黄土高原生物结皮对土壤水分入渗的影响

利用圆盘入渗仪测量6种处理（无生物结皮、生物结皮、长芒草、长芒草＋生物结皮、柠条、柠条＋生物结皮）下水分的入渗特征,并进行对比分析。结果表明：①无论有、无植被,生物结皮的存在都会阻碍水分的入渗,无生物结皮的稳定入渗速率和累积入渗量均大于有生物结皮;植被的存在,加剧了生物结皮的阻水性。②Kostiakov模型对无结皮、长...     

黄土丘陵区土壤生物结皮对土壤微生物分布特征的影响

通过对山西省偏关地区4种主要植被类型和撂荒地土壤生物结皮及下层土壤样本微生物的计数,研究不同植被状况下土壤生物结皮覆盖对土壤微生物生态分布特征的影响,探讨土壤生物结皮的生物学作用及影响土壤微生物数量的因子.结果表明:①在所有微生物类群中细菌数量最大,放线菌次之,真菌最少;②不同植被下土壤微生物数量差异显著(P <0.0...     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素

水分入渗是土壤水分循环的重要环节。为探明毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素,采用双环法测定不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮,依次用BS、LC、DC和MC表示)水分入渗速率及其土壤理化性质。结果表明:1与BS相比,LC、DC和MC样地初始入渗率分别减少了37.7%、59.2%和73.6%,稳定前平均入渗率分别减少了37.5%、62.2%和81.3%,稳定入渗率分别减少了13.6%、67.4%和78.9%,累计入渗量分别减少了25.8%、61.3%和78.6%。2不同类型地表达到稳定入渗所需的时间在3~8 min;相关性分析结果显示,水分入渗速率与砂粒和土壤容重呈正相关关系,与粉粒、黏粒、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度、结皮层容重和有机碳含量呈负相关关系。3主成分分析结果表明,黏粒、结皮抗剪强度和土壤容重是影响该地区水分入渗速率的主要因子。因此,生物结皮在沙丘表面的形成和发育过程中,通过改变土壤的理化性质,减缓了该地区水分入渗速率,增加了降水的径流流失风险。     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型生物结皮对草本植物多样性影响

选择古尔班通古特沙漠的北部(一号点)、中部(二号点)、南部(三号点)3个不同样点的裸沙和藻结皮、地衣结皮与苔藓结皮3种生物结皮类型,对比研究了草本植物多样性的差异性及其主要环境影响因素.结果表明:(1)不同生物结皮类型的土壤理化性质有明显差异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及黏粒、粉粒和细沙的含量随生物结皮演替显著...     

沙漠生物结皮对维管植物养分吸收的影响

生物结皮是沙地表面被固定的重要特征,并能够富集养分,通过降水淋溶作用改善沙丘土壤的性质。研究表明,生物结皮层覆盖对植物体的养分元素吸收具有促进作用,但是,由于不同植物养分生理特性的差异及其根系分布深度的不同,不同植物吸收养分时对生物结皮层肥岛效应的敏感程度不同。     

毛乌素沙地生物结皮对土壤温度的影响

土壤温度对作物生长发育、土壤水盐运移、生物的数量与活性、土壤碳平衡等均有较大的影响。为了研究毛乌素沙地生物结皮区和裸沙区土壤温度的差异,于2010年9~11月在陕北毛乌素沙地东南缘神木县圪丑沟地区,选择晴朗天气进行定位观测试验。结果表明: ① 同一剖面深度,生物结皮样地土壤温度的日变化趋势同裸沙样地一致;且从6:00~21:00时每隔3 h,土壤垂直剖面的温度沿着“\” 型、 微“（”型、明显“（”型、“/” 型、微“）”型、“\”型进行周期性变化。② 生物结皮的覆盖极显著降低了地表的土壤温度（[WTBX]P[WTBZ]＜0.01）。③ 生物结皮样地和裸沙样地表层土壤温度变幅最大,随剖面深度的增加土壤温度变化趋缓。当气温和土壤含水量较低时,生物结皮对同一深度土壤温度变化幅度的影响更明显。从垂直剖面角度看,生物结皮降低了土壤温度及其变幅。④ 生物结皮提高了0~25 cm深度土壤温度对气温的敏感程度。表明土壤温度的变化是多因素作用的结果,前人仅根据生物结皮的颜色来判断其对土壤温度的影响是不够的。生物结皮对土壤温度造成影响的主要原因,可能是其改变了土壤表层结构及土壤水分状况。在今后相关研究中如水分蒸发、土壤化学性状的改变等,要特别注意生物结皮的温度效应对这些过程的影响,从而使分析更加客观深入。     

