禽痘接种无局部反应说明接种无效

用于预防鸡痘的疫苗有两类，一类是由鸽痘毒制成，另一类由鸡痘弱毒病毒制成。鸽痘原的鸡痘蛋白筋胶弱毒疫苗毒力较适用于各种日龄的鸡免疫，即使对１日龄雏鸡进行免疫，也不会引起反应，但免疫力较差。鸽痘原疫苗也是未减弱的自然毒株，所以对鸽有时会引起严重反应。鸡痘原的鹌鸽化、鸡胚或鸭胚化的弱毒疫苗，毒力较鸽痘原的强，适用于２０日龄以上的鸡，用于幼鸡，有时可能会引起轻微的反应，可以在１４日龄以后接种，此苗一般囊种见以周苗是免疫期为５个月以上。以上疫苗经接种后或羽囊涂擦后，于接种部位均可出现反应，如羽毛囊涂擦鸡痘…     

雨季鸽常发传染病的防治及鉴别诊断

一、鸽痘 (一)预防 1.加强免疫.接种鸽痘弱毒疫苗是预防鸽痘最有效的方法.在春末流行季节前给鸽群接种,产鸽在繁殖季节前接种.接种多采取翼膜刺破法.     

鸽新城疫rGX-mF株灭活疫苗的制备及免疫原性分析

为有效控制临床中鸽新城疫的发生，选取基因Ⅵ型鸽新城疫病毒弱毒株rGX-mF作为疫苗候选株，评价其生物学特性，并将rGX-mF灭活后制备成油佐剂灭活疫苗，接种雏鸽和SPF鸡进行rGX-mF株的免疫原性分析，为研制安全高效的鸽新城疫灭活疫苗奠定基础。结果表明，rGX-mF株能够在鸡胚中稳定传代，效价高，毒力弱；rGX-mF株灭活疫苗接种雏鸽后疫苗吸收良好，无局部和全身不良反应，安全性好，免疫持续期长达12个月；rGX-mF株灭活疫苗与LaSota株灭活疫苗相比，rGX-mF株灭活疫苗在鸽体内能产生更高水平的抗体；rGX-mF株灭活疫苗同时免疫SPF鸡和雏鸽，SPF鸡产生的抗体显著高于鸽产生的抗体，这可能与鸽和鸡的免疫系统存在差异有关。综上，利用基因Ⅵ型鸽新城疫病毒弱毒rGX-mF株制备的灭活疫苗可在鸽体内产生有效的抗体，免疫效果好，免疫持续期长。     

鸽子常发传染病的防治

(一)鸽痘 1.预防.(1)加强免疫.接种鸽痘弱毒疫苗是预防鸽痘最有效的方法.在流行季节前给鸽群接种,产鸽在繁殖季节前接种.接种多采取翼膜刺破法.(2)加强饲养管理,改善饲养环境,注意选育健壮的鸽群.     

鸽新城疫灭活疫苗的研制及免疫效果研究

利用近年来分离到的鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒ND32株进行鸽新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗的研制,并对制备疫苗的性状、安全性、免疫效力等进行检验,结果表明制备疫苗的各项指标均符合生物制品通则的要求,对疫苗的最小免疫剂量、抗体产生及免疫持续期、与同类产品的交叉攻毒保护对比效果进行了进一步试验,结果表明疫苗的最小免疫剂量为0.15 mL/只,疫苗以0.3 mL/只免疫剂量进行一次免疫,免疫持续期为3个月,以0.3 mL/只免疫剂量进行二次免疫,免疫持续期可达6个月.交叉攻毒保护对比试验结果表明所制备的鸽新城疫灭活疫苗对鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒ND32株和鸡新城疫病毒北京株(CVCC AV1611)的攻毒保护效果均优于鸡新城疫(La Sota株)灭活疫苗.     

鸽痘净散剂对鸽痘的治疗试验

鸽痘是鸽的一种皮肤和黏膜形成一层痘痂为特征的传染病 ,由痘病毒引起。皮肤型的鸽痘多在喙角、眼角、腹部等无毛部位形成结节状痘痂 ;黏膜型鸽痘在口腔黏膜形成痘块或溃疡。前者影响胴体感官性状 ,后者则引起鸽机械性窒息死亡 ,但不管是哪种类型 ,其组织学特征均是上皮细胞增生、肿大 ,产生炎症反应。该病尚没有疫苗可用。有人用鸡痘疫苗免疫肉鸽预防鸽痘 ,但效果并不理想。鸽痘净是一种具有抗炎作用的纯中药制剂 ,资料表明组成鸽痘净的中药成分具有抗痘病毒功能。我们拟将该方剂在临床上加以应用 ,以评价该产品对鸽痘的防治效果。1　材料…     

鸽新城疫油乳化灭活疫苗研制

研制了灭的油佐剂鸽新城疫疫苗，对疫苗的安全性及免疫效果进行观察，结果表明疫苗对鸽十分安全，每鸽肌肉注射０．５ｍｌ疫苗后，１２天能耐受强毒的攻击，免疫持续期的６个月以上，疫苗４℃保存６个月以上仍有免疫效果，扩大试用了１万多羽肉鸽和赛鸽也十分安全有效。     

鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒(S-1株)灭活疫苗保存期试验研究

为了确定鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒(S-1株)灭活疫苗的保存期，对不同温度下保存不同时间的3批鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒(S-1株)灭活疫苗实验室制品的物理性状、安全性和免疫效力进行了检测。试验结果表明，该疫苗冷藏(2～8℃)保存12个月、室温(25℃左右)保存6个月，其物理性状、安全性和免疫效力无明显变化，均能达到《鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒(S-1株)灭活疫苗质量标准》的要求。因此，在《鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒(S-1株)灭活疫苗制造及检验试行规程》中规定该疫苗的保存期为：冷藏(2～8℃)保存，保存期为12个月。     

鸽禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒病蜂胶佐剂灭活疫苗的研制

鸽禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒（A/PMV-Ⅰ）病是鸽的一种严重病毒性传染病，给养鸽业造成了巨大损失。为了更好地预防本冱的发生，我们用从现场分离鉴定的7株鸽A/PMV-Ⅰ毒株中筛选出3株抗原性良好的毒株作为种毒，研制成蜂胶佐剂混合毒株灭活疫苗，经安全试验、最佳免疫剂量测定、铲力试验，以及田间应用的结果，表明该疫苗抗原性良好、使用安全和免疫保护效果确定。实验室试验，用本疫苗免疫后30、90、180天，其保护脂数分别为100%、77.8%和55.6%,免疫有效期最少达6个月；在4℃-8℃保存,其有效其最少可达180天。     

鸽新城疫疫苗的安全性及免疫效果观察

对我们所研制的鸽新城疫油佐剂灭活苗进行一系列安全性及免疫效果的观察,结果表明,疫苗对健康肉鸽和赛鸽都很安全;每鸽肌肉注射0.5毫升疫苗后,12天能耐受强毒的攻击;疫苗免疫期在6个月以上;疫苗4℃保存6个月以上仍有免疫效果。经对17314羽肉鸽和赛鸽进行了扩大试验,也证明疫苗十分安全有效。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -