华北地区微咸水应用对土壤水力传导性能的影响

由于淡水资源短缺,中国华北地区微咸地下水灌溉面积逐年增多。该文通过室内土柱淋洗试验,研究了灌溉水盐分浓度和钠吸附比(SAR)对华北地区非碱土(可交换钠百分比ESP0)和碱土(ESP30)饱和水力传导性能的影响。灌溉水盐浓度分别为2.5、10和25mmolc/L,SAR分别为0、10和30(mmolc/L)0.5。去离子(盐浓度0)作为对照处理。试验包括2个土壤碱度、9个灌溉水质组合和1个去离子水处理,共20个试验处理。试验结果显示,非碱土和碱土对微咸水应用的反应机理以及反应程度不同。当黏粒弥散程度较弱时,上部土壤的饱和水力传导度显著大于下层土壤;反之,则各层土壤的水力传导度均较小。在试验水质条件下,非碱土的平均饱和水力传导度的变化范围为0.75～13.25cm/h,而碱土的变化范围为0.06～6.50cm/h。碱土的稳定饱和水力传导度随着灌溉水盐浓度的增加或/和SAR的减小而增大,但在非碱土中稳定饱和水力传导度的变化规律与此基本相反。试验结果对合理应用微咸水灌溉非碱土和碱土具有指导意义。     

污灌条件下土壤碱度、石膏施用以及污水过滤处理对水力传导度的影响

污水是淡水资源缺乏地区农业灌溉的重要水资源之一。该文通过室内土柱淋洗试验，研究了污水灌溉条件下土壤碱度、脱硫石膏施用以及污水过滤处理对土壤水力传导性能的影响。试验结果显示，土壤饱和水力传导度随淋出液体积的增加而减小。非碱性土壤的稳定水力传导度比碱性土壤(可交换钠百分比约为30)的大74%左右。脱硫石膏的施用降低了碱性土壤的pH值以及土壤溶液的钠吸附比。0.5%的石膏施用量可增大碱性土壤的稳定水力传导度37%左右。污水过滤处理增大了非碱性土壤的初始水力传导度，而降低了碱性土壤的初始水力传导度。在污水灌溉条件下，石膏施用可有效地改善碱性土壤的水力传导能力。     

脱硫石膏在碱土改良中的无机固碳作用

脱硫石膏溶解产生的Ca2+会和土壤中含碳的阴离子（CO32-、HCO3-）反应，最终将CO2吸收并固定为土壤无机碳。脱硫石膏在碱土改良中的无机固碳作用对实现“碳中和”具有重要意义。以新疆阜康三工河流域的荒漠碱土为研究对象，以脱硫石膏为钙源物对0~20 cm土层进行改良。探究不同时间0~40 t?hm-2脱硫石膏施用量下土壤无机碳（SIC）和土壤无机碳密度（SICD）的变化，从而研究碱土改良中的无机固碳作用。结果表明：施用脱硫石膏能显著减轻土壤碱害（pH下降），增加土壤盐分同时具有无机固碳效果（SIC和SICD上升）（P < 0.05）。脱硫石膏最佳施用量为30 t?hm-2，此时改良土层pH降至最低（8.24）。改良后0~46d SIC含量相较对照组增加0.93 g?kg-1，SICD增加0.29 kg?m-2（即CO2固定量为1.06 kg?m-2）。改良过程中，脱硫石膏施用量与SIC、SO42-和Ca2+呈显著正相关（P < 0.05），与pH、CO32-、HCO3-和Na+呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）。气候因子对土壤无机固碳存在影响，增大相对湿度和降水量会抑制SIC含量和SICD增加，而增大风速、温度和太阳总辐射则有促进作用。研究结果为施用脱硫石膏改良碱土能增加土壤固碳潜力提供了直接证据。     

