森林可持续经营研究综述

阐述森林可持续经营的概念、目标、任务以及实现的途径.以森林可持续经营的标准和指标体系的建立为切入点,分别论述国际和国内森林可持续经营研究进展.阐明发展中国家与发达国家对建立标准和指标的不同态度.从国际、国内范围2个方面分析森林可持续经营的发展趋势.     

非洲热带天然林可持续经营的原则、标准与指标出台

非洲木材组织(ATO)和国际热带木材组织(ITTO)合作,于近日公布了非洲热带天然林可持续经营的原则、标准与指标.这份长达26页的文件在国家和森林经营单位(FMU)2个层面上,为有效管理非洲热带湿润森林提供了详尽的指导.上世纪90年代末以来,ATO在欧盟和国际林业研究中心的资助和指导下,着手制定促进非洲森林可持续经营的一整套原则、标准与指标.与此同时,ITTO也在修改和更新1992年编制的热带森林可持续经营的标准与指标,并于1998年公布.     

我国森林认证体系的研究

研究FSC森林认证体系原则和标准的层次结构 ,参照FSC认证标准和国际的森林可持续经营的标准和指标 ,结合我国国情 ,提出我国森林可持续经营的标准和指标。     

森林可持续经营标准简述

2009年4月国家林业局启动了全国森林采伐管理改革试点,我省于8月在20个县启动了森林采伐管理改革试点。其中,改革的总体目标是"最终实现森林采伐由指标控制向森林可持续经营管理转变"。但如何才能可持续的经营森林?怎样的经营过程才是可持续的?如何评价森林的可持续经营经营状况?这就是森林可持续经营标准才能回答的问题。1森林可持续经营标准是指导森林经营的良好工具     

森林可持续经营背景下的森林经营管理原则

根据我国森林经营管理原则的历史和现状,明确了可持续发展背景下森林可持续经营是森林经营管理的总目标,指出森林经营管理原则应当既明确具体,有一定的可操作性,又不是具体的标准和指标而不失原则性,是为实现总体目标而进行规划和决策必须遵循的基本约束条件.阐述了实现森林可持续经营的基本要求和现实森林可持续性下降的表现.在此基础上,应用可持续发展理论和森林等级结构原理,提出了森林经营管理应遵循的6项基本原则:系统整体性原则、生态可持续性原则、公益性和社会参与原则、可持续利用原则、经济合理性原则和谨慎性原则.     

美国的森林经营与森林认证现状及对我们的启示

美国是世界上森林经营水平较高的国家之一,从国家林业计划、森林生态系统经营、可持续经营标准和指标等方面分析了美国森林可持续经营状况,并介绍了美国森林经营及森林认证的有关情况,借鉴美国森林可持续经营的经验,提出了我国森林可持续经营和森林认证的对策。     

论森林可持续经营及森林认证

概述了国际区域性森林可持续经营的标准与指标体系的9大进程，阐述了森林认证的概念及其3个组成要素以及国际上对森林认证工作的促进与发展，介绍了中国森林可持续经营的标准与指标的制定和森林认证工作。     

林口林业局可持续发展综合评价研究Ⅰ——指标体系的构建

以林口林业局为国有森工企业的典型代表,在详尽了解其历史及现状,分析了制约其发展的主导因素的基础上,根据可持续发展、可持续林业、森林可持续经营的概念与内涵,并参考森林可持续经营的标准与指标、区域可持续发展综合评价指标和小康指标等标准,从系统理论出发,设计出一套林口林业局可持续发展综合评价指标体系。该指标体系分为总体层(1个指标),系统层(3个指标)、变量层(13个指标)和要素层(52个指标)四个层次,涵盖了资源、环境、经济、社会等各个方面,可以对林口林业局的发展状况作出较客观的评价。     

林口林业局可持续发展综合评价研究Ⅰ——指标体系的构建

以林口林业局为国有森工企业的典型代表,在详尽了解其历史及现状,分析了制约其发展的主导因素的基础上,根据可持续发展、可持续林业、森林可持续经营的概念与内涵,并参考森林可持续经营的标准与指标、区域可持续发展综合评价指标和小康指标等标准,从系统理论出发,设计出一套林口林业局可持续发展综合评价指标体系。该指标体系分为总体层(1个指标),系统层(3个指标)、变量层(13个指标)和要素层(52个指标)四个层次,涵盖了资源、环境、经济、社会等各个方面,可以对林口林业局的发展状况作出较客观的评价。     

普洱森林可持续经营的评价标准和指标体系研究

经研究构建了普洱森林可持续经营的评价标准和指标体系,据此对该地区森林可持续经营的水平作出了评价:普洱森林可持续经营的测度值为0.816 9,处于中等可持续经营水平.     

