北美地区常见4种齿小蠹属昆虫的检疫鉴定

齿小蠹属昆虫作为小蠹科昆虫种类较多的一个属,是重要的林木蛀干害虫。近年来,从北美地区进境木材、木质包装上截获齿小蠹属昆虫的种类、数量均增长迅速,准确的种类鉴定对防止该类害虫传入我国具有重要意义。本文对我国口岸近期截获频率较多的4种齿小蠹进行描述,并列出北美地区齿小蠹属常见种类的检索表,以期为口岸技术人员提供检疫鉴定的基础资料。     

中国材小蠹属种类记述

材小蠹属(非中国种)属于我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,随着对该属研究的不断深入,材小蠹属种类的分类地位出现较大变化.本文通过对文献的查阅,结合野外采集的标本,对中国材小蠹属种类进行系统整理,明确了9种材小蠹属昆虫在中国大陆有分布记录,首次记录了对粒材小蠹在广东的分布以及棋盘材小蠹在广东和广西的分布,提供部分种类的形态图并...     

介绍两种窃蠹科害虫——浓毛窃蠹,灵芝窃蠹

介绍两种窃蠹科害虫——浓毛窃蠹、灵芝窃蠹林其铭（福州动植物检疫局３５００１３）陈启宗（郑州粮食学院）窃蠹科昆虫全世界目前已记述有２０００多种，分隶于８个亚科、１６０多个属。但其形态特征差异不大，种乃至属的正确鉴定存在一定困难。我国对该科昆虫的研究尚浅...     

红脂大小蠹天敌研究进展

红脂大小蠹是我国重要的林业外来入侵害虫,给我国林业生产和生态建设造成了严重损害.分析其天敌使用概况,可为红脂大小蠹乃至整个小蠹类害虫的生物防治提供参考.基于红脂大小蠹在我国发生危害的相关研究,对其天敌使用情况进行了梳理和汇总.概述了现阶段红脂大小蠹的危害和传播情况,详细统计了捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌种类,分析了我国历年来利用天敌进行生物防治取得的成果.可为进一步系统地研究红脂大小蠹天敌组成、优质天敌资源的筛选、天敌内部成员互作关系和生态对策等提供参考.     

基于DIVA-GIS的美松齿小蠹适生性分析

美松齿小蠹是一种主要分布于北美的危险性林木害虫,随着我国与北美国家木材贸易往来的日益密切,该虫传入我国的风险也逐渐升高。为了更有效地实现美松齿小蠹的风险防控,本研究采用DIVA-GIS的BIOCLIM生态位模型对美松齿小蠹在我国的适生性进行了预测。结果表明,美松齿小蠹在我国的较适宜生存地区主要分布在辽宁、山东、陕西、山西、河南、四川、湖北、云南、西藏、河北等省份的局部地区。应当在这些地区强化检疫措施,以防美松齿小蠹的传入和扩散。     

江苏扬州口岸进境木材长小蠹种类调查

用手工捕捉、灯光和信息素诱集对江苏扬州口岸进境木材长小蠹种类进行调查采集,共采集长小蠹标本1 026头,鉴定出长小蠹科7属、18种,其中检疫性种类9种。在截获的长小蠹种类中,来自巴布亚新几内亚的有6属、13种,占总截获种类的72%,其中检疫性长小蠹8种,占截获的检疫性长小蠹种类的88.9%。     

我国的长蠹科昆虫记述

长蠹科（Ｂｏｓｔｒｉｃｈｉｄａｅ）昆虫是一类经济意义很大的钻蛀性害虫，它主要对树木、木材、竹材、藤材及其制成品乃至粮食、电缆的外包皮等均有很严重的危害。本文对在我国分布的长蠹科共计１８属３９个种和一个变种的分布和寄主情况进行了报道     