快速修复苏打草甸碱土植被对土壤盐分和酶活性的影响

苏打草甸碱土是松嫩平原西部盐渍土壤类型之一，碱化度大，pH达10以上，形成了寸草不生的光碱斑，造成了草场退化和生态环境的恶化。通过采用碱斑堆肥、覆盖等措施对盐渍土植被重建试验，能使光碱斑当年得到修复，覆盖率达到90％以上，pH下降到8．5以下。为进一步阐明改良效果，本文将对草甸碱土改良后的盐分变化及土壤酶活性进行探讨。由于土壤酶参与土壤各种生物化学反应过程，     

不同PAM施用方法对土壤入渗和侵蚀的影响

施用土壤调理剂PAM可增加入渗率和减少土壤侵蚀,为了研究不同PAM形态与施用方法对施用PAM效果的影响,该文对3种形态的PAM（溶胶态、溶液与干粉状）以及干粉PAM与石膏混合的2种施用方法进行了试验。结果表明,3种不同形态PAM均能够显著增加土壤入渗、减少侵蚀量。与对照相比,喷洒溶胶和溶液PAM可分别提高土壤稳定入渗率1.0～2.5、1.7～2.8倍,直接施用干粉PAM可提高0.25～1.8倍。综合比较干粉PAM的两种施用方法,地表直接撒施干粉比与土壤混合效果略好一些,与石膏联合施用可明显提高干粉PAM增加入渗效果,并且增加幅度随着石膏混合量增加而增加。地表直接撒施干粉PAM,与对照相比减少土壤侵蚀量最大约80%,可达到施用溶胶态与溶液PAM减少侵蚀相同的效果。干粉PAM与表层土壤混合施用将降低PAM减少侵蚀的效果。增加石膏掺入量可以加强干粉PAM增加土壤入渗、减少径流的效果,但会降低减少土壤侵蚀的作用。综合比较3种形态PAM及干粉PAM施用方法对入渗与侵蚀的影响,直接使用干粉PAM不仅具有较好效果,且施用方法简单易行,适合在旱作农业区推广使用。     

地面覆盖对苏打草甸碱土盐分及牧草生物量的影响

试验区设在黑龙江省肇州县火车头村,土壤类型苏打草甸碱土。本试验随机选取碱斑,直接在碱斑上进行地膜覆盖、草帘覆盖及稻壳覆盖。结果表明,草帘覆盖控盐效果及对于植被的恢复能力明显优于稻壳覆盖与地膜覆盖。     

PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对降雨入渗和土壤侵蚀的影响

土壤中施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)可以提高降雨入渗率,减少土壤侵蚀量。PAM大多施用于土壤表面。为了研究PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对入渗率和侵蚀量的影响,对PAM(22.5kg/hm2)与保水剂(45kg/hm2)、粉煤灰(1 500kg/hm2)、腐殖酸(900kg/hm2)混合的6种施用方法进行了试验。结果表明,施加了PAM的土壤调理剂均能显著提高降雨入渗率和减少土壤侵蚀量。与对照相比,施加了PAM处理的降雨入渗率较对照试验提高了1.8～2.7倍,土壤侵蚀量减少约50%～70%,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用提高降雨入渗率效果最为显著,PAM和保水剂混合施用减少土壤侵蚀量最多,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用相比单独施用PAM均没有显著性差异。综合比较结果发现,PAM与粉煤灰混合施用增加降雨入渗率和减少径流的效果最好,PAM与保水剂混合施用抗土壤侵蚀效果最好。     

聚丙烯酰胺对不同土壤坡地降雨产流产沙的影响研究

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一种新型高效土壤结构改良剂,对适宜的土壤它可抑制土壤表面结皮,增加土壤水分入渗。研究表明,土壤结构是影响施用PAM效果的决定性因素,粗砂土施用后可以增加径流量、减小产沙量,而壤土施用后径流量和产沙量都减小了,并且减少产沙量的效果要好于减少径流量的效果。壤土PAM的施用量以1.4 g/m2较为合适。     

