动物冠状病毒的研究概况

冠状病毒又名日冕病毒。目前所知,冠状病毒科病毒只感染脊椎动物,与多种动物和人的疾病有关。今年春季在我国及东南亚发生的引起全世界恐慌的非典型性肺炎病毒(SARSV)即属于冠状病毒科。本科病毒具有胃肠道、呼吸道和神经系统嗜性,分别引起相应的症候群。1 种类 冠状病毒科原先只包含1个属,即冠状病毒属(Coronavirus)。1991年,在国际病毒分类委员     

SARS病毒与动物冠状病毒相关性的研究进展

2003年4月世界卫生组织宣布，严重急性呼吸系统综合症(SARS)的病原是一种新的冠状病毒变种，从而引起了世界各国对人类和动物冠状病毒的极大关注。作者对SARS病毒与动物冠状病毒相关性的研究进展进行了综述。     

SARS冠状病毒与动物冠状病毒的分子生物学研究进展

冠状病毒是一类有囊膜的单股正链RNA病毒,经常引起动物和人群的感染。2003年,全世界多个国家和地区暴发了重症急性呼吸系统综合征,这也使冠状病毒的研究成为病毒学领域中最为关注的问题。文章主要叙述了动物冠状病毒和SARS冠状病毒的分子生物学特性及其最新研究进展。同时,也对SARS冠状病毒和其他冠状病毒的相关性进行了比较分析。     

冠状病毒受体的研究进展

近年来多种感染人或家畜的冠状病毒病轮番出现,给人类社会的经济和公共卫生安全带来很大危害.特别是在2019年底出现并在全球迅速蔓延的SARS-CoV-2,由此引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)在2019年12月至2020年3月之间在全球范围内造成超过7万人死亡.冠状病毒感染宿主的第一步是识别宿主细胞膜受体分子并与...     

动物"身上"的冠状病毒

人类与SARS经历一场搏杀之后,科学家们揭开了SARS的层层面纱,宣告SARS的元凶是冠状病毒的一个变种,一时间冠状病毒成了沸点话题,动物身上的冠状病毒惊醒人类。动物身上到底有多少种冠状病毒?它与SARS病毒有着怎样的联系呢? 冠状病毒(Coronavirus)属于正股单链RNA病     

流行性乙型脑炎病原生态学的研究概况

流行性乙型脑炎也称日本脑炎(简称乙型脑炎或乙脑),是由日本脑炎病毒(JEV)经媒介蚊虫传播的严重的人兽共患病.JEV能侵害人的中枢神经系统,引起病毒性脑炎,具有很高的病死率.JEV的宿主种类众多且自然分布广泛,为了有效地预防乙脑疫情的发生,有必要开展乙脑的病原生态学研究.论文就乙型脑炎的病原学特征、地理分布、自然宿主、...     

上海等4省市动物冠状病毒的流行病学调查

对上海、浙江、安徽和湖北4个地区感染鸡、鸭、猪、牛和犬的5种冠状病毒,即禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TEGV)、猪呼吸道冠状病毒(PRCV)、牛冠状病毒(BCV)和犬冠状病毒(CCV)进行病原学和血清学抽查,共完成测试样品2 368份,包括566份拭子样品和1 802份血清样品。检出IBV抗原阳性4份。在血清学调查中,发现IBV抗体的阳性率为86.4%(鸡)和0.7%(鸭);猪TGEV阳性率为6.8%,PRCV阳性率为18.7%;牛BCV阳性率为5.4%;犬冠状病毒的阳性率为50%。     

浅谈动物源性食品与公共卫生安全

国家自贸区的建设在提供更多贸易和投资机会、增加消费者实际利益的同时,也对我国农产品带来诸多影响,尤其是国内的动物源性产品面临着自贸区双边认可的压力,动物源性食品安全与公共卫生安全问题不断被推倒舆论浪尖.民以食为天,从源头上做好动物源性食品安全工作,不仅是为了在自贸区博得一席之地,更重要的是确保人民群众身体健康和维护社会公共卫生安全.本文着眼当前国内外实际,从动物养殖、产出及消费、人畜共患病危害等方面阐述动物源性食品在维护社会公共卫生安全方面的重要作用.     

新城疫病毒致病性和免疫原性研究概况

新城疫病毒(NDV)长期以来一直是危害我国养禽业主要病原之一。而且,近年来NDV感染并致病的宿主范围还有扩大的趋势。用NDV经典毒力测定方法对各种禽源NDV分离株毒力研究及用分子生物学方法对其主要毒力相关基因(F和HN)研究结果表明,分离株大部分为强毒株。不同禽源分离株致病性试验结果表明,各种禽源NDV致病性存在差异。免疫保护试验结果表明,各种禽源NDV分离株间抗原免疫原性也存在差异。目前NDV致病性试验和免疫保护试验主要是在同源禽类或在异源1～2种禽类进行,因此,很有必要进行不同禽源分离株在主要家禽品种间的交叉致病性试验和免疫保护试验。     

我国草地土壤微生物生态研究进展及浅评

从我国草地土壤微生物生态分布、数量和生物量研究,人为措施对草地土壤微生物的影响,微生物在草地生态系统物质转化和能量流动中的作用及有益微生物筛选和应用研究等方面对我国草地土壤微生物生态研究进展进行了综述和浅评,并对未来研究进行了展望.     

