世界主要国家有机水果的生产和市场概况

近10年来,世界有机水果生产发展迅速,国际贸易活跃。有机水果的主要生产国是美国、意大利、西班牙、法国、多米尼加共和国、新西兰,其次是德国、希腊、阿根廷、智利、墨西哥、澳大利亚、以色列、摩洛哥、喀麦隆、南非。此外,巴西、哥伦比亚、马达加斯加、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、洪都拉斯、秘鲁、乌拉圭、巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾、埃及、几内亚、加纳、布基纳法索、布隆迪、卢旺达等国家也生产和出口有机水果。欧盟的其他国家和瑞士也生产有机水果,但基本上均供其国内消费。有机水果的最集中消费地是欧盟国家和美国,其次是日本、瑞士、加拿大…     

欧洲有机水果生产

1.有机水果生产面积和国家津贴。目前欧洲南部地区和法国的有机水果生产面积最大,其中绝大多数为橄榄、葡萄、干果和苹果。欧洲中部和北部各国的有机水果和浆果栽培面积少于500hm2。但德国例外,其栽培面积达到1000hm2。苹果和草莓是最主要的栽培种类。北部国家的生产量较难统计     

国外水果协会在水果产业化中的作用及启示

发达国家的水果业，不论是人少地多的美国、德国、新西兰，还是人多地少的日本，水果的产前生产资料供应、产中技术服务、产后加工、贮藏、运输、销售等环节通过水果协会的参与，使整个水果产业化链紧密而稳定，从而使其水果的市场竞争力大大提高。     

蚯蚓粪肥对大棚有机番茄生产中土壤理化性质和生产效益的影响

试验在有机种植条件下探讨蚯蚓粪肥对番茄产量、抗性及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,与有机栽培常规施用的牛粪—菌菇渣相比,蚯蚓粪肥能较好地提高番茄抗病性和产量,增加经济效益。同时,蚯蚓粪肥能稳定土壤中有机质含量,降低水溶性盐浓度,有效改善土壤理化状况。     

欧洲有机水果的生产

目前欧洲南部地区和法国的有机水果生产面积最大，其中绝大多数为橄榄、葡萄、干果和苹果。意大利的有机水果栽培面积最大。欧洲中郜和北部各闭的有机水果和浆果栽培面积少于500公顷。但德国例外，其栽培面积达到1000公顷。苹果和草莓是最主要的栽培种类。北部国家的生产量较难统计，因为大量的产品直接从农场进行销售。     

有机生活垃圾蚯蚓堆肥处理技术探讨

农村有机生活垃圾多采用直接农用、堆肥、填埋、厌氧发酵和焚烧等处理技术,但都存在各自的局限性而妨碍了这些技术的推广与应用。蚯蚓堆肥处理技术是在传统堆肥的基础上结合生物处理而发展起来的技术,具有环保、经济等优点,有良好的发展前景。该文介绍蚯蚓处理农村有机生活垃圾的影响因素、蚯蚓堆肥技术的研究现状及存在的问题,并提出相关建议,以为农村生活垃圾处理的可持续发展提供技术支持。     

蚯蚓在生态环境净化中的作用

阐述了蚯蚓在环境监测、污水处理、固体废物处理、土壤修复等方面的作用。     

世界水果生产概况

概述了近10年世界水果的生产概况及生产格局,并对主要水果种类的生产、分布及发展趋势作了阐述.     

南宁水果玉米有机种植技术

为探索水果玉米的有机种植技术,按照GB/T 19630《有机产品》标准,进行了水果玉米有机种植试验,初步形成了南宁水果玉米有机种植技术操作规程,总结了其主要技术措施.着重介绍了水果玉米有机种植过程主要生产技术环节,包括产地选择和整地要求、水果玉米品种选择和种子处理方法、播种育苗、田间水分管理、追肥培土、病虫草害防治、收获贮运等方面.     

