牧区灌溉节水节能技术措施综合评价方法

为适应北方干旱缺水牧区灌溉节水节能技术措施推广工作的需要，该文提出应用层次分析法对适宜推广的节水节能技术措施，进行综合评价的分析模型，并对模型的正确性与可靠性近行了验证。为决策部门实现这量化决策，因地制宜推广灌溉节水节能技术措施，提供了较为科学的方法和依据。     

农业灌溉中的节能

对农业灌溉中的节水，节能问题进行了讨论，提出了一些具体的节能，节水措施，并指出农业灌溉应力推行先进的节水灌溉技术，同时应积极采取措施，提高井泵的效率，降低农业灌溉的能耗。     

节水灌溉是一项革命性的措施

本文从水资源开发利用状况和人口、资源、环境可持续发展的角度阐述了发展节水农业和推广节水灌溉技术的重要意义；对节水灌溉为什么是一项革命性的措施进行了分析；回顾了推广节水灌溉工作所取得的主要成效；分析了节水灌溉面临的问题；明确了节水灌溉的发展方针，目标任务和工作重点，就做好节水灌溉工作提出了建议和意见。     

推广多途径的农业节水措施

随着全球水资源的日趋紧张，发展节水农业愈来愈重要。发展节水农业，需要推广多途径农业节水措施。我国大力发展了节水灌溉面积，推广了田间节水灌溉技术，减少作物及田间的水量损失，并逐步发展污水灌溉等。研究和推广全面的节水技术，加强水资源的管理，是促进节水工作效益显著的关键。     

推广水稻节水灌溉,促进农业可持续发展

由于水资源贫乏，干旱程度加重，水田面积增长，用水供需矛盾突出及节水灌溉的巨大效益，必须推广水稻节水灌溉技术。介绍了普通旱育移植和水稻超稀植栽培条件下的节水灌溉试验成果。同时，介绍了推广水稻节水工作采取的主要措施及节水灌溉的经济效益，发展前景。     

江苏省水稻节水灌溉技术推广模式

针对江苏省稻作区水资源、土壤、气候的特点，选择浅湿灌溉、浅湿调控灌溉、控制灌溉、水稻旱作灌溉等4种技术因地制宜进行推广。在灌溉过程中，建立和完善了一整套的组织措施和技术措施，形成了江苏省水稻节水灌溉技术推广模式，取得了显著的效果，丰富了水稻节水灌溉技术推广的内容。     

我国节水灌溉技术发展现状与趋势

介绍了我国当前主要节水灌溉技术和发展现状,分析了影响节水灌溉技术扩大推广的主要因素,根据实际情况探讨今后的节水灌溉发展趋势,认为智能化高效节能灌溉设备是以后发展的重点。     

推广多途径的农业节水措施

随着全球水资源的日趋紧张，发展水农业愈来愈重要，发展节水农业，需要推广多途径农业节水措施。我国大力发展了节水灌溉面积，推广了田间节水灌溉技术，减少作物及田间的水量损失，并逐步发展污水灌溉等，研究和推广全面的节水技术，加强水资源的管理，是促进节水工作效益显著的关键。     

加强领导 转变观念切实抓好节水灌溉技术推广

水利部、国家科委在广西桂林联合召开全国水稻节水灌溉技术经验交流会，主要目的是认真贯彻落实中央关于“大力普及节水灌溉”的决策，交流水稻节水灌溉经验，在全国水稻种植区大力推广水稻节水灌溉技术，节约农业用水，提高粮食产量。参加这次会议的除了全国各主要种植水稻省区水利厅（局）和科委的代表之外，我们还邀请了部分水利、农业方面的专家、教授、学者及新闻界的同志。就节水灌溉工作的开展，主要讲以下几点：1一年来，节水灌溉普及推广工作情况党中央、国务院对节水灌溉工作高度重视，提出要大力普及节水灌溉技术，并决定“九五…     

在压管道量水的垂直管法及水平管法介绍

在农业节水灌溉各项技术的推广应用中，灌溉量水是一项基础的和关键性的技术。对灌水效率及节水效果的评价、灌溉管理、计划用水及按方收费等，都要通过灌溉量水来进行。目前，我国正在推广节水灌溉技术，灌溉量水是管理节水措施中的重要内容，本文介绍一种用有压管道出流水舌来测量管道流量的方法。     