7种长蠹科昆虫的线粒体DNA ND4基因序列比较分析

长蠹科昆虫严重危害林木和仓贮物品。该文应用非损伤性DNA测序技术测定了来自不同国家的长蠹科害虫的线粒体DNA ND4基因的部分序列。在获得的204bp的序列中，7种昆虫的序列变异丰富，多数变异发生在密码子的第3位点上。将实验结果与形态学特征比较分析，探讨7个种的形态差异与基因序列的差异；结果表明，7种昆虫不仅在外形特征上存在差异，而且在ND4基因序列上的差异程度也很显著，平均为21．94％。这为分类鉴定提供了充分的证据。     

基于Taxokeys的小蠹科昆虫辅助鉴定多媒体专家系统的构建

本文以检疫工作中所涉及的小蠹科昆虫辅助鉴定多媒体专家系统的构建过程为例，详细介绍了基于Taxokeys的昆虫辅助鉴定多媒体专家系统的构建方法，包括开发方法的选择，开发工具的选择，以及整个系统的开发过程；并在开发过程中对原平台系统进行了改进，使平台更适合于昆虫学专家以及口岸一线从事植物检疫的人员来构建辅助鉴定多媒体专家系统。     

从多哥格木中截获希氏长小蠹

2007年11月19日,在对一批来自多哥的格木进行现场检疫时发现活体昆虫,经实验室鉴定为希氏长小蠹(Platypus hintzi Schaufuss)等多种昆虫.希氏长小蠹异名为Platypus dispar Schaufuss、Platypus penetralis Sampson,目前对该虫尚无中文文献报道,现将其形态特征进行描述,以供口岸检疫参考.     

Potential distribution ranges in Europe for Ips hauseri, Ips subelongatus and Scolytus morawitzi, a CLIMEX analysis

Introduced bark and ambrosia beetles have become a worldwide problem for the forest industry as well as for recreational parks and nature reserves by directly damaging wood material and killing trees or by vectoring lethal tree diseases. In this study we used the climatic modeling program CLIMEX to simulate potential distribution ranges for three different Asian bark beetles, Ips hauseri (Reitter), Ips subelongatus (Motschulsky) and Scolytus morawitzi (Semenov) on the basis of their current distribution. The program calculates an ecoclimatic index based on the life cycle requirements of a species and thus represents the probability of a viable population existing at a certain location. Simulations show that all of the studied species have a potential distribution according to climatic factors. Also, potential hosts for these species grow in much of Europe, making the potential establishment of these species possible. Simulation with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate change scenario A1B resulted in changes of 200 to 900 km at the northern and southern edges of the distribution ranges for the studied species.     

Beetles (Coleoptera) caught with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus (Col., Scolytidae) in southern Finland

The ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus materiarius, which originally came from North America, was discovered in southern Finland in 1996. In 1997, using Norwegian drainpipe traps baited with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus, we collected beetles in the region where the first specimen had been caught in order to determine whether this potential pest species had become established in the area. Samples from a total of 16 traps included 79 species of beetles and 719 individuals, but no specimens of G. materiarius. The most abundant species in the samples were the ambrosia beetles Xyleborus dispar and Trypodendron lineatum. Several predators and other associates of bark beetles were also captured. The majority of the beetles caught were saproxylic species.     

Beetles (Coleoptera) caught with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus (Col., Scolytidae) in southern Finland

The ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus materiarius, which originally came from North America, was discovered in southern Finland in 1996. In 1997, using Norwegian drainpipe traps baited with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus, we collected beetles in the region where the first specimen had been caught in order to determine whether this potential pest species had become established in the area. Samples from a total of 16 traps included 79 species of beetles and 719 individuals, but no specimens of G. materiarius. The most abundant species in the samples were the ambrosia beetles Xyleborus dispar and Trypodendron lineatum. Several predators and other associates of bark beetles were also captured. The majority of the beetles caught were saproxylic species.     

