东海浮游十足类优势种环境适应的研究

根据1997-2000年东海23°30′~33°N、118°30′~128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,对东海浮游十足类优势种的生态特征进行了研究,探讨这些优势种对环境的适应及与渔场的关系。结果表明:主要优势种有中型莹虾Lucifer intermedius、刷状莹虾Lucifer penicillifer、细螯虾Leptochela gracilis和汉森莹虾Lucifer hanseni。前2个优势种是近海暖水种,细螯虾是广温高盐种,汉森莹虾是外海暖水种。近海暖水种不但平均丰度高,而且优势度和占浮游十足类总丰度的百分比均大于其它优势种。广温高盐优势种具有较高的出现率,细鳌虾丰度不高,但在每个季节、各个海区均有出现。在夏季,低温环境适应力差的暖水种往往有很高的聚集强度。与东海其它类群的浮游动物不同,浮游十足类以夏季丰度最大。就个体数量而言,以近海暖水种个体居多,主要分布在位于东海沿岸河口附近的鱼类产卵场。     

长江口邻近海域浮游十足类生态特征

摘要：根据2002~2003年长江口29°00´~32°00´N、122°00´~123°30´E海域4个季节的海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨了长江口邻近海域浮游十足类丰度的季节变化、水团对丰度分布的影响、优势种对总丰度的贡献以及其生态适应特征。结果表明,长江口邻近海域浮游十足类丰度季节变化主要受温度影响,平面分布变化主要受盐度影响。夏季平均丰度最高(10.42 ind/m3),主要集中在长江口羽状锋(122°40′~123°30′ E)处,冬季丰度最低（0.004 ind/m3）。中型莹虾(Lucifer intermedius)和细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)是最主要的优势种。夏季,中型莹虾的贡献率(0.97)远大于细螯虾(0.12)。中型莹虾平均丰度夏季最高(8.93 ind/m3),春季为0.28 ind/m3,秋季为0.14 ind/m3,冬季最低 (0.005 ind/m3)。细螯虾在春季平均丰度0.11 ind/m3, 夏季0.67 ind/m3,秋季0.13 ind/m3,冬季0.004 ind/m3。     

渤海水团分析

根据1982年4月至1983年5月的渤海调查资料,采用T·S点聚对照法划分渤海调查海区范围内的水团,并对各水团的温盐特性和季节变化情况进行分析,结果得出三个终年存在的水团(即渤海水团“B”,莱州湾沿岸水“LS”和渤海湾近岸水“BS”)和一个夏季存在的季节性水团(渤莱混合水“BL”)。文中列出各水团不同季节的温盐度平均值,温盐度分布范围及温盐特性。     

东海浮游十足类数量分布与环境的关系

根据1997~2000年东海23°30′~33°N、118°30′~128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨东海浮游十足类(Decapods)总丰度的平面分布、季节变化以及变化的动力学机制。结果表明,浮游十足类总丰度有明显的季节变化,夏季最高为451 ind/(100 m3),秋季次之为71 ind/(100 m3),春季最低为24 ind/(100 m3)。北部近海(29°30′~33°N、123°30′~125°E)水域春季几乎没有分布,除冬季外,总丰度基本呈近海高于外海的分布趋势。中型莹虾(Luciferintermedius)是影响总丰度变化最主要的种类;夏季与秋季及四季总丰度的变化同水温有非常显著的线性相关关系,与盐度的相关关系不显著;冬季则仅仅与盐度有关,春季则与温度和盐度相关。从春季到夏季,高丰度区随台湾暖流向北扩展,并在闽浙沿岸水团与台湾暖流交汇处形成高丰度分布区[>2 500 ind/(100 m3)];从夏季到秋季,浮游十足类随着台湾暖流继续向北,在与长江冲淡水交汇处形成较高丰度区。水温和海流是影响东海浮游十足类总丰度分布的主要环境因子。     