荒漠结皮对土壤水分状况的影响

本研究针对鄂尔多斯沙地生物结皮进行调查 ,利用人工喷水模拟降雨分析结皮对土壤入渗性能的影响。研究表明 :生物结皮能显著地降低土壤水分的入渗速率。在去掉结皮时 ,表层下 5 cm处的土壤含水量在 1 0分钟时即开始显著增加 ,而有结皮时 ,此处的含水量则在 1 5分钟时才开始显著增加。利用圆盘入渗仪测定有结皮和无结皮条件下的土壤饱和导水率表明 :固定沙丘间地有生物结皮的土壤饱和导水率范围是 :2 9.1 0 - 82 .2 1 mm/ h;半固定沙丘有微弱结皮时饱和导水率为 1 43.5 4 - 2 30 .2 5 ;去掉结皮后土壤的饱和导水率可显著上升数倍 ,无结皮的流沙的饱和导水率最高。     

北方农牧交错带沙地生物结皮研究

为了解我国北方农牧交错带生物结皮的生态意义,本文以宁夏盐池为例,采用样线调查法进行结皮及植被调查,并在有结皮和无结皮覆盖两种情况下进行入渗试验。研究表明:北方半干旱区生物结皮对植物生长存在先促进、后抑制的过程。在风蚀环境条件和不稳定的土壤条件下,生物结皮的出现可创造适合植物生长的微环境,为植物的生长提供了条件。方差分析显示有结皮时的植被盖度明显高于无结皮覆盖的植被盖度。当环境条件改善时,结皮开始抑制植物的生长,两者存在一种显著的线性负相关关系。研究区从封育边缘到核心,结皮盖度为核心>边缘,植被盖度正好相反,两者的相关系数高达-0.920;生物结皮对入渗具有明显的阻碍作用,结皮盖度与入渗深度之间呈线性负相关,相关系数为-0.765,说明结皮的存在使土壤水分呈现浅层化趋势。     

微咸水矿化度对重度盐碱土壤入渗特征的影响

通过微咸水室内一维垂直入渗试验,分析了淡水以及4种不同矿化度(2,3,4,5 g·L~(-1))微咸水对重度盐碱土壤累积入渗量、湿润锋运移深度、土壤含水率、入渗历时、入渗速率的影响。结果表明:累积入渗量、湿润锋运移深度、土壤含水率随微咸水矿化度的增加呈现增大的趋势,但与淡水相比,2,3,4,5 g·L~(-1)微咸水的累积入渗量、湿润锋运移深度随入渗时间的变化差异较小;同一土层,土壤含水率大小比较:淡水5 g·L~(-1)3 g·L~(-1)2 g·L~(-1)4 g·L~(-1);在微咸水灌溉条件下,累积入渗量与湿润锋运移深度呈线性关系。采用Kostiakov模型,Philip模型和Green-Ampt模型模拟微咸水入渗过程,结果显示,Kostiakov模型可以更好地描述重度盐碱土入渗率与入渗时间的关系。     

土壤初始含盐量对水分入渗特性的影响

研究土壤初始含盐量对入渗特性的影响,对盐碱地治理具有重要意义。在室内分别进行初始氯化钠含量为3.6、4.5、5.3、5.7 g•kg^-1和9.0 g•kg^-1的一维垂直土柱淋洗试验。根据试验数据,采用多元回归法,建立了湿润锋、累积入渗量与时间和土壤含盐量之间的量化关系,回归相关系数分别为0.992、0.922,回归模型拟合程度较好;根据累积入渗量得到了入渗率与时间和土壤含盐量之间的量化关系。实验和分析计算表明：土壤初始含盐量对入渗特性的影响大于时间对入渗特性的影响,相同时间土壤初始含盐量越高,入渗湿润锋、累积入渗量和入渗率值越小。     