Secondary Ambrosia Beetles in Apparently Healthy Trees: Adaptations, Potential Causes and Suggested Research

Some ambrosia beetles are primary attackers of healthy, living trees, but in recent years normally secondary species have been increasingly observed attacking living trees, either as exotics or in their native geographic ranges. We identified five factors that could underlie an increasing prevalence of attack by secondary ambrosia beetles on living trees: (1) early flight before the host tree has recovered the ability to resist attack in the spring, possibly associated with climate change; (2) nutritional independence from the host that may enable ambrosia beetles to feed on ambrosia fungi that live on dead tissue in a living tree; (3) potentially pathogenic fungi that could become more pathogenic with climate change or through hybridization with exotic strains; (4) cryptic behavior that facilitates international transport and the establishment of exotic species and genotypes; and (5) a complex chemical ecology that enables secondary ambrosia beetles to locate stressed living trees that may temporarily appear to be suitable hosts for secondary beetles. We propose four avenues of research that will lead to an increased understanding of attack of living trees by ambrosia beetles, and may facilitate the implementation of effective pest management strategies and tactics: (1) intensive surveys, particularly for exotic beetle species and associated fungal strains; (2) molecular genetics studies that would facilitate the identification of known and new strains and genotypes, particularly of ambrosia fungi; (3) studies of the pathogenicity of ambrosia fungi as well as other fungi that could predispose trees to attack; and (4) investigations of the chemical ecology of tree-attacking species that could lead to new pest management tools and tactics.     

The complex symbiotic relationships of bark beetles with microorganisms: a potential practical approach for biological control in forestry

Bark beetles, especially Dendroctonus species, are considered to be serious pests of the coniferous forests in North America. Bark beetle forest pests undergo population eruptions, causing region wide economic losses. In order to save forests, finding new and innovative environmentally friendly approaches in wood-boring insect pest management is more important than ever. Several biological control methods have been attempted over time to limit the damage and spreading of bark beetle epidemics. The use of entomopathogenic microorganisms against bark beetle populations is an attractive alternative tool for many biological control programmes in forestry. However, the effectiveness of these biological control agents is strongly affected by environmental factors, as well as by the susceptibility of the insect host. Bark beetle susceptibility to entomopathogens varies greatly between species. According to recent literature, bark beetles are engaged in symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria. These types of relationship are very complex and apparently involved in bark beetle defensive mechanisms against pathogens. The latest scientific discoveries in multipartite symbiosis have unravelled unexpected opportunities in bark beetle pest management, which are discussed in this article.     

Lateral transfer of a phytopathogenic symbiont among native and exotic ambrosia beetles

Different ambrosia beetle species can coexist in tree trunks, where their immature stages feed upon symbiotic fungi. Although most ambrosia beetles are not primary pests and their fungal symbionts are not pathogenic to the host tree, exceptional situations exist. Notably, Xyleborus glabratus carries a phytopathogenic symbiont, Raffaelea lauricola, which causes laurel wilt, a lethal disease of some Lauraceae species. Both X. glabratus and R. lauricola are natives of Asia that recently invaded much of the coastal plain of the southeastern USA. This study examined ambrosia beetles that breed in susceptible trees in Florida (USA), including avocado (Persea americana), redbay (P. borbonia) and swampbay (P. palustris). Raffaelea lauricola was recovered from six of eight ambrosia beetle species that emerged from laurel wilt‐affected swampbay trees, in addition to X. glabratus. Controlled infestations with cohorts of the six species other than X. glabratus revealed that each could transmit the pathogen to healthy redbay trees and two could transmit the pathogen to healthy avocado trees; laurel wilt developed in five and one of the respective beetle × host interactions. These results indicate flexibility in the lateral transfer of a non‐native ambrosial fungus to other ambrosia beetles, and for the first time documents the transmission of a laterally transferred phytopathogenic symbiont by new ambrosia beetle species. Additional work is needed to determine whether, or to what extent, the new beetle × R. lauricola combinations play a role in spreading laurel wilt.     

Sudden Oak Death, A New Forest Disease in California

A forest disease caused by a newly described pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, is presently affecting a number of woody plant species in central and northern coastal California and southern Oregon, U.S.A. Among the most severely affected tree species are coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia, and tanoak, Lithocarpus densiflorus. In March 2000, we established plots in Marin County, CA, to assess symptom progression and the association of other organisms with diseased trees. Symptomatic trees exhibit 'bleeding' of viscous sap from apparently intact bark, typically within approximately 2 m of the soil. At least three species of bark and ambrosia beetles colonize bleeding oaks. These beetles colonized every bleeding tree that died during the first year of the study (N = 23) while the foliage was still green. By March 2001, numbers of symptomatic and dead trees increased for both coast live oak and tanoak. Symptomatic coast live oaks totaled 26% in March 2000 and 27% in March 2001. During the same period, mortality increased from 6% to 10%. For tanoaks, 41% were symptomatic in 2000, rising to 49% in 2001. Mortality was 11% in 2000 and 13% in 2001. The values for coast live oak are broadly consistent with independently acquired infection and mortality estimates derived from an unbiased transect method.     

