菜用大豆种质资源评价与筛选

通过对121份来自全国各地种质资源的大豆生育期、农艺性状、产量性状及菜用大豆相关品质及炭疽病抗性性状进行评价,筛选适宜浙江地区种植的菜用大豆品种资源。结果表明:121份大豆种质资源在生育期、农艺性状、品质性状和炭疽病抗性方面呈现丰富的遗传多样性,各性状种质资源差异显著;生育期为80～128 d,鲜籽单株产量为14.973～148.791 g,可溶性蛋白含量为29.037～136.683 mg·g^-1,可溶性糖含量为4.310～31.130 mg·g^-1,游离氨基酸含量为6.560 7～37.972 7 mg·kg^-1,维生素C含量为4.832～15.460 mg·kg^-1。采用主成分分析法从121份大豆种质资源中筛选出通化平顶香、豫豆19、中黄58、冀豆21、菏豆13、六月黄为适于浙江地区菜用大豆品种选育的资源。     

夏播菜用大豆感官品质性状核心选样的构建

核心选样是在核心种质基础上提出的实用性概念,指围绕综合育种目标建立的核心材料库,供育种者选用.以我国菜用大豆主产区154个代表性地方品种为材料进行2次重复的随机区组试验,依据荚长、荚宽、荚厚、百荚鲜重、百粒鲜重、单荚粒数和可溶性糖等感官品质性状进行聚类分析,采用欧氏距离计算遗传材料问的遗传距离,并用离差平方和进行聚类,根据树型图与方差分析,选出优良级别的2类,构建了由47个品种组成的夏播菜用大豆感官品质性状核心选样.将从代表性地方品种中单一性状优选的品种与从核心选样优选的品种作比较分析,表明从核心选样中选择的品种具有较多综合优良性状.     

优良大豆种质合丰35的利用与效果分析

合丰35遗传基础好,种性优良,高产稳产,优质,适应性广.1993～2006年生产直接利用累计推广408.6万hm2,纯增产大豆10.4亿kg,创纯社会经济效益26.9亿元;间接利用该种质做育种亲本育成大豆新品种11个,各品种品质优良,丰产性突出,增产效果显著,综合性状好,适宜种植区域广,累计推广面积119.4万hm2,纯增产大豆2.7亿kg,创纯社会经济效益7.0亿元.结果表明,合丰35既是优良品种又是被育种利用的优良种质.     

育种与种子功能研究室

育种与种子功能研究室现设以下11个研究岗位:种质资源评价、创新与利用,分子育种,东北特早熟育种,东北早熟育种,东北中、晚熟育种,黄淮海中、北部地区育种,黄淮海南部地区育种,长江中下游地区育种,热带、亚热带地区育种,菜用和特用育种,种子生产。该研究室开展大豆遗传育种理论技术研究和材料创制,培育适宜在我国不同生态区种植的高产、优质、广适应性大豆新品种,满足大豆产业发展对品种的需求。     

菜用大豆在辽宁省不同生态区农艺性状及产量的比较研究

在辽宁省大豆不同生态区,比较研究了菜用大豆新品种（系）辽鲜1号、辽00139和辽00128农艺性状及产量。试验结果表明：不同生态区菜用大豆采收期在7月31日至9月13日间;3个菜用大豆品种（系）株高差异大,株高平均值在24.1～70.0 cm;鲜荚产量为297.5～983.9 kg/667m2,鲜荚产量最高的地区是铁岭,最低的地区是岫岩。从鲜荚商品性状和产量性状结果分析,铁岭、丹东、瓦房店和锦州地区适宜生产菜用大豆。     

云南省菜用大豆产量限制因子的研究

采用灰色关联度分析方法,对10个外引菜用大豆新品系在云南省昆明夏播条件下研究其11个主要农艺性状对鲜荚产量的影响及各农艺性状之间的相互关系,得出对云南省菜用大豆鲜荚产量影响最大的因子是生物产量,而影响生物产量的主要因子是主茎节数、株高、单株荚数和出苗至开花日数.提出通过品种引育、布局,改进栽培技术等措施以促进云南菜用大豆生产的发展.     

始花期追施尿素对早熟菜用大豆农艺性状和产量的影响

以3个早熟菜用大豆和1个晚熟菜用大豆品种为试材,探讨了始花期追施尿素对菜用大豆农艺性状和产量的影响,旨在为提高菜用大豆的产量提供理论依据。结果表明,早熟菜用大豆品种植株矮小、分枝少、主茎节数少、结荚高度低于晚熟品种。始花期追施尿素对菜用大豆品种形态性状的影响并不明显,但可以增加二粒荚和三粒荚的比例,且中等施肥水平优于高施肥水平;始花期适量施尿素有利于增加菜用大豆的单株荚数、单株荚重、单株粒数、百粒重、籽粒产量和收获指数,且早熟品种的增产幅度大于晚熟品种。从综合性状来看,早熟品种沈农引48更具有商业价值。     

黄淮海南部地区耐密高产大豆品种筛选试验简报

文章对中作X96335等19个大豆品种在2万株/667m2的种植密度下的植株生长性状、产量性状及产量结果进行了分析。结果表明,皖宿0611、鲁0126、阜07197和中作X96335四个品种可作为耐密高产品种,适宜在黄淮海南部地区以2万株/667m2的密度种植;其余品种综合表现较差,不适宜在黄淮海南部地区高密度种植。     

东北北部高寒区大豆品系因子分析及综合评价

为合理利用大豆种质资源,选取适合寒区种植的大豆品系,2017年在黑龙江省黑河市嫩江县鹤山农场对30份大豆品系的10个农艺性状及产量性状进行变异性、相关性、因子分析和聚类分析。结果表明:大豆种质资源10个农艺性状的变异系数为4.66%~87.53%,其中单株瘪荚数变异系数最大,单位面积株数变异系数最小;因子分析将10个性状浓缩为4个主因子,分别为结荚数因子、高度因子、粒重因子和株数因子,且累计贡献率高达84.74%;聚类分析表明,30份大豆品系可聚类成3大类,第1类群共计15份品系,第2类群共计11份品系,第3类群共计4份品系,分别为CS1737、CS1733、CS1704和CS1761,适宜该寒区推广种植。     

种植密度对辽宁省主栽大豆品种主要性状及产量的影响

选用当前辽宁省主栽的两种不同结荚习性的4个大豆品种,对不同种植密度处理两种结荚类型大豆品种的农艺性状、产量构成性状、群体产量和品质进行分析比较。结果表明：有限结荚类型品种辽豆15号和铁丰29号适宜种植密度在12万-15万株／hm^2;亚有限结荚类型品种辽豆21号和铁丰31号适宜种植密度在18万株／hm^2左右。随种植密度增加,品种的株高、籽粒蛋白质含量呈现递增趋势,而有效分枝数、单株粒重和百粒重等性状及籽粒脂肪含量呈现递减趋势;种植密度对不同结荚类型大豆品种的主茎节数、百粒重和群体产量影响存在较大差异。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).