推广节水灌溉技术的激励机制

随着水资源的日益短缺,节水灌溉技术的推广已成为农业可持续发展的必然选择。运用信息经济学、微观经济学及产权经济学的观点,分析推广节水灌溉技术过程中存在的问题以及影响节水灌溉需求的因素,指出需通过建立合理的水价机制、水权交易机制及补贴优惠政策激励节水灌溉技术的推广。     

Reducing peak supplemental irrigation demand by extending sowing dates

Supplemental irrigation (SI) is a common practice in the dry environments and aims at improving and stabilizing rainfed crops by adding small amounts of water to rainfed crops during times when rainfall fails to provide sufficient moisture for normal plant growth. Results from long-term research in experimental stations and farmer fields showed substantial increases in rainfed crop yields and water use efficiency in response to SI. Nevertheless, SI comes at a cost.The date of sowing winter wheat in a rainfed Mediterranean-type environment depends upon the onset of rainfall. The optimal date for achieving highest yield under rainfed conditions is around mid-November. However, farmers tend to sow wheat later than this date because of the delay and/or unreliability of initial rains. With SI, early sowing and crop establishment can be ensured. However, early sowing of all the fields’ results in higher water demand during a very short period in spring because all the fields will be at the peak use rate. Spreading out dates of sowing allows peak water demand to occur over a longer period, thus reducing the discharge and the size of irrigation system needed, and hence improves the economics of this practice. In this paper, the impact of adopting a multi-sowing date strategy on farm water demand and crop production is considered. A simplified optimization model solved by linear programming is presented. Four-years’ data (1992–1996) from field experimental research conducted on bread wheat in northern Syria have been used in the analysis.We showed that a multi-sowing date strategy has reduced the peak farm water demand rate by more than 20%, thus potentially reducing irrigation system capacity and/or size. Alternatively, the water demand rate of a larger area can be met with the same water supply. However, optimal sowing dates that minimize farm water demand rate do not always maximize total farm production. The outcome depends on crop water requirements and yield for each sowing date. Furthermore, this selection is greatly influenced by the level of water scarcity. The approach used can help in reducing the cost of irrigation and improving the efficiency of water use in SI.     

Performance based irrigation planning under water shortage

A linear programming (LP) based optimization model and a simulation model are developed and applied in a typical diversion type irrigation system for land and water allocation during the dry season. Optimum cropping patterns for different management strategies are obtained by the LP model for different irrigation efficiencies and water availability scenarios. The simulation model yields the risk-related irrigation system performance measures (i.e. reliability, resiliency and vulnerability) for the management policies defined by the optimization model. The alternative strategies are evaluated in terms of all performance criteria (i.e. net economic benefit, equity and reliability) simultaneously through a trade-off analysis using a multi-criteria decision making method (compromise programming). For the case study of the Kankai irrigation system in Nepal, with equal preference to the objectives, a management strategy with equal share of water among the project subareas appears to be the most satisfactory alternative under water shortage conditions. The existing water allocation policy is not economically efficient. Deficit irrigation in Early paddy appears attractive under favorable hydrologic scenario, particularly if accompanied by measures to improve existing irrigation system efficiency.     

保护性耕作下土壤水分变化特征模拟研究

为了对陇中黄土高原沟壑区不同保护性耕作措施下的土壤含水率进行差异性分析,利用长期定位试验,设置春小麦/豌豆、豌豆/春小麦轮作序列下传统耕作、免耕、传统耕作秸秆覆盖和免耕覆盖4种耕作措施,以当地月平均气温、月降水量、月平均辐射量、月平均蒸发量、月作物耗水量作为输入,以0～200 cm 土层土壤含水率作为输出,建立基于长短...     

基于极大熵原理的水资源承载力模糊评价

区域水资源承载力是近些年来水科学领域研究的热点问题,根据信息论中Jaynes最大信息熵原理,提出了一种水资源承载力模糊评价模型,并将其应用到河南省水资源承载力评价中,结果表明,河南省绝大多数地区水资源承载力较低,水资源的开发利用应以可持续发展为基础,采用节约用水,加强管理等措施。     

Remote sensing for irrigation water management in the semi-arid Northeast of Brazil

