潜在和新发外来入侵物种三维可视化预警监测系统构建与应用

潜在和新发外来入侵物种数据可视化展示是外来入侵物种管理的重要载体。潜在和新发外来入侵物种数据具有混合型(包括结构化和非结构化)和离散性(数据分布在不同的系统或平台)特点。本文在分析这些数据的基础上,以预警监测模型分析与三维可视化集成、多源异构数据融合为切入点,综合运用3D GIS、物联网、大数据等技术手段,研发潜在和新发外来入侵物种可视化系统的关键技术;以潜在外来入侵物种地中海实蝇Ceratitis capitata和新发外来入侵物种番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta为例,构建多源异构数据融合的潜在和新发入侵物种预警监测三维可视化系统,形成了基于GIS技术的典型潜在和新发外来入侵物种可视化平台的解决方案。该系统可为我国潜在和新发外来入侵物种分级控制管理和区域性防控预案制定提供科学支撑。     

中国外来入侵物种数据库简介

中国外来入侵物种数据库系统是我国进行生物入侵交流的权威网络信息平台。该系统由中国外来入侵物种数据库系统、中国外来入侵物种地理分布信息系统、外来入侵物种野外数据采集系统、外来入侵物种安全性评价系统、中国主要外来入侵昆虫DNA条形码识别系统和中国重大外来入侵昆虫远程监控系统等6个子系统组成。该系统旨在为从事外来入侵物种研究、检测监测工作的科研机构和职能部门提供科研成果交流、检测监测信息发布、外来入侵物种数据查询和科普教育的综合信息服务平台。     

北京市湿地入侵植物群落与本地植物群落的生物多样性比较

为明确外来入侵植物对本地湿地植物多样性的影响，在北京市湿地选择23个样地共245个样方进行物种多样性调查，并从不同植物性状数据库获取样方中所有植物的株高、叶长、叶宽、叶面积和比叶面积等10个功能性状数据，对比分析入侵群落与本地群落的物种多样性、系统发育多样性和功能多样性特征。结果显示，在北京市湿地共记录到26种外来入侵草本植物，隶属10科19属，其中，菊科外来入侵植物种类最多，有10种。除比叶面积、叶片碳含量和株高的系统发育信号显著外，其余7种植物功能性状的系统发育信号均不显著，表明大多数功能性状未表现出系统发育保守性。入侵群落所有物种的物种多样性指标Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数以及系统发育多样性指标谱系多样性和平均最近谱系发育距离均显著高于本地群落和入侵群落本地物种，而入侵群落本地物种的功能分散指数和Rao''Q二次熵指数均显著高于本地群落，表明外来物种入侵改变了湿地植物的生物多样性，且外来物种入侵后群落谱系多样性趋于发散，说明与本地植物亲缘关系越远的入侵物种越容易在湿地群落中建立种群，符合达尔文归化假说。     

我国农林生态系统近20年新入侵物种名录分析

了解新入侵物种的发生和分布有利于及时掌握我国外来入侵物种发生、发展态势,指导防控实践中各项资源的合理配置。本文将外来入侵物种野外科学调查数据和国内外文献资料相结合,整理了1998-2017年我国农林业生态系统中外来入侵物种名单,并对物种的来源/原产地、分类地位、首次发现或记录的年份和地区的数据进行分析和讨论。分析结果将为我国外来入侵物种的预防、控制和管理提供基础科学数据。     

日本《外来入侵物种法》及对我国外来物种管理立法和科研的启示

日本政府于2004年6月颁布了《外来入侵物种法》,10月环境省制定的《预防外来入侵生物对生态系统造成不利影响的基本政策》通过内阁决议,该法案于2005年6月1日起生效。本文简要介绍了日本外来生物管理有关策略和基本政策,并针对我国现状提出了外来物种管理立法及科研方面的建议:(1)成立国家级外来物种管理委员会及外来物种专家委员会,统筹外来物种管理工作;(2)对现有法律法规体系进行系统评估,加强外来物种管理立法;(3)加强对外来物种的科学研究,特别是加强外来入侵物种环境风险评估系统建设;(4)进一步加强建立国家级、一站式的外来物种数据库和外来物种数据交换所,促进信息交流。     