2013 年春季南沙海域不同水团中网采浮游植物群落特征

根据2013 年春季调查资料研究了南沙海域不同水团中网采浮游植物的群落特征。共鉴定网采浮游植物4 门62 属222 种, 其中硅藻门和甲藻门种类数分别占67.1% 和31.1% 。浮游植物平均丰度为( 16 655 36 570) 个 m-3 , 硅藻门平均丰度占93.6%。浮游植物多样性指数( H) 和均匀度指数( J) 平均分别为4.43 和0.85。巴拉巴克海峡西侧混合水受苏禄海表层入侵水及冷涡影响, 跃层浅, 营养盐浓度高, 浮游植物种类数和丰度均最高。巽他陆架北缘沿岸混合水受局部上升流的影响, 浮游植物丰度次之。中南半岛沿岸混合水中无机氮( DIN) 浓度最低, 浮游植物种类数和丰度均低, 而固氮蓝藻的丰度比例却最高。南沙中央表层水受陆源物质影响小, 跃层深且薄, 75 m以浅水层硅酸盐浓度最低, 浮游植物丰度较低, 但甲藻门丰度比例最高, J最高, 浮游植物丰度最低值出现在暖涡区域。     

长江口外海区浮游植物生物量分布及其与环境因子的关系

根据2006年7月对长江口外海域67个站点的大面积综合调查结果,分析了浮游植物的优势种、细胞丰度和叶绿素a转换生物量的分布特征。硅藻细胞丰度占绝对优势,其中以菱形海线藻和中肋骨条藻数量最大。各站点浮游植物细胞丰度范围1.42~448.25?10⁶ cell/m³,平均值为90.47?10⁶ cell/m³。通过细胞体积生物量转换法,计算了2006年夏季长江口外海区浮游植物的叶绿素a转换生物量,平均值为4.41 mg Chl. a/m³,各站点间变幅较大,范围从0.02到34.08 mg Chl.a/m³。长江口外海区夏季的浮游植物生物量在冲淡水区最高,江苏外海居中,而近河口区和台湾暖区最低。转换生物量大于4.0 mg Chl.a/m³的高值区位于冲淡水区(3 m层)盐度为28.0的等值线两侧,且处于NH₃-N和P的低值区。悬浮物浓度、温盐、水体稳定度和营养盐是影响长江口外海域浮游植物分布的主要环境因子。在本次调查期间长江口外海不存在氮营养盐限制,冲淡水区存在明显的P营养盐限制,台湾暖流区存在潜在的Si营养盐限制。     

珠江口虾拖网的副渔获组成

拖虾是南海捕捞渔业的一种主要作业方式,南海北部的珠江口是广东省虾拖网的优良渔场之一。文章以珠江口铜鼓水道虾拖网渔业生物调查资料为基础,对该渔业的副渔获组成进行了分析研究。结果表明,珠江口虾拖网渔获种类多,以底栖鱼类和甲壳类为优势类群;副渔获的组成在不同月份有所变化;副渔获比例较高,虾与副渔获之比为1:10-1:19;副渔获中大部分鱼种未达到可捕规格,对幼鱼资源造成损害。建议渔业管理部门重视对副渔获问题的调查研究。     

瓯江口海域夏秋季蟹类数量分布与环境的关系

本文利用2007年6月和9月瓯江口海域渔业资源调查资料,分析瓯江口蟹类资源密度的分布,及蟹类优势种、水团、水深和水文因子对蟹类数量分布的影响。结果表明,6月和9月蟹类重量密度分别为112.99 kg/km2和73.48kg/km2,尾数密度为16.84×103ind/ km2和3.80×103ind/ km2,资源总量为50845.5 kg和33066.0 kg。蟹类密度分布,在6月调查海域东部高于西部,南部高于北部,高密度区出现在瓯江口洞头群岛外侧,尤其是受台湾暖流影响明显的海域;在9月仅是南部明显高于北部,其他海域分布比较均匀。瓯江径流从瓯江北口下泄,在口外形成冲淡水水团,使瓯江口北侧蟹类密度较低。瓯江口温、盐度环境因子与蟹类重量密度负相关关系显著,与尾数密度不显著。水深与蟹类密度呈错综复杂的关系,并非线性相关关系。日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）是瓯江口蟹类最重要的优势种,三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）是最重要的经济品种。     

