用的影响

分根区交替灌溉(APRI)是高效节水新技术,该文通过盆栽试验,研究了不同水肥条件下,3种不同灌溉方式对甜玉米干物质积累、水分和氮素利用的影响。结果表明：在施肥和充分供水条件下,与常规灌溉(CI)相比,分根区交替灌溉节水29.1%,总干物质量和冠干物质量仅分别减少6.3%和5.6%,而水分利用效率和氮肥表观利用率分别提高24.3%和16.4%,这表明分根区交替灌溉的节水节肥效应要与合理施肥和适宜的灌水量相结合才能发挥更好的作用。而部分根干燥灌溉(PRD)由于总干物质量下降太多,水分利用效率和氮肥表观利用率都没有得到提高。     

灌溉排水耦合调控稻田水分转化关系

该文利用装配有地下水位自动控制系统的蒸渗仪,分析节水灌溉与旱地控制排水技术耦合调控对于稻田水分转化关系的影响。结果表明,灌排耦合调控在小幅减少水稻产量的同时,显著减少了稻田灌溉水量、地下排水量及水稻蒸发蒸腾量,最终显著增加了水稻水分生产效率。与常规灌排稻田相比,灌排耦合调控稻田水稻产量减少1.9%,灌溉水量、地下排水量及水稻蒸发蒸腾量分别显著减少41.7%、49.9%及24.9%,水分生产效率增加30.5%。随着控灌稻田排水控制限的提高,稻田灌溉水量、地下排水量及水稻蒸发蒸腾量减少,水稻产量保持稳定,使得水稻水分生产效率进一步增加。提高控灌稻田的排水控制限,减缓了稻田土壤水分的衰退速度,并增加稻田地下水位低于排水控制限的比例,稻田灌溉次数与发生地下排水的时段均减少,使得控灌稻田灌溉水量与地下排水量下降,两者综合作用下控灌稻田水稻蒸发蒸腾量减少。在采用控制灌溉模式的基础上,适当提高稻田排水控制限,可以较好地实现水稻生产中水分的高效利用,研究结果可为优化稻田水管理模式提供依据。     

交替隔沟灌溉水分入渗规律及其对作物水分利用的影响

以玉米为试验材料,通过大田灌水技术和灌溉制度试验对交替隔沟灌溉水分入渗规律及其对作物水分利用的影响进行了研究。结果表明,交替隔沟灌溉与常规灌溉相比,水分的侧向入渗比较明显,由于其湿润锋到达深度小于常规灌溉,因此,交替隔沟灌溉可以减少土壤水分的深层渗漏;交替隔沟灌溉不降低光合速率而蒸腾速率有所下降,并有利于提高蒸腾效率;在同等灌水量水平下,交替隔沟灌溉因为其低蒸腾和较高产量总水分利用率和灌溉水利用效率均高于常规灌溉;在同等灌水量水平下,采用交替隔沟灌溉不降低玉米产量;收获等产量的玉米,交替隔沟灌溉比常规灌溉省水33.3%。     

农田节水调控研究中的几个基本理论问题

该文论述了农田节水调控研究中的几个基本理论问题，探讨了田间土壤水调节模型，作物需水量及缺水条件下作物实际蒸发蒸腾量的计算方法，土壤水分对作物有效性动态价理论用作物缺水状况的定量诊断方法；作物产量与蒸发蒸腾量的关系；以减少作物水分散失，提高水量转化效率及产量为目标田间水分最优调控机理等问题。     