蚯蚓在生态环境净化中的作用

蚯蚓是土壤中的主要动物类群,是生态系统的重要物质分解者,它在自然生态系统中具有促进物质分解转化的功能。     

猕猴桃的生产质量现状与对策

猕猴桃因其营养和医疗保健功能独特,从80年代起在陕西关中周至县开始人工栽植,并逐步发展扩大,到目前达1．33万hm^2,成为全国最大的猕猴桃生产基地县和猕猴桃生产标准化示范县。但随着市场经济的建立和发展,果农盲目追求产量和经济效益,忽视猕猴桃的内在质量,在猕猴桃的生产中过量施用氮肥,滥用果实膨大剂和农药,     

水果绿色食品标准应用技术

对水果绿色食品标准进行分析,开展以该标准应用于水果生产栽培管理的技术研究,提出了一套从土壤到餐桌的全程质量安全控制技术措施。     

Nitrogen uptake, dissolved organic nitrogen release, and new production

In oceanic, coastal, and estuarine environments, an average of 25 to 41 percent of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NH(4) (+) and NO(3) (-)) taken up by phytoplankton is released as dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Release rates for DON in oceanic systems range from 4 to 26 nanogram-atoms of nitrogen per liter per hour. Failure to account for the production of DON during nitrogen-15 uptake experiments results in an underestimate of gross nitrogen uptake rates and thus an underestimate of new and regenerated production. In these studies, traditional nitrogen-15 techniques were found to underestimate new and regenerated production by up to 74 and 50 percent, respectively. Total DON turnover times, estimated from DON release resulting from both NH(4) (+) and NO(3) (-) uptake, were 10 +/- 1, 18 +/- 14, and 4 days for oceanic, coastal, and estuarine sites, respectively.     

一种正在驯化利用的珍贵野生水果-木通

木通是原产我国长江流域及其周围地区的一种野生水果，主要有三叶木通、白木通及木通三个种类（亚种）。木通具有果实较大、早结丰产、风味品质优异、适应性强等诸多优良性状，但存在果皮较厚、种子偏多、可食部分较少等问题。木通又是一种传统中药，具有清热利尿、通经活血、消除色斑、败毒抗癌等多种药用功能。木通可用作鲜食果品、食品加工、护肤品以及药物开发。为此，我们正全面开展木通驯化利用研究，包括品种选育、栽培技术、贮藏保鲜技术、加工技术及相关的基础性研究。为便于木通的商业化开发，已注册了“和欢果”和“Joyfruit”的中、英文商品名。     

Atomic force microscopy of an organic monolayer

Atomic force microscope images of polymerized monolayers of n-(2-aminoethyl)-10,12-tricosadiynamide revealed parallel rows of molecules with a side-by-side spacing of approximately equal to 0.5 nanometer. Forces used for imaging (10(-8) newton) had no observable effect on the polymer strands. These results demonstrate that atomic force microscope images can be obtained for an organic system.     

有机毛豆高产栽培技术

毛豆是中国南方的主要蔬菜出口品种之一,近几年的种植面积在逐年扩大,但一直没有形成一个统一的标准化栽培技术措施来指导农业生产.本文通过近两年对江苏及其邻近省份有机毛豆的生产研究,提出在中国南方尤其是江浙一带发展有机毛豆的高产栽培技术,以供专家和农民朋友参考.     

单螺杆预洗机——杂胶生产线的新成员

2005年5月，海南省农垦营根机械厂研制的单螺杆预洗机在海南中化安联橡胶有限公司试验成功。试验表明，该机性能优于双螺杆预洗机，具有较强的揉搓、洗涤和破碎能力，完全可以取代双螺杆预洗机而使用在大型杂胶生产线上，其单机产量可达2000kg／h。该机的成功研制，填补了国内没有单螺杆预洗机的空白，是一次重大突破，为国内大型杂胶生产线增添了一名新成员。     