时空及环境因子对黄河口及邻近水域斑资源丰度的影响

斑(Konosirus punctatus)作为黄河口及邻近海域近年来的优势种,其在生态系统中的作用日趋重要,为研究其资源丰度的变动对生态系统中多种生物的影响,本研究根据2013年6月、8月、10月在黄河口及邻近海域进行的渔业资源和环境调查数据,利用广义可加模型(GAM)分析了该海域夏、秋季斑资源丰度分布特征及其与时空和环境因子的关系。结果表明,黄河口及邻近海域斑资源丰度呈现明显的季节变化,斑资源丰度秋季较高,夏季较低;其主要分布在黄河入海口以北的近岸海域。GAM分析表明,月份、水深、海水表层盐度和浮游植物丰度对斑资源丰度分布具有显著影响。斑资源丰度随浮游植物丰度的增大而增大;在10 m水深范围内随水深增加呈下降趋势;一定盐度范围内,斑资源丰度随表层盐度的增加而增大,当盐度达到17时其丰度达到最大。因此,在浮游植物丰度较高的低盐河口水域,斑资源丰度较大,这与斑的洄游习性、河口区受到淡水径流和海水运动共同作用所形成的环境因子的变动有关。     

大连市长海县虾夷扇贝养殖海区浮游病毒的丰度

2008年7月—2009年6月,利用荧光显微技术(EFM),对大连市长海县大长山岛和广鹿岛两个虾夷扇贝养殖海区的浮游病毒丰度进行调查,研究了浮游病毒丰度在虾夷扇贝养殖海区内水平分布、垂直分布和季节变化特征。结果表明,在水平分布上,养殖筏区内站位(C1、G1、C2、G2、C3、G3)表层、10 m层和底层的浮游病毒丰度表现为近岸水域高于远岸水域(P<0.05);在垂直分布上,站位(C2、G2、C3、G3、C4、G4)浮游病毒丰度高于10 m水层和底层(P<0.05),10 m和底层差别不大,离岸最近站位(C1、G1)浮游病毒丰度没有垂直分布的变化。在季节变化上,春夏两季的浮游病毒丰度高于秋冬的浮游病毒丰度,而夏季的浮游病毒丰度最高。利用多元相关分析可知,两个海岛的虾夷扇贝养殖海区浮游病毒丰度与叶绿素a(Chl.a)呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与水温呈正相关(P<0.05),与盐度、溶氧浓度之间没有相关性(P>0.05)。     

时空及环境因子对黄河口及邻近水域斑鰶资源丰度的影响

斑(鰶)(Konosirus punctatus)作为黄河口及邻近海域近年来的优势种,其在生态系统中的作用日趋重要,为研究其资源丰度的变动对生态系统中多种生物的影响,本研究根据2013年6月、8月、10月在黄河口及邻近海域进行的渔业资源和环境调查数据,利用广义可加模型(GAM)分析了该海域夏、秋季斑(鰶)资源丰度分布特征及其与时空和环境因子的关系.结果表明,黄河口及邻近海域斑(鰶)资源丰度呈现明显的季节变化,斑(鰶)资源丰度秋季较高,夏季较低;其主要分布在黄河入海口以北的近岸海域.GAM分析表明,月份、水深、海水表层盐度和浮游植物丰度对斑(鰶)资源丰度分布具有显著影响.斑(鰶)资源丰度随浮游植物丰度的增大而增大;在10m水深范围内随水深增加呈下降趋势;一定盐度范围内,斑(鰶)资源丰度随表层盐度的增加而增大,当盐度达到17时其丰度达到最大.因此,在浮游植物丰度较高的低盐河口水域,斑(鰶)资源丰度较大,这与斑(鰶)的洄游习性、河口区受到淡水径流和海水运动共同作用所形成的环境因子的变动有关.     

Distribution and abundance of the larval black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli (Bleeker), in coastal waters and an estuary of western Taiwan

This study compared the distribution, abundance and body length of larval black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli (Bleeker), to relative environmental conditions in the coastal waters near Wan-kung and the Da-du estuary of western Taiwan to evaluate the utilization of these two water bodies as nursery grounds. Sampling was carried out on spring tides from October 1993 to September 1994. In the coastal waters, salinity (mean = 31.5^0/00) and current speed (39.1 cm s^?1) were significantly higher than those in the estuary (28.3^0/00 and 29.6 cm s^?1). Most of the larvae occurred from late winter to early spring. The period of occurrence was longer and the density was higher in the coastal waters. The mean body length in the coastal waters (9.28 mm) was greater than that in the estuary (7.33 mm), but the coefficient of variation of body length was smaller (coastal waters, 8.15%; estuary, 19.87%). The occurrence of the larvae in the two regions was negatively correlated with water temperature and positively with salinity and dissolved oxygen, and the change of density of larval black porgy was similar to that of all larval species discriminated by principal component analysis. The range and mode of the length-frequency distributions were different between the two regions. It was concluded that coastal waters are overall a better nursery habitat for black porgy.     