辣椒根系影响下的农地土壤水分空间运动分异特征

根系是土壤层中重要的组成结构,根土环境影响田间作物生长发育。为探究作物根系对农地土壤水分空间运动异质性的影响,进一步反映根土环境对农业生产的作用,该研究以辣椒为试验作物,于2022年9月20日—2022年9月23日开展野外染色示踪试验,结合形态学图像解析技术与灰色系统理论,对作物根系影响下的农地土壤水分空间运动变化进行分析。结果表明：辣椒根系接近鱼尾形结构,根系体积相对较大,根系扎根深度和根系广度（根系形态）与根系结构相关程度高（P<0.05）。在相同外部供水条件下,非根区的水分整体分布在田间土壤表层（平均狭长度为0.89）,而根区土壤水分在整个土壤深度（0～50 cm）空间内沿深度由整体向团状聚集状态再向“指状”（平均狭长度为0.61）形态转变。非根区和根区的土壤平均染色面积比均随土壤深度增加而减小,但根区平均染色面积比（36.84%）显著高于非根区（23.62%）,土壤水分分布更集中。非根区水分沿土壤深度的增加,其运动变化程度（平均湍动强度为116.09）显著高于根区（P<0.05）,在根系的影响下,水分竖向入渗能力较强。相较于根系结构,根系形态对土壤水分运动影响更显著...     

有限性灌溉对设施草莓产量及水分利用效率的影响

在日光温室环境及盆栽条件下,通过与全灌(FI)比较,研究了亏缺灌溉(DI)及分根交替灌溉(PRD)对草莓产量和灌水利用效率(IWUE)的影响.试验从开花期开始到果实成熟期结束.共分5个处理,全灌(FI);分根灌溉PRD分2个处理水平,即PRD1和PRD2;限制灌溉DI也分两个处理水平,即D11和D12.与F1处理相比,DI1和DI2处理的叶水势和气孔导度明显偏低,单株叶面积、鲜果重、平均单果重也显著低于FI处理.但水分利用效率却比FI处理的高(分别高15.8%和29.3%);PRD1处理的叶水势与FI处理的相当.且高于其它处理,而气孔导度比FI,DI1和D12处理的明显降低,与PRD2处理的相近.PRD1处理的鲜果重、平均单果重与FI处理的相当,比DI1,DI2和PRD2处理的显著提高;与FI处理相比,DI1,DI2,PRD1和PRD2处理分别节水31.5%,50.0%,31.5%和50.0%,水分利用效率分别提高了15.8%,29.3%,44.4%和84.4%,从草莓产量和水分利用效率各指标可以看出,PRD1处理比DI1,DI2和PRD2处理表现出明显的优势,其综合效益最佳.     

Mineral Nutrition Of ‘Petopride’ Processing Tomato Under Partial Rootzone Drying

Information is scant on the mineral nutrition of plants undergoing partial rootzone drying (PRD). Researchers applied PRD to ‘Petopride’ tomato in a glasshouse by alternating irrigation to one side of the plant with half of the water in control (C). Roots in PRD treatment had higher magnesium (Mg) and copper (Cu) than C roots. Leaves in PRD treatment had lower P and higher K than C leaves. Minerals in leaves of C and PRD were within literature reported sufficiency ranges. Fruit of the PRD treatment had higher nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn), but lower phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and boron (B) than C fruit. Mineral nutrition of fruit was most affected by PRD compared to that of leaf and root. Fruit of the PRD treatment had a higher incidence of blossom end rot (BER) than C fruit. Incidence of BER notwithstanding, although PRD affected the mineral nutrition of the tomato plant, there was no evidence that the lower yield in PRD was due to poor mineral nutrition.     

控制性分根区灌溉对玉米根区水氮迁移和利用的影响

为探索灌水方式对根区水氮迁移和利用的影响,对盆栽玉米采用3种灌水方式（常规、交替、固定）和4个氮素水平,研究了不同根区湿润方式对玉米根区水氮迁移动态和利用的影响。结果表明：施氮后盆内土壤硝态氮含量和施氮量呈正相关,交替灌溉根区两侧土壤硝态氮分布均匀,固定灌溉根区干燥侧土壤硝态氮累积量明显大于湿润侧。交替灌溉上层土壤硝态氮残留量和常规灌溉同一层次上的残留量相当,下层的残留量比常规灌溉的大。交替灌溉的根冠比最大,固定灌溉的次之,常规灌溉的最小。交替灌溉的水分利用效率是常规灌溉的0.99～1.11倍,而灌水量是常规灌溉的0.75倍,节水效果明显。同一氮肥水平下,交替灌溉的单位干物质全氮吸收量最大,固定灌溉的次之,常规灌溉的最小。     