Effects of artificially cultivated biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and biological activities in the Loess Plateau

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） play an important role in the early succession of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, China. To evaluate the effects of artificially cultivated BSCs on the soil surface micro-envir- onment, we obtained natural moss crusts and moss-lichen crusts from the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi province, and subsequently inoculated and cultivated on horizontal and sloping surfaces of loess soil in a greenhouse. The chemical and biological properties of the subsoil under cultivated BSCs were determined after 10 weeks of cul- tivation. The results indicated that BSCs coverage was more than 65% after 10 weeks of cultivation. Moss crust coverage reached 40% after 5 weeks of cultivation. Compared with the control, soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents in moss crust with the horizontal treatments increased by 100.87% and 48.23%, respectively; increased by 67.56% and 52.17% with the sloping treatments, respectively; they also increased in moss-lichen crust with horizontal and sloping treatments, but there was no significant difference. Available phosphorus in cultivated BSCs was reduced, soil pH was lower and cationic exchange capacity was higher in cultivated BSCs than in the control. Alkaline phosphatase, urease and invertase activities were increased in artificially cultivated BSCs, and alkaline phosphatase activity in all cultivated BSCs was obviously higher than that in the control. Numbers of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased in the formation process of cultivated BSCs. These results indicate that BSCs could be formed rapidly in short-term cultivation and improve the mi- cro-environment of soil surface, which provides a scientific reference for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau. China.     

Precipitation and soil particle size co-determine spatial distribution of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert,China

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are bio-sedimentary associations that play crucial ecological roles in arid and semi-arid regions. In the Gurbantunggut Desert of China, more than 27% of the land surface is characterized by a predominant cover of lichen-dominated BSCs that contribute to the stability of the desert. However, little is known about the major factors that limit the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale. In this study, the cover of BSCs was investigated along a precipitation gradient from the margins to the center of the Gurbantunggut Desert. Environmental variables including precipitation, soil particle size, soil p H, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, total salt, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were analyzed at a macro scale to determine their association with differing assemblages of BSCs(cyanobacteria crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts) using constrained linear ordination redundancy analysis(RDA). A model of BSCs distribution correlated with environmental variables that dominated the first two axes of the RDA was constructed to clearly demonstrate the succession stages of BSCs. The study determined that soil particle size(represented by coarse sand content) and precipitation are the most significant drivers influencing the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The cover of lichen and moss crusts increased with increasing precipitation, while the cover of cyanobacteria crusts decreased with increasing precipitation. The cover of lichen and moss crusts was negatively associated with coarse sand content, whereas the cover of cyanobacteria crusts was positively correlated with coarse sand content. These findings highlight the need for both the availability of soil moisture and a relatively stable of soil matrix, not only for the growth of BSCs but more importantly, for the regeneration and rehabilitation of disturbed BSC communities in arid and semi-arid lands. Thereby, this study will provide a theory basis to effectively increase soil stability in desert regions.     

非水相污染物在黄土性土壤中的入渗试验研究

对两种非水相流体(NAPL)(煤油和四氯乙烯)在3种不同质地的黄土性土壤(沙土、黄绵土和土娄土)中的非饱和入渗特征进行了试验研究。结果表明:非水相污染物在土壤中的入渗与水分入渗规律相类似,累积入渗量曲线均很好地符合考斯加柯夫公式(F=atα);随着土壤质地的加重,入渗速率降低,表现为沙土>黄绵土>土娄土;两种污染物(煤油和四氯乙烯)在土壤中的入渗速率表现为相同温度下粘滞性较大的煤油入渗速率明显地小于粘滞性较小的四氯乙烯;对于同一质地土壤,随着土壤容重的增大,污染物迁移的速率降低,土壤的压实对污染物的迁移有抑制作用。     