加拿大森林可持续经营研究进展及其对中国的启示

加拿大是蒙特利尔进程倡导者、成员国和进程秘书处所在国,蒙特利尔进程是关于温带及北方森林保护与可持续经营标准与指标的多边联合行动,中国是蒙特利尔进程的成员国,同时也是以温带及北方森林为主体的国家。森林可持续经营是1992年世界环境与发展大会后为解决全球环境与发展问题而出现的新的研究方向,也是联合国森林论坛的议题,加拿大在该领域一直处于领先位置,因此研究加拿大在森林可持续经营方面主要开展的工作及所取得的进展,分析他们的工作方法和经验,对我国开展该领域的工作具有重要的参考价值     

The development of government agency and stakeholder cooperation: A comparative study of two Local Citizens Committees' (LCCs) participation in forest management in Ontario, Canada

The benefits of co-management depend on cooperation between a government agency and stakeholders. However, neither cooperation nor the deliberative processes through which it develops, have been a focus of past co-management research. The paper explores the consensus-building criteria that influence the development of cooperation among and between local stakeholders and a government agency using a comparative case study of two Local Citizens Committees in Ontario, Canada. The study uses cognitive mapping and network analysis techniques to identify key consensus-building criteria, which are grouped into common and idiosyncratic key consensus-building criteria of the two LCCs. All key consensus-building criteria are analysed to generate an explanation of the criteria that influence the development of cooperation. The paper concludes with five lessons regarding the development of cooperation that have implications for consensus-building and co-management theory.     

Structure of causation and its influence on cooperation: A comparative study of forest management in Ontario, Canada

The paper uses cause mapping and structural analysis to analyse how key consensus-building criteria influence the development of cooperation among and between stakeholders and a government agency. The analyses are based on a comparative study of two Local Citizens Committees (LCCs) in Ontario, Canada. Given–Means–Ends (GME) analysis is used to identify the informal goals of LCCs, including the development of cooperation, and LCCs' influence over consensus-building criteria, and Context, Structure and Performance (CSP) analysis is used to identify the relative influence of key consensus-building criteria on cooperation criteria. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relationship between the structural analysis and content analysis of the same data and four inferences for consensus-building and co-management theories.     

International expectations for sustainable forestry: a view from the U.S. forest industry

Today several global forces are raising expectations that forestry must be practiced on a sustainable basis. This is true for forestry as practiced in tropical, temperate, and boreal regions, as well as in developed and developing countries. Several institutional processes are in place to develop criteria for and indicators of sustainable forestry. As customers and consumers have become more knowledgeable, they are becoming more demanding about the environmental attributes of the products they buy. Forest products companies and forest landowners who wish to maintain access to these more demanding markets will need to provide assurances of their commitment to sustainable forestry practices.Forest landowners and forest products manufacturers in Washington, Oregon, and California are currently better positioned to meet these expectations than are producers in other regions. In these western states, state forest practices laws and regulations are generally consistent with emerging international criteria and indicators of sustainable management.However, U.S. competitors in such countries as Canada and Sweden are acting rapidly to establish sustainable forestry practices, and to communicate their commitments to their stakeholders and customers. The assurance of sustainable forestry practices is now the latest means by which environmentally aware and demanding customers and consumers differentiate among forest products producers.     