Soil water content measurements deliver reliable estimates of water fluxes: A comparative study in a beech and a spruce stand in the Tharandt forest (Saxony, Germany)

Previous studies have shown that soil water content can vary considerably within homogeneous sites. This small-scale variability of soil water is often neglected when studying water and carbon fluxes in forest ecosystems. In this paper, the small-scale variability of soil water was analyzed at two contrasting eddy-flux sites, a Norway spruce forest and a European beech forest. Simultaneous measurements of precipitation, eddy covariance, and sap flow, from soil water content readings, were used to answer the question of how representative soil water gain is during rainfall and evapotranspiration is during dry periods.Our study demonstrates that the spatial and temporal variability in soil water under spruce and beech was mainly due to the differences in soil properties and root intensity. This can be concluded from the fact that the pattern of soil moisture distribution and flow paths under the trees were generally stable throughout the season. As a tendency, areas with preferred accumulation of rainwater were mainly characterized by maximum soil water depletion. Therefore, the density of the installed water content sensors should correspond to the variability of soil properties as well as rooting intensity. Based on previous studies and our own results, it can be concluded that a horizontal and vertical distance between 10 and 30 cm is best suited for water content sensors to detect preferential flow paths and deliver reliable estimates of soil water balance.Despite the occurrence of preferential flow, we found that the soil water increase during rainstorm periods and the soil water depletion during dry periods can be estimated relatively well when the small-scale variability of soil properties is considered in the experimental setup. In general, the evaporation estimates based on eddy covariance, sap flow, and soil water balance were consistent. However, compared to the spruce site, at the beech site the gap between the evapotranspiration estimates based on eddy covariance and soil water balance were often relatively large. Differences in the spatial extent of these methods can only explain these discrepancies to a certain extent. We suggest that this might be mainly due to the lack of water content sensors in the immediate vicinity of the beech tree trunk. Thus, stemflow-induced wetting and subsequent drying around the trunk could not be monitored in our study. This may result in an underestimation of evaporation from the soil under beech using the soil water balance method compared to the eddy covariance method. Finally, soil water depletion under spruce led to a significant reduction of transpiration when the actual available plant soil capacity (AWC) was <40% of the potential AWC. In contrast to the spruce stand, a reduction of transpiration of beech due to water shortage was not observed.     

再生水分根交替滴灌对马铃薯根-土系统环境因子的影响研究

分根交替（PRD）滴灌技术是很有节水潜力的灌水技术。利用再生水,采用分根交替滴灌技术对马铃薯根长密度、根重密度及土壤水盐的空间分布影响进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯根系主要分布在0-60 cm的土层内,以植株为中心,呈放射状沿不同方向减小。通过研究所建马铃薯根长密度的空间分布函数能较好地反映根系的三维分布趋势。PRD灌溉可以刺激马铃薯根系生长,水分利用效率提高39%。进行PRD灌溉时应重点考虑滴头位置处及垄坡上的水盐变化,最好能起到节水控盐的双重作用。再生水PRD地下滴灌是对传统地表滴灌的优化和提升。     