Distribution and reproduction of Procambarus clarkii in relation to water management,salinity and habitat type in the Camargue

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东海近岸海域浮游动物群落时空分布

为探讨东海近岸海域浮游动物时空分布特征,根据2013年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和12月(冬季)东海近岸海域3个航次的浮游动物调查资料,分析了该海域春季、夏季和冬季浮游动物的种类组成、丰度与生物量、优势种季节变化及生态类群。结果显示,3个航次共鉴定浮游动物108种(含未定种),浮游幼体14类,隶属于7门15大类,其中桡足类和水母类的种类和数量占绝对优势,桡足类为最优势类群,共47种,占总种数的43.52%,水母类共19种,占总种数的17.59%。浮游动物种类季节变化较为明显,夏季种类显著高于春季和冬季。各季节浮游动物种类数目与纬度呈负相关。浮游动物平均丰度与平均生物量随季节变化较为明显,其中平均丰度与平均生物量冬季最低,平均生物量夏季最高,平均丰度春季最高。根据浮游动物对水文环境条件耐受性和生活海区的差异性将浮游动物群落分为6个生态类群:近岸低盐种、广温广盐种、高温高盐种、近岸暖温种、暖水种和大洋广布种。其中东海北部近岸海域春、冬季近岸低盐种和广温广盐种占绝对优势,夏季暖水性种群所占比例高;长江口及邻近水域暖水性种群在春、夏、冬三季中均占主导地位;东海中南部近岸海域春、冬季暖水性种群占绝对优势,但夏季高温高盐种、大洋广布种优势明显。各季节中华哲水蚤均为优势种,但其他优势种季节更替较明显,其中春、夏两季优势种更替率为90.9%,夏、秋两季为50%。     

长江口及邻近海域春、夏季浮游动物优势种时空生态位分析

为探究长江口及邻近海域春、夏季浮游动物优势种时空生态位, 利用 2016—2018 年春季(5 月)和夏季(8 月) 长江口及邻近海域浮游动物及环境调查数据, 分析了该海域浮游动物优势种时空生态位特征, 并基于冗余分析 (RDA)对优势种与环境因子之间的关系进行分析。结果表明, 春季优势种以近岸低盐种占绝对优势, 夏季优势种以近岸低盐种和暖水种共存, 夏季优势种数目高于春季, 春季第一优势种虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)优势度和平均拥挤度均高于夏季。在时间和空间生态位上, 真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)、虫肢歪水蚤、长额刺糠虾 (Acanthomysis longirostris)和球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachia globosa)均为广生态位种, 而中华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)为窄生态位种。相似生态位种为了实现共存, 在时间或空间上发生生态位的分化。空间生态位重叠指数高的种对多具有捕食与被捕食关系。时间生态位上高等级重叠种对关系占比(50.0%)远高于空间生态位高等级重叠种对关系(18.2%)。物种环境排序图通过展示优势种分布与环境因子之间的关系, 揭示了优势种在生境中的生态位分化现象。本研究探明的浮游动物优势种的时空生态位分布特征可为研究其种间共存关系、环境适应性及水质环境变动提供依据。     

Selection of spawning habitat by several gobiid fishes in the subtidal zone of a small temperate estuary

We examined the spawning sites of several gobiid fishes in the subtidal zone of a small temperate estuary and determined the relationship of the nest abundance of each species with several environmental conditions, including water temperature, salinity, median particle size, proportion of silt and clay, current width, maximum water depth, distance from each site to the river mouth, and density of objects (boulders, cobbles, empty oyster shells, and empty clam shells) in the water. During this study, we found 115 nests belonging to the following six species: Favonigobius gymnauchen, Tridentiger obscurus, Leucopsarion petersii, Acanthogobius lactipes, Rhinogobius giurinus, and Tridentiger trigonocephalus. Stepwise multiple regression analysis, which was used to determine the best model for the nest abundance of all species, revealed that the nest abundance of each species clearly increased with an increase in the density of spawning substrates, such as cobbles and bivalve shells. These results show that the density of spawning substrates is a crucial factor affecting the selection of spawning habitats by each species.     