Snowpack shifts cyanobacterial community in biological soil crusts

Winter snowpack is an important source of moisture that influences the development ofbiological soil crusts(BSCs)in desert ecosystems.Cyanobacteria are important photosynthetic organismsin BSCs.However,the responses of the cyanobacterial community in BSCs to snowpack,snow depth andmelting snow are still unknown.In this study,we investigated the cyanobacterial community compositionand diversity in BSCs under different snow treatments(doubled snow,ambient snow and removed snow)and three snow stages(stage 1,snowpack;stage 2,melting snow;and stage 3,melted snow)in theGurbantunggut Desert in China.In stages 1 and 2,Cyanobacteria were the dominant phylum in the bacterialcommunity in the removed snow treatment,whereas Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were abundant inthe bacterial communities in the ambient snow and doubled snow treatments.The relative abundances ofProteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased with increasing snow depth.The relative abundances ofCyanobacteria and other bacterial taxa were affected mainly by soil temperature and irradiance.In stages 2and 3,the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria increased quickly due to the suitable soil moisture andirradiance conditions.Oscillatoriales,Chroococcales,Nostocales,Synechococcales and unclassifiedCyanobacteria were detected in all the snow treatments,and the most dominant taxa were Oscillatorialesand Chroococcales.Various cyanobacterial taxa showed different responses to snowpack.Soil moisture andirradiance were the two critical factors shaping the cyanobacterial community structure.The snowpackdepth and duration altered the soil surface irradiance,soil moisture and other soil properties,whichconsequently were selected for different cyanobacterial communities.Thus,local microenvironmentalfiltering(niche selection)caused by snow conditions may be a dominant process driving shifts in thecyanobacterial community in BSCs.     

生物结皮发育对地表蒸发过程影响机理研究

生物结皮的形成与发育显著改变了土壤地表特征及下伏土壤性质,对地表蒸发过程产生深远影响.但目前已有研究对生物结皮存地表蒸发过程中的作用仍存在很大争议.文中通过覆盖结皮和模拟降水的方法对土壤蒸发过程进行研究,以期初步揭示生物结皮发育影响地表蒸发过程的机理.结果表明:生物结皮主要通过结皮层对降水的截留和阻碍扩散作用及对下伏土...     

不同理化因子对荒漠生物结皮中三种蓝藻生长的影响

对实验室分离荒漠生物结皮中的具鞘微鞘藻〔Microcoleus vaginatus(Vauch.)Gom.〕、眼点伪枝藻(Scy-tonema ocellatum Lyngb)、地木耳(Nostoc commune Vauch.)3种蓝藻分别进行了培养,利用正交设计的方法研究了pH值、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+4种理化因子对其生长的影响,初步探讨了3种蓝藻在实验室内生长所需的最适生理条件。研究结果表明,具鞘微鞘藻的最适生理条件:pH值为8,Ca2+浓度为3.54×10-5mol/L,Mg2+浓度为5.1×10-5mol/L,K+浓度为1.345×10-5mol/L;眼点伪枝藻的最适生理条件为:pH值9,Ca2+浓度为1.77×10-5mol/L,Mg2+浓度为5.1×10-5mol/L,K+浓度为2.69×10-5mol/L;地木耳的最适生理条件为:pH值为10,K+浓度为5.38×10-5mol/L,Ca2+浓度为1.77×10-5mol/L,Mg2+浓度为1.02×10-4mol/L。     

Effects of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation in aeolian sand soil