长期施用有机肥对草甸碱土土壤酶活性及养分特征的影响

依托东北农业大学盐碱土改良长期定位试验站,以松嫩平原草甸碱土为研究对象,探讨不同年限有机培肥措施下草甸碱土酶活性变化趋势、有机质和养分提升状况及其相互关系。结果表明:长期施用有机肥,草甸碱土脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性含量均显著提高,长期施用有机肥对过氧化氢酶活性影响较小。草甸碱土有机质、全氮、全磷及碱解氮、有效磷含量均显著提高,土壤pH值显著降低。施用有机肥5年后,草甸碱土的改良效果显著。经相关分析,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶与土壤有机质和养分间呈显著或极显著正相关,过氧化氢酶则无显著相关性。     

利用圆盘入渗仪推求含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度(英)

在模拟土柱中，利用圆盘入渗仪对碎石对土壤饱和水力传导度的影响进行了分析。结果表明：含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度可以通过对不同负压下土壤稳定入渗速率进行非线性回归获得。含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度与去除碎石后的土壤饱和水力传导度及碎石形状指数密切相关。试验中含碎石土壤的饱和水力传导度随碎石含量的增加而呈指数降低趋势。     

聚丙烯酰胺改良盐渍土壤的适宜用量研究

盐渍土的改良一般采用物理、化学、生物及工程措施,其中化学改良剂应用广泛。聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为高分子聚合物,能溶于水,并且有良好的凝聚作用,能够改良土壤物理结构,但是其用量的选择至关重要。本研究设计了不同的PAM浓度梯度(0.01、0.03、0.09、0.27、0.81 g/kg)进行盆栽试验,以得到改良中度盐渍障碍土壤的较适宜PAM用量。试验结果表明:PAM在盐渍土改良中较适宜的施用量为0.09 g/kg,在此施用量下,土壤电导率为最低值,为1.63 d S/m,较对照(不施PAM)下降13.42%;土壤毛管孔隙度为45.38%,较对照增加5.35%;总孔隙度为48.44%,较对照增加5%;土壤容重为1.35 g/cm~3,较对照降低5.71%;饱和导水率为0.052 mm/min,较对照提升76.7%。而施用量为0.81 g/kg时,改良效果下降。该结果对使用PAM改良中度盐渍土具有一定的指导意义。     

Soil organic matter and its lignin component in surface horizons of salt-affected soils of the Argentinian Pampa

Salt-affected soils differ in their chemical properties to all other soils. Sodicity and salinity may affect the soil organic matter component of these soils. In a field experiment, we investigated organic matter decomposition in nonsaline nonsodic Aquic Argiudoll, a nonsaline sodic Typic Natraquoll, nonsaline nonsodic Petrocalcic Paleudoll and a saline sodic Typic Natralboll in the Pampa Deprimida, Argentina. The objectives were to identify the degree of stabilization of organic matter by association with mineral particles in these soils and to follow in particular the fate of lignin in these soils. We measured organic carbon, total nitrogen and the extent of lignin alteration with soil depth and in various particle size fractions. The salt-affected soils contained much less organic carbon and nitrogen in their mollic epipedons than the nonsaline nonsodic soils, and bioturbation into deeper layers was restrained. In the salt-affected soils most of the organic matter was in sand-sized particles. Retarded degradation of plant residues was indicated by the pattern of lignin-derived phenols, suggesting less alteration of lignin in the salt-affected soils than in the nonsaline nonsodic soils. We suggest that this results from the effects of high pH, high sodicity, and high salinity on the microorganisms and their enzymatic activities. The high pH and high concentrations of monovalent cations decreased formation of solid organo-mineral complexes. We conclude that in the salt-affected soils oxidatively altered organic compounds are susceptible to losses in dissolved or colloidal forms, because these compounds are not stabilized against leaching and mineralization by chemical bonding to soil minerals.     