Spatial distribution pattern and physical – biological interactions in the larval notothenioid fish assemblages from the Bransfield Strait and adjacent waters

The Bransfield Strait and adjacent waters represent one of the most important areas of larval retention off the Antarctic Peninsula. The species composition of larval fish assemblages has been described in detail in previous surveys carried out in the area, but the role of environmental parameters influencing the spatial distribution of early life stages was poorly known. By applying generalized additive models and multivariate analyses, we evaluated the role of environmental variables in shaping the small‐scale distribution of larval fish and investigated the spatial structure of the larval assemblage. It consisted of a few dominant notothenioid species, such as Champsocephalus gunnari, Lepidonotothen squamifrons, Lepidonotothen larseni, Pleuragramma antarctica and Trematomus scotti, and several other rarely caught species. Sea water temperature, salinity and sampling depth were the most important factors determining the spatial distribution of fish with different relative contributions, together explaining more than 80% of total deviance observed. Species richness was mostly affected by salinity, probably due to the narrow range of salinity preference by the species. Cluster analysis of abundance and presence data identified six and five distinct groups, respectively, each of them with substantial contributions of single or rarely two species. Differences in reproductive strategies of adult populations and spatial distribution of early life stages driven by different larval behaviour in response to environmental factors contribute to maintaining a well‐structured larval fish assemblage, ensuring spatial and food niche partitioning.     

The long‐term changes in plankton composition: Is Bay Sivash transforming back into one of the world's largest habitats of Artemia sp. (Crustacea,Anostraca)?

Bay Sivash was a hypersaline lagoon but after construction of the North Crimean canal, it shifted to a brackish water state. In 2014, the canal was closed; a salinity increase started. In 2018 and 2019, plankton sampling was conducted in the bay at salinity from 30 to 100 g/L. A decrease in taxonomic diversity and total abundance was observed. Before November of 2018, Harpacticoida and chironomid larvae were the most common and abundant groups. Different stages of Artemia were consumed by invertebrate predators and fish at that time. In November 2018, Artemia stages contributed more than 90% to total zooplankton abundance at all sites excepting with salinity lower than 55 g/L. In June–July 2019, adult Artemia were at all sites with salinity higher than 82 g/L when there was no suppression by predators. A self‐sustaining Artemia population in the bay may recover in 2 or 3 years, when the average salinity would reach 80–90 g/L; total abundance of the active Artemia stages may reach 3000–5000 ind. M^?3 between April and August. The lagoon may become one of the world main habitats of Artemia having a significant impact to provide world's supply by its cysts.     

Pushed to the edge: Environmental factors drive ecological responses of Aphanius fasciatus when in sympatry with invasive Gambusia holbrooki

1. Interspecific competition may be particularly exacerbated when occurring between native and invasive alien species, with environmental conditions affecting drivers of natural selection and shaping spatio-temporal dynamics of animal communities. The effects of invaders are particularly evident in aquatic ecosystems with delicate and complex balances, such as Mediterranean coastal wetlands, characterized by unpredictable water flows and variable reserves. Understanding how native species respond to human-induced biological invasions is of paramount importance for planning management measures aiming at conservation purposes.
2. This study investigated whether the occurrence of a competing invader species resulted in changes in the ecological adaptations of a native species by comparing two coastal wetland fish species: the invasive eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki and the native Mediterranean killifish Aphanius fasciatus of conservation concern. The hypothesis was tested by sampling fishes at a coastal Ramsar site in central Italy, over 2 years.
3. Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine the occurrence of killifish in relation to water parameters and the presence of its putative competitor. The aim was to determine whether salinity, temperature, and water depth influenced the presence and abundance of killifish when in sympatry with mosquitofish.
4. Both the probability of presence and abundance of killifish increased with water salinity, but this increase was stronger when mosquitofish was present. Increasing water temperature and water depth were associated with a higher probability of presence and abundance of killifish respectively, although the effect of water depth was small. Both salinity and the presence of the invader acted synergistically in characterizing and shaping the population structure of the native species.
5. Living in the most extreme and stressed environments, the killifish is potentially at higher risk of extinction. These results highlight the importance of considering the interplay between multiple abiotic stressors combined with comparative data between invasive and native species as increasingly critical to aid in conservation efforts.