Paradigm shifts in vaccine development: lessons learned about antigenicity,pathogenicity and virulence of Brucellae

As part of a program to support the USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Brucellosis Eradication Program, the Brucellosis Research Unit of the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) sought to develop a bovine brucellosis vaccine that would allow vaccinated animals to be distinguished from virulent field infected animals. In order to meet that goal, several avenues of research were undertaken to construct and test candidate vaccines, including Brucella abortus RB51. In early vaccine development studies, a subunit preparation obtained by extracting B. abortus with salts was studied as a candidate subunit vaccine. Later, molecular biological techniques were used both to clone genes encoding products found in the salt extract (BCSP31 and Cu–Zn SOD) and genes encoding proteins of B. abortus that were antigenic (HtrA) or possibly essential (two-component systems) for full virulence of B. abortus. In vitro systems using mammalian cells lines such as HeLa and macrophage-related were used along with the mouse model and host animal models. Results obtained at NADC and in other Brucellosis research laboratories, using survival in mammalian cell lines and the mouse model to access pathogenicity and virulence of genetically engineered strains, do not necessarily identify loci that are essential for full virulence or pathogenicity in the natural host, the bovine. Studies at NADC and other brucellosis laboratories showed that antigenicity was not a predictor of the effectiveness of a protein as a subunit vaccine.     

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in the dog: taxonomy, diagnostics, ecology, epidemiology and pathogenicity

The dog is the natural host of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Many research efforts are currently being undertaken to expand our knowledge and understanding of this important canine commensal and opportunistic pathogen. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the species, including the latest research outcomes, with emphasis on taxonomy, diagnostics, ecology, epidemiology and pathogenicity. Despite the important taxonomic changes that have occurred over the past few years, the risk of misidentification in canine specimens is low and does not have serious consequences for clinical practice. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius carriage in the dog is more frequent and genetically heterogeneous compared with that of Staphylococcus aureus in man. It appears that these staphylococcal species have evolved separately through adaptation to their respective natural hosts and differ with regard to various aspects concerning ecology, population structure and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Further understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of S. pseudintermedius is hampered by the lack of a standard method for rapid and discriminatory typing and by the limited data available on longitudinal carriage and population structure of meticillin‐susceptible strains. With regard to pathogenicity, it is only now that we are starting to explore the virulence potential of S. pseudintermedius based on genomic and proteomic approaches, and more research is needed to assess the importance of individual virulence factors and the possible existence of hypervirulent strains.     

Veterinary aspects of alveolar echinococcosis--a zoonosis of public health significance

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a serious zoonosis which caused up to 100% lethality in untreated patients before the 1970s, when modern methods of treatment were not yet established. AE occurs in large areas of the northern hemisphere mostly with low country-wide prevalences, but high prevalences of up to 4% have been reported from small population groups in highly endemic foci, e.g. from China. AE includes many veterinary aspects which are the topic of this review. Recent studies have shown that E. multilocularis has a wider geographic range than previously anticipated. There is evidence for growing populations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in some areas, for increasing invasion of cities by foxes and also for establishment of the parasite cycle in urban areas. These and other factors may lead to an increased infection risk for humans. Significant progress has been made in the development of sensitive and specific new techniques for the intra vitam and post mortem diagnosis of intestinal E. multilocularis infection in definitive hosts, notably the detection of coproantigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and of copro-DNA by PCR. Both tests can also be used for the identification of E. multilocularis in faecal samples collected in the environment. Recommendations are given for chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of the intestinal infection in definitive hosts. In recent years, infections with the metacestode stage of E. multilocularis have not only been diagnosed in humans in several regions, including at least eight countries in central Europe, but also in animal species which do not play a role in the transmission cycle (wild and domestic pigs, dogs etc.). From 1987 to 2000 our group in Zurich has diagnosed 10 cases of AE in dogs and 15 in captive monkeys. In 2 dogs, concurrent infections of the intestine and of the liver with adult and larval stages of E. multilocularis, respectively, were observed for the first time. Clinical data are presented, and methods of diagnosis and treatment (surgery, chemotherapy) are described. Furthermore, small liver lesions caused by E. multilocularis were diagnosed in 10% of 90 slaughter pigs, and 2.9% of 522 breeding sows had specific serum antibodies against parasite antigens. In view of the unpredictable epidemiological situation, all possible measures for preventing E. multilocularis infections in humans and in domestic animals should be initiated by the veterinary and health authorities.