PAM对土壤物理性状以及水分分布的影响

为了研究聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）在黄土高原自然条件下对土壤物理性状和水分分布的影响,采用表面撒施的方法研究了12个不同处理小区的土壤体积质量、饱和导水率以及水分分布的变化。结果表明,在0～2 g/m2范围内添加PAM可以减小土壤体积质量增加土壤饱和导水率,但用量超过2 g/m2土壤体积质量开始增加。饱和导水率开始降低。在0～ 3 g/m2均可用二次曲线进行描述,相关系数达到95%以上。表层土壤含水量随着PAM添加量的增加而升高,20～60 cm土层土壤含水率随着PAM用量的增加出现交叉现象,60～100 cm土层随着PAM用量的增加而增加,在2 g/m2用量时达到最高,再增加PAM用量土壤含水率反而有降低趋势。100 cm以下土层变化不明显。该研究为探明PAM在黄土高原地区的适应性和大规模应用提供依据。     

Effect of Gypsum and Polyacrylamide Application on Erodibility of an Acid Kunigami Mahji Soil

Calcium carbonates and gypsum are often used to improve the chemical status of acid soils. This study discusses the effects of gypsum and polyacrylamide (PAM) application on infiltration and erodibility of a Japanese acid soil. Acid Kunigami mahji soil (sedimentary rock derived, Typic Hapludult) from Okinawa was packed into an acrylic plastic box, and simulated rainfall of 40 mm h⁻¹ was applied. Prior to the rainfall, 2.5 t ha⁻¹ of gypsum and/or 15 kg ha⁻¹ of non-ionic or anionic PAM were applied onto soil surface. During a rainfall, surface runoff was collected periodically, and sediment concentration, pH, and electric conductivity of the runoff were measured. Gypsum application enhanced surface runoff. During the rainfall, EC of the runoff was greater than the critical coagulation concentration of the clays of the mahji soil, however the soil became dispersive with gypsum application. PAM application could improve infiltration of gypsum amended mahji soil and reduce sediment loss.     

CaSO4改良苏打碱土的离子吸附交换过程分析与数值模拟

分析CaSO4改良苏打碱土的机理可以为其替代品(脱硫石膏、粉煤灰和磷石膏等)的田间应用提供理论依据。本文通过土柱试验构建了综合考虑离子吸附交换以及土壤水力传导度动态变化的多离子溶质运移方程,并利用UNSATCHEM软件进行了数值模拟。结果表明:CaSO4改良碱化土壤是一个伴随着离子吸附交换反应的复杂过程,同时受到土壤理化特性动态变化的影响,利用UNSATCHEM多离子溶质运移模型能够准确地模拟土壤溶液中Ca2 和Na 的迁移转化、土壤胶体Na 和土壤溶液中Ca2 的吸附交换过程,且其精度较高。同时,CaSO4改良苏打碱土并不是一个短期过程,要想使其彻底改良,一是需要不断淋洗,二是通过分次施加CaSO4,使碱化土壤在长期的一段时间内都保持一定的Ca2 源,以增加CaSO4的持续改良效果。     

Exchange-induced dissolution of gypsum and the reclamation of sodic soils

A study was undertaken to define the dissolution kinetics of gypsum in the presence of ion exchange resins and to study sodic soil reclamation in laboratory soil columns.
Gypsum pellets were prepared at 1.5 MPa pressure and the time course of their dissolution followed by measuring the electrical conductivity of the solution. Dissolution experiments were carried out in distilled water with and without Na- and Cl-saturated exchange resins or a combination of the two. The results indicate that in the presence of resin the reaction is first order as calcium and/or sulphate are removed from solution by the resin driving the reaction to completion. In water alone the reaction follows second-order kinetics and depends on the rate of mixing as the reaction is transport controlled.
The effect of gypsum placement (uniformly mixed with the entire soil, mixed with the top third of the soil, applied to the soil surface or applied as a saturated gypsum solution) on the efficiency of exchangeable sodium removal, leaching of soluble salts and soil hydraulic conductivity was studied. In addition, the effect of various flow rates on reclamation efficiency was investigated.
The amount of leachate required for reclamation was found to be dependent on gypsum placement, tending to decrease in the order mixed < top third mixed < saturated gypsum solution < gypsum surface application < water. Soil hydraulic conductivity was much higher in the mixed gypsum column than in the gypsum applied on the surface; a result of the higher effective gypsum solubility. Sodic soil electrical conductivity in the presence of solid-phase gypsum is linearly related to the total amount of exchangeable sodium expressed in mol dm⁻³.     