Aeolian sandy soil in mining areas exhibits intense evaporation and poor water retention capacity. This study was designed to find a suitable biochar application method to improve soil water infiltration and minimize soil water evaporation for aeolian sand soil. Using the indoor soil column method, we studied the effects of three application patterns (A (0-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil), B (0-10 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil and 10-20 cm was soil), and C (0-10 cm was soil and 10-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil)), four application amounts (0% (control, CK), 1%, 2%, and 4% of mixed-based biochar in dry soil), and two particle sizes (0.05-0.25 mm (S1) and <0.05 mm (S2)) of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation of aeolian sandy soil. We separately used five infiltration models (the Philip, Kostiakov, Horton, USDA-NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service), and Kostiakov-Lewis models) to fit cumulative infiltration and time. Compared with CK, the application of mixed-based biochar significantly reduced cumulative soil water infiltration. Under application patterns A, B, and C, the higher the application amount and the finer the particle size were, the lower the migration speed of the wetting front. With the same application amount, cumulative soil water infiltration under application pattern A was the lowest. Taking infiltration for 10 min as an example, the reductions of cumulative soil water infiltration under the treatments of A2%_(S2), A4%_(S1), A4%_(S2), A1%_(S1), C2%_(S1), and B1%_(S1) were higher than 30%, which met the requirements of loess soil hydraulic parameters suitable for plant growth. The five infiltration models well fitted the effects of the treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size (R²>0.980), but the R² values of the Horton model exceeded 0.990 for all treatments (except for the treatment B2%_(S2)). Compared with CK, all other treatments reduced cumulative soil water infiltration, except for B4%_(S2). With the same application amount, cumulative soil water evaporation difference between application patterns A and B was small. Treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size caused a larger reduction in cumulative soil water evaporation. The reductions in cumulative soil water evaporation under the treatments of C4%_(S1), C4%_(S2), C2%_(S1), and C2%_(S2) were over 15.00%. Therefore, applying 2% of mixed-based biochar with S1 particle size to the underlying layer (10-20 cm) could improve soil water infiltration while minimizing soil water evaporation. Moreover, application pattern was the main factor affecting soil water infiltration and evaporation. Further, there were interactions among the three influencing factors in the infiltration process (application amount×particle size with the most important interaction), while there were no interactions among them in the evaporation process. The results of this study could contribute to the rational application of mixed-based biochar in aeolian sandy soil and the resource utilization of urban and agricultural wastes in mining areas.     

不同粘粒含量土壤水分入渗能力模拟试验研究

为研究土壤粘粒含量对土壤入渗能力的影响,通过向自然土壤中添加沙粒、人工粘土的方法配制不同粘粒含量土壤,用土柱积水入渗模拟了人工配制土壤中粘粒含量对其入渗能力的影响.结果表明:(1) 土壤粘粒含量对土壤入渗能力有较大影响,随粘粒含量增多,入渗能力递减:＜0.001 mm粘粒含量从6%增加至40.4%时,稳定入渗速率从0.0169 cm/min降低至0.0068 cm/min,90 min累积入渗量则从3.66 cm降低至2.02 cm;(2) 稳定入渗速率、90 min累积入渗量与粘粒及物理性粘粒含量分别呈幂函数负相关、指数负相关关系,但与粘粒含量相关性更为显著;(3) 通过对Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型及Kostiakov模型的参数拟合及累积入渗量计算,发现在本试验中Kostiakov模型拟合精度最高,Philip模型次之,Green-Ampt模型较差,说明Kostiakov模型对于均质土体是个比较实用的入渗模型.     

微咸水与生物炭协同作用对盐碱土入渗特征及水盐运移的影响

为研究添加生物炭条件下微咸水矿化度对盐碱土水盐运移的影响,采用一维垂直土柱入渗试验,研究了微咸水灌溉并施用生物炭对盐碱土水盐运移特征及其对Philip和一维代数入渗模型参数的影响,并对入渗模型的适用性进行了评价。本研究设置淡水对照CK(0 g·L^-1)及4种微咸水矿化度水平(2、3、4、5 g·L^-1)与施用玉米秸秆生物炭(5 t·hm^-2)组合试验方案。结果表明：使用微咸水灌溉或施用生物炭均会增加土壤水分入渗速率及土壤含水率,提高土壤保水能力,且微咸水和生物炭协同作用下效果更好。灌溉微咸水并施用生物炭降低了土壤含盐量,在0～30 cm深度内的平均含盐量比初始含盐量降低了34.75%～74.00%,具有良好的盐分淋洗效果。Philip入渗模型能够较好模拟微咸水和生物炭协同作用下的土壤水分入渗情况,灌溉微咸水或施用生物炭会使吸渗率S增加,且两者结合使用时S增幅更大;由代数模型计算而得的土壤各层理论含水率值与实测值之间的平均绝对误差与均方根误差均小于2.2%,表现出一维代数模型较好的适用性。综上所述,使用微咸水灌溉并配施生物...