Predicting the distribution of harmful species and their natural enemies in agricultural,livestock and forestry systems: an overview

Abstract

Predicting the potential distribution of harmful species to agriculture, livestock and forestry is decisive to prevent their impacts, especially when these are expanding their range due to global change. Recent advances in species distribution modelling (SDM) have made these tools widely used for biosecurity studies. We reviewed the available literature of SDM for pest, weeds, pathogen species and biological-control agents, with the aims of synthesizing and quantifying the available information, and identifying gaps in the knowledge and future perspectives. SDMs for 420 species were collected from 220 publications. Insect pests were the most frequently studied organisms. CLIMEX and MaxEnt were the most commonly used modelling tools, while pure mechanistic approaches were rarely applied. Most studies covered broad scales, and focused on predicting the distribution of invasive species and/or the effects of climate change. The challenge remains for models to include disturbance, resource availability, and biotic factors, as well as to better quantify uncertainty. This future directions will be fundamental to improve the predictive power of SDMs for productive systems in the context of a rapidly changing World.     

Distribution of conifer beetles (Scolytidae, Curculionidae, Cerambycidae) and wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus spp.) in European and Asian Russia

The objective of this paper is to compare, between regions of Russia, conifer beetles found in Scolytidae, Curculionidae and Cerambycidae. Of the 220 species of bark beetles which were found in Russia, 108 species are associated with conifers. Sixty-three species of bark beetles are established in the European region of Russia and 94 species have been found in the Asian region. In Western Siberia 50 species are found. Eastern Siberia — 54 species, Russian Far East — 79 species. Forty-nine species of bark beetles (such as Dendroctonus micans, Ips duplicatas, I. sexdentatus and I. typographus ) are widely distributed throughout all Russian regions. There are 12 species of Pissodes found in all or various parts of Russia. Six weevil species ( Pissodes gyllenhali, P. harcyniae, P. castaneus, P. pini, P. piniphilus and P. validirostris ) are found throughout Russia and Western Europe. Five weevil species have only been found in the Asian region of Russia ( Pissodes cembrae, P. insignitus, P. irrogatus, P. nitidus, P. nemorensis ). Information concerning surveys of Russian conifer forests for wood nematodes, Bursaphelenchus spp., and their vectors is analysed. There is no evidence that B. xylophilus has ever occurred in Russia. Only B. mucronatus has been found. Six species of Monochamus beetles are found in Russia.     

Report of a pest risk analysis for Platypus parallelus (Fabricus, 1801) for Turkey

Invasive bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) are increasingly responsible for damage to forests, plantations and orchards worldwide. They are usually closely associated with fungi, which may be pathogenic causing tree mortality. Stressed or weakened trees are particularly subject to attack, as is recently felled, non‐treated wood. This PRA report concerns the ambrosia beetle Platypus parallelus (Euplatypus parallelus, Fabricus, 1801) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), which was detected in official controls. The PRA area is Turkey. P. parallelus is not on the A1 or A2 list for Turkey but the Regulation on Plant Quarantine (3 December 2011‐OJ no: 28131) Article 13 (5) indicates that pests which are assessed to pose a risk for Turkey following PRA that are not present in the above lists and plants, wood, plant products and other materials contaminated by these organisms are banned from entry into Turkey. This risk assessment follows the EPPO Standard PM 5/3(5) Decision‐support scheme for quarantine pests and uses the terminology defined in ISPM 5 Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms. This paper addresses the possible risk factors caused by Platypus parallelus (Euplatypus parallelus, Fabricus, 1801) in Turkey.