Reduced root water uptake after drying and rewetting

The ability of plants to extract water from soil is controlled by the water‐potential gradient between root and soil, by the hydraulic conductivity of roots, and, as the soil dries, by that of the soil near the roots (rhizosphere). Recent experiments showed that the rhizosphere turned hydrophobic after drying and it remained temporarily dry after rewetting. Our objective was to investigate whether rhizosphere hydrophobicity is associated with a reduction in root water uptake after drying and rewetting. We used neutron radiography to trace the transport of deuterated water (D₂O) in the roots of lupines growing in a sandy soil. The plants were grown in aluminum containers (28 × 28 × 1 cm³) filled with a sandy soil. The soil was initially partitioned into different compartments using a 1‐cm layer of coarse sand (three vertical × three horizontal compartments). We grew plants in relatively moist conditions (0.1 < θ < 0.2). Three weeks after planting, we let the upper left compartment of soil to dry for 2–3 d while we irrigated the rest of the soil. Then, we injected D₂O in this compartment and in the upper right compartment that was kept wet. We monitored D₂O transport in soil and roots with time‐series neutron radiography. From the changes of D₂O concentration inside roots, we estimated the root water uptake. We found that root water uptake in the soil region that was let dry and rewetted was 4–8 times smaller than that in the region that was kept moist. The reduced uptake persisted for > 1–0.5 h. We conclude that a reduction in hydraulic conductivity occurred during drying and persisted after rewetting. This reduction in conductivity could have occurred in roots, in the rhizosphere, or more likely in both of them.     

Nutrient status of apple leaves not affected by three years of irrigation using partial rootzone drying

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a water‐saving irrigation technology that may affect apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Golden Delicious/Malling7)‐tree nutrition if applied for an extended period. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that long‐term application of PRD causes seasonal changes in macro‐ and micronutrients of apple leaves. The irrigation treatments were: (1) commercial irrigation as control (CI) and (2) PRD. After 3 years of evaluation, PRD irrigation had saved about 3240 m³ of water per hectare. Leaf xylem water potential was slightly lower in the PRD treatment than in CI. The seasonal concentration of macro‐ and micronutrients was comparable between treatments, although significant differences were found at times. The macronutrient concentrations were within the normal range in PRD apple leaves. All micronutrient concentrations were slightly above the normal range except for Zn, which was slightly below the normal range. No physiological disorders associated with plant nutrition were observed on leaves or fruits. Therefore, data suggest that PRD did not alter apple‐tree nutrition during the 3‐year trial. Thus, PRD may be feasible for apple production in Central Mexico. However, further studies need to be conducted in those regions where groundwater is the main water source for irrigation and rain is negligible, particularly during the growing season.     

局部供应水氮条件下玉米不同根区的耗水特点

利用分根装置,采用传统均匀灌水、根系分区交替灌水2种方式和作物根区均匀施氮、固定部分根区施氮和根系分区交替施氮3种方式,对零、低、中、高4个施氮水平下玉米根系不同区域的耗水特点进行了研究。结果表明：交替灌水与均匀灌水均表现为,在均匀施氮时玉米两个根区的耗水量随施氮水平的增大一致减小;固定施氮时,随施氮水平的增大,施氮区的耗水量呈明显的减小趋势,从而使两个根区耗水量间的差距增大;交替施氮时的耗水量变化与之相同。而且,两种局部施氮方式下,低氮水平时,玉米两根区间耗水量无显著差异;高氮水平时,未(后)施氮区的耗水量较之先施氮区显著增大,其中尤以固定施氮的增幅更大。与均匀灌水所不同的是,交替灌水缩小了局部施氮条件下不同根区耗水量间的差距。     

不同水分状况下桃树根茎液流变化规律研究

利用热脉冲技术研究桃树根茎液流变化规律，并用自动气象站对气象因子进行同步监测。对液流日变化、日际变化及不同位点液流变化规律进行了研究，还分析了水分胁迫下树干液流的波动特征。运用回归的方法建立环境气象因子与树干液流量之间的数量关系。其结果表明：根茎液流日变化和日际变化趋势相同；木质部内不同深度处液流速率大小不同；水分胁迫下，树干液流有波动特征；气象因子与树干液流量之间的数量关系能很好地预测桃树的蒸腾耗水量。