Northeast of Brazil is a semi-arid region, where water is a key strategic resource in the development of all sectors of the economy. Irrigation agriculture is the main water consumer in this region. Therefore, policy directives are calling for tools to aid operational monitoring in planning, control and charging of irrigation water. Using Landsat imagery, this study evaluates the utility of a process that measures the level of water use in an irrigated area of the state of Ceará. The experiment, which models evapotranspiration (ET), was carried out within the Jaguaribe-Apodi irrigation scheme (DIJA) during two months of the agricultural season. The ET was estimated with the model Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution and with Internalized Calibration (METRIC). The model uses the residual of the energy balance equation to estimate ET for each pixel in the image. The results of the estimates were validated using measurements of ET from a micrometeorological tower installed within a banana plantation located near the irrigation scheme. After evaluating the ET estimates, the average fraction of depleted water for a set of agricultural parcels combined with the monthly ET mapping estimates by METRIC provided a method for predicting the total water use in DIJA for the study period. The results were then compared against the monthly accumulated flow rates for all the pumping stations provided by the district manager. Finally, this work discusses the potential use of the model as an alternative method to calculate water consumption in irrigated agriculture and the implications for water resource management in irrigated perimeters.     

高扬程泵出口水流动力切断的过渡过程计算

根据水锤计算的特征线法，采用当量管道法和调整波速法的管路分段工艺，建立了长距离输水管路的水力过渡过程计算模型，对水柱分离及其在弥合现象的物理模型的研究，确保了补气阀节点处水锤压力数值模拟的实现。相关成果为供水工程泵系统压力管路安全防护措施的确立提供了有力的技术支持，运行实践表明：缓闭阀结合补气阀的防护措施安全可靠，满足工程运行的需要。     

DYP―235型电动圆形喷灌机的研制

西北地区土地资源丰富,有大量的荒漠急需开发,这里光照充足,太阳辐射总量大,昼夜温差大,有利于农作物生长发育,是发展优质棉、油、糖、瓜果的理想基地,也是特种药材、农业、畜牧业发展的理想基地。随着我国中西部经济开发步伐的加快和农业技术的发展,人们越来越明显地意识到灌溉方式对农业生产的重要性。因此,在这一地区推广喷灌技术,有广阔的前景,是缓解用水矛盾,提高西北地区社会、经济、生态效益的重大举措。     

Model for performance based land area and water allocation within irrigation schemes

This paper focuses on irrigation schemes under rotational water supply in arid and semiarid regions. It presents a methodology for developing plans for optimum allocation of land area and water, considering performance measures such as productivity, equity and adequacy. These irrigation schemes are characterized by limited water supply and heterogeneity in soils, crops, climate and water distribution network, etc. The methodology proposed in this paper, therefore, uses a previously developed simulation–optimization model (Area and Water Allocation Model, AWAM) that considers the heterogeneity of the irrigation scheme in the allocation process, and modifies this to take account of equity and adequacy of supply to irrigated areas. The AWAM model has four phases to be executed separately for each set of irrigation interval over the irrigation season: 1. generation of irrigation strategies for each crop–soil–region combination (CSR unit), 2. preparation of irrigation programmes for each irrigation strategy, 3. selection of specified number of irrigation programmes for each CSR unit and 4. optimum allocation of land area and water to different parts of the irrigation scheme (allocation units) for maximizing productivity. In the modified AWAM model, the adequacy is included at Phase-2 (by including only the irrigation programmes for full irrigation of each CSR unit) and equity is included at Phase-4 (by including the constraints for equity). The paper briefly discusses the applicability of the modified AWAM model for a case study of Nazare medium irrigation scheme in Southern India. The results of the case study indicated that the performance measures of productivity, equity and adequacy conflict with each other.     

CPSP模型在华北井灌区农业水管理中的应用

为研究不同农业水管理措施对区域水平衡的影响,选择北京市大兴区为华北井灌区代表性研究区,以CPsP模型为技术支持,研究了提高灌溉水利用率、采用亏缺灌溉、改善农业种植结构及利用区外水源等不同水管理措施影响下区域水平衡、区域耗水、区域取水及用水指标的变化规律.结果表明,在资源型缺水区域,提高灌溉水利用率、采用非充分灌溉及改善农业种植结构在一定程度上能缓解区域水资源紧缺的压力,特别是采用非充分灌溉及改善作物种植结构能显著减少区域取水及耗水总量,并能减少地表水及地下水的补给量中回归水所占比例,在缓解区域水资源紧缺压力的同时也降低了区域水质遭受回归水污染风险.另外,在未来情景中,因经济快速发展及人口持续增长,工业及居民生活用水量增加,区域水资源供需矛盾将会加剧,为确保区域水资源良性循环,势必采取积极有效的水资源管理模式.