Impact of short-term organic amendments incorporation on soil structure and hydrology in semiarid agricultural lands

Soil structure plays an important role in edaphic conditions and the environment. In this study, we investigated the effects of organic amendment on soil structure and hydraulic properties. A corn field in a semiarid land was separately amended with sheep manure compost at five different rates (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 t/ha) and corn stover (6 t/ha) in combination with two decomposing agents. The soil structure of different amended soils was analyzed from the aggregate and pore domain perspectives. The internal pore structure of the soil was visualized through X-ray computed tomography and quantified using a pore-network model. Soil aggregate-size distribution and stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and water-retention curves were measured by sampling or in situ. The gas permeability and diffusivity of different amended soils were simulated based on the extracted pore networks. The aggregate stability of the amended soils was improved compared with the control, that is, the mean weight diameter increased and the percentage of aggregate destruction decreased. The stability of soil aggregates varied non-monotonically with the application rate of compost and decreased after treatment with corn stover and decomposing agents. The pore-network parameters including air-filled porosity, pore radius, throat length, and coordinate number increased for the amended soils compared with the control. The mean pore size increased with increasing compost incorporation rate. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the compost-amended soils was higher than that of the control but varied quadratically with the application rate. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil treated with corn stover and decomposing agents was clearly higher than that without the agent and the control. The greater gas diffusivity and air permeability indicate that soil aeration improved following the incorporation of organic amendments. The air permeability versus air-filled porosity relationship followed a power law, and the gas diffusivity versus air-filled porosity relationship was characterized by a generalized density-corrected model regardless of amendment. The findings of this study can help improve the understanding of soil structure and hydrological function to organic fertilizer incorporation and further monitor the quality of soil structure through the pore space perspective.     

The effect of lime on the response of soils to sodic conditions

The role of CaC0₃ in preventing clay dispersion and losses in hydraulic conductivity (HC) of sodic soils was determined directly by mixing two lime-free soils with 0.5 and 2.0 per cent CaCO₃. Whereas the HC of the lime-free soils dropped sharply when 0.01 n solutions of SAR 20 were displaced with distilled water, mixing the soils with powdered lime prevented both HC losses and clay dispersion. The response of a sandy soil mixed with lime was similar to that of a calcareous sandy soil. The beneficial effect ofCaC0₃ was not so pronounced in soils equilibrated with solutions of SAR 30. The increase in electrolyte concentration, due to CaCO₃ dissolution, was suggested as the mechanism responsible for the beneficial effect of lime.     

Soil Erosion as A ffected by Polyacrylamide Application Under Simulated Furrow Irrigation with Saline Water

The reduction of soil and water losses under furrow irrigation with saline water is important to environmental protection and agricultural production.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of polyacrylamide(PAM)application on soil infiltration and erosion under simulated furrow irrigation with saline water.Polyacrylamide was applied by dissolving it in irrigation water at the rates of 1.5,7.5,and 15.0 mg L^-1 or spreading it as a powder on soil surface at the rates of 0.3,1.5,3.0,and 6.0 g m^-2,respectively.The effectrolyte concentration of tested irrigation water was 10 and 30 mmolc L^-1 and its sodium adsorption ratio(SAR)was 0.5,10.0,and 20.0(mmol_c L^-1)_0.5.Distilled water was used as a control for irrigation water quality.Results indicated that the effectrolyte concentration and SAR generally did not significantly affect soil and water losses after PAM application.Infiltration rate and total infiltration volume decreased with the increase of PAM application rate.Polyacrylamide application in both methods significantly reduced soil erosion,but PAM application rate did not significantly affect it.The solution PAM application was more effective in controlling soil erosion than the powdered PAM application,but the former exerted a greater adverse influence on soil infiltration than the latter.Under the same total amounts,the powdered PAM application resulted in a 38.2%-139.6% greater infiltration volume but a soil mass loss of 1.3-3.4 times greater than the solution PAM application.