Forces impacting the production of organic foods

Roughly 20 percent of organic cropland wasdevoted to produce compared to only 3 percent forconventional agriculture in 1995. At the otherextreme, only 6 percent of organic cropland was incorn production while 25 percent of all croplandproduced corn. Only 30 percent of all organicfarmland was in pasture and rangeland compared to 66percent of all farmland. Clearly, these differencesreflect the greater importance of meat and dairyproduction in agriculture overall than in the organicsubsector. In recent years, the organic industry hasgrown not only in volume but in products offered,moving well beyond fresh produce into dairy, snacks,and frozen foods. The estimated growth in retail salesof organic foods averaged over 20 percent a year forthe last eight years compared to only two percent inthe food industry overall, reaching an estimated $4.5billion in 1998. The mix of commodities produced atthe farm level have and will continue to change inresponse to several dynamic forces, including consumerdemand, regulation, and consolidations, mergers, andmainstream entrants at the farm, manufacturing, andretail levels. Consumer demand for organic foods hasbeen spurred by a number of factors including concernsover pesticide residues on foods, food produced usinggenetically modified organisms (GMOs), and hormones indairy and meat products. These concerns coupled withthe overall increase in demand for convenience foodsexplain the phenomenal recent growth of over 70 percent in sales of organic snacks, candy, and frozenfoods. The result has been increased demand forGMO-free grains for snacks, cereals, soy products, andfeed for dairy cows. The recent allowance by USDA forthe labeling of meat and poultry as organic willaccelerate already heightened demand for organic grainand feed from the organic dairy industry. Although thefastest growth in organic foods has been in categoriesother than produce, clearly produce plays an importantrole in the consumers decision on where to shop, anddemand should increase with the overall increase inthe number of organic consumers. Market outlets nowinclude sophisticated natural food store chains,gourmet specialty stores, and e-commerce, allowing fora broadened array of products. Mainstream agriculturalproducers, manufacturers, and supermarket chains haveentered the organic marketplace at a time of lowprices for commodities at the farm gate, fiercecompetition for retail shelf space, and increasinglysophisticated targeting of consumers. Inevitably,these changes in food products offered and in retailoutlets will lead to an organic agriculture thatincreasingly resembles the conventional foodindustry.     

“八福仙”有机无机复混肥在烤烟生产上的试验

为探讨“八福仙”有机无机复混肥在烤烟生产上的使用效果,在4个县市安排了大区对比试验。初步试验结果表明,该肥料具有增强烟株长势、改善烟叶质量、提高产值的作用,在烤烟生产上具有一定的推广价值。     

Geostatistical analysis of fruit yield and detachment force in coffee

The aim of this study was to use geostatistical analysis to evaluate the spatial variation in the detachment force of coffee fruit and coffee yield by variograms and kriging for precision agriculture. This study was conducted at Brej?o farm, Três Pontas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The detachment force of green and mature coffee fruit was measured with a prototype dynamometer and georeferenced. The yield data were obtained from manual harvesting and were georeferenced. The data were evaluated by variograms estimated by residual maximum likelihood (REML), which provided a satisfactory approach for modeling all the variables with a small sample size. Spherical and exponential models were fitted, the first provided the better fit to mature fruit detachment force and the latter provided the better fit to coffee yield and green fruit detachment force. They were used to describe the structure and magnitude of spatial variation in the variables studied. Kriged estimates were obtained with the best fitting variogram models and mapped. The statistical and geostatistical analyses enabled us to characterize the spatial variation of the detachment force of green and mature coffee fruit and coffee yield and to visualize the spatial relations among these variables. The precision agriculture techniques used in this paper to collect, map and analyze the variables studied will help coffee farmers to manage their fields. Maps of coffee yield will enable farmers to apply nutrients site-specifically and manage harvesting either manually or mechanically. In addition, maps of detachment force of coffee fruit can enable farmers to harvest coffee selectively by choosing the appropriate places and the right time to start. This will improve the quality of the final product and also increase profits.