Developing and testing of a method for the analysis and assessment of multiple forest use from a forest conservation perspective

The goal of this study was to develop a method for analyzing and assessing multiple forest use from a forest conservation perspective and to test this method as a case study at a local forest management unit (Haliburton Forest & Wild Life Reserve Ltd., Ontario, Canada).The method adopts a model concept and consists of the definition of a target system for forest conservation, the design of a set of criteria and indicators, the assessment of indicator performance, and the formulation of action plans. Implementation of the method, the state of the forest, and the impact of multiple forest use are analyzed and assessed.The formulated target system for forest conservation contains the goal of integrated, sustainable and natural forest management; the objectives of protection of natural processes, naturalness and natural diversity; and operational targets. The development of the set of criteria and indicators including measurement units is mainly based on the concept of protection of natural processes, but is modified and extended.The examined forest management unit shows good to very good performance for most of the indicators. Overall, the state of the forest can be assessed as good to very good, with only minimal impact caused by the multiple forest use operation. The method is suitable for analyzing and assessing multiple forest use. It contributes to the evaluation of new forest management concepts and forest conservation assessment methods, and supports approaches of certification and criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management at the local level.     

Effects of atropellis canker and stalactiform blister rust on the bending strength and stiffness of lodgepole pine lumber

Summary This study investigated the effect of Atropellis canker,Atropellis piniphila (Weir) Lohman and Cash, and stalactiform blister rust,Cronartium coleosporioides Arth., on the bending strength and stiffness of lumber from lodgepole pine,Pinus contorta Dougl. var.latifolia Engelm. The modulus of rupture, was unaffected by either disease. However, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of lumber from infected trees, as determined by the Cook Bolinders and static bending tests, was significantly reduced from those of healthy trees. This impact should affect the use of lumber from infected trees when serviceability criteria govern the design of a structure. Should MOE-based, machine stress-rating of lumber become standard in the future, there may be an adverse, stress-related impact of these diseases on lumber value.We thank Mr. D. Hutcheson, B.C. Forest Service, Kamloops Region for advice and assistance, Messers, T. Jeanes, B. Geiselmann and D. Crabtree, Balco Forest Products Ltd., for advice, assistance, and particularly for harvesting and manufacture of the test material; Mr. L. Olsen, Forintek Canada Ltd. for assistance, and Dr. A. Harestad, Simon Fraser University for critical review. The research was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Canada, Operating Grant No. A3881     

国际贸易将迫使各国在近期内实施森林“持续经营”

不论发达国家,还是发展中国家,都在为２０００年前实施“森林持续经营”而努力。届时,凡被认为是非持续经营下的林产品,都将不得进入国际市场。作者简要说明“永续利用”、“持续发展”与“持续经营”三者的关系,呼吁中国林学界迅速行动,讨论制定中国的森林持续经营的定义和标准。作者认为,提高森林生产率是实现“持续经营”的关键。     

中欧山松大小蠹的生物学特性及在加拿大BC省的发生状况

从分布及寄主,形态特征及生活史,为害特性对中欧山松大小蠹的生物学特性作了介绍。继后对此虫害在加拿大BC省为害的现状及该国目前对中欧山松大小蠹的研究进行了论述。     

基于PSR模型与层次分析法的区域森林生态安全动态评价

生态安全是可持续发展研究的一个新领域,文章从复合生态系统的内涵出发,以压力（Pressure）—状态（State）—响应（Response）模型（简称PSR）为概念框架,结合层次分析等数学工具,构建以区域为空间尺度的森林生态安全评价指标体系,提出森林安全度模型（FESI）,并对海南省森林生态安全进行定量动态评价。结果表明该方法框架完整、逻辑严密、层次清晰并有很强的操作性;评价结果显示2003～2008年的海南的森林生态安全度总体呈上升趋势。     

Land Degradation Control Policies and Practices in Canada and Its Implications to China

Land degradation is one of the significant environmental problems in both China and Canada, which seriously threatens the sustainable development of national economy and society of both countries.This paper introduced some policies, regulations and department coordination mechanisms of land resource management,restoration/ rehabilitation of degraded land,forest resources management,agricultural environmental protection and mineral area land reclamation in Canada.Some practices,experiences and effects in land degradation control of Canada were listed and analyzed.Finally,it was suggested that the successful experiences of Canada in technology,policy and management for land degradation control should be learned for improving efficiency of land degradation in China’s western region.