中国南方喀斯特外来入侵植物的分布格局及预测分析

分析中国南方喀斯特地区外来入侵植物的地理分布格局并预测其潜在分布区，对区域尺度上外来入侵植物的防控和管理具有重要意义。本研究基于中国南方喀斯特地区记录的327种外来入侵植物的精准地理分布数据，使用物种丰富度算法分析了该地区外来入侵植物的地理分布格局，并评估了其对本地植物多样性保护的影响，然后采用MaxEnt模型预测了外来入侵植物在中国南方喀斯特地区的潜在分布区及其变化趋势。结果表明：（1）中国南方喀斯特地区外来入侵植物的入侵风险区主要分布在北部、西南部和东南部，尤其以广西省的西部和东北部最为严重；（2）在入侵风险区中，有53.15%的区域也是本地植物的保护优先区，主要分布在喀斯特地区的南部；（3）中国南方喀斯特地区的西南部与交通要道沿线是外来入侵植物的重要潜在分布区，未来面临较高入侵风险。中国南方喀斯特地区的南部是外来入侵植物的重点防控和监测的优先管理区域，未来还是外来入侵植物的高适宜潜在分布区，需及时采取措施对入侵风险区的外来入侵植物进行防治以防止其进一步扩散。     

湖南口岸外来入侵植物现状分析

本文基于野外调查及文献等资料,对湖南省口岸外来入侵植物的物种组成、生活型、原产地进行了分析,并探讨了入侵植物物种数与口岸海拔、温度、降水量、货物吞吐量4个因子的相关性。结果表明：湖南口岸外来入侵植物共计66种,隶属于16科45属,以菊科（17种）、苋科（9种）、禾本科（8种）、豆科（5种）、车前科（5种）这五个大科为主。生活型上以草本植物入侵为主;原产地上以来源于美洲的外来入侵植物最多,其次是欧洲和亚洲。入侵植物物种数与口岸年均温呈正相关,随口岸年降水量和货物吞吐量的增加而呈上升趋势。本文对湖南口岸外来入侵植物的现状分析可为后续进出境植物检疫、有害植物监测、农业部门采取防控措施等工作提供切实依据。     

云南省六个国家级自然保护区外来入侵草本植物与本地植物的关系

为明确不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物及其与本地植物多样性之间的关系,以我国生物多样性丰富的云南省为研究对象,于2014年对云南省6个国家级自然保护区的82个1 m2小样方(78个100 m2大样方)中外来入侵草本植物和本地植物物种丰富度和密度进行调查,并分析外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、外来入侵草本植物密度与本地草本植物密度的关系及对不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度的差异进行分析。结果显示,共调查发现22种外来入侵草本植物,其中纳板河流域国家级自然保护区种类最多,达14种,金平分水岭国家级自然保护区仅有2种;6个国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物的物种丰富度之间、本地草本植物密度与外来入侵草本植物密度之间均呈现正、负2种相关关系,其中哀牢山国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度呈显著负相关,其它5个国家级自然保护区的相关性均不显著。简单回归分析表明自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、本地草本植物盖度、本地乔灌木物种丰富度呈显著负相关,多元回归分析结果表明乔灌木物种丰富度和经纬度是造成不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种多样性差异的主要原因。     

南宁市园林绿地系统外来入侵植物物种调查与分析

为了解南宁市园林绿地外来入侵植物物种及其分布状况,抽取该市园林绿地系统34个绿地单元,调查其外来入侵植物。结果表明,南宁市园林绿地外来入侵植物种类繁多,共有116种,隶属于32科88属,其中以菊科物种最多,达24属31种,分别占属数和种数的27.27%、26.72%;其次为豆科和禾本科,分别有8属12种和8属9种,种数各位居第2和第3。南宁市园林绿地系统出现频率较高的入侵植物有11种,隶属于5科9属,这些外来物种入侵了30多个绿地单元,鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、红花酢浆草(Oxalis corymbosa)、藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)等为广布种,几乎在每个绿地单元均可见其踪影,表明此类植物极易在南宁市定殖,占据生态位并排挤本地植物。按生活型统计,南宁市园林绿地外来入侵植物以草本植物占绝对优势,共有96种,占入侵植物种数的82.76%;其中一年生、二年生草本植物有56种,占48.28%;多年生草本植物有33种,占28.45%;草质藤本植物有7种,占6.03%;木本植物种类较少,共有20种,占17.24%。南宁市园林绿地系统外来入侵植物原产于美洲、非洲、亚洲(除中国外)、欧洲和大洋洲。其中原产于美洲的物种最多,有89种,占76.72%;其次原产于非洲的有10种,占8.62%;原产于大洋洲的最少,仅有2种,占1.72%。     

长沙地区典型生境中外来入侵植物组成及入侵危害研究

为了全面摸清长沙地区典型生境中外来入侵植物的种类构成、区系组成,为保护长沙地区本地生态系统,防止外来植物的入侵危害提供决策依据,以长沙市9种土地利用类型、22种生境类型为调查对象,采取标准样地法、样方法、样线法进行外来入侵植物实地调查,通过文献资料对调查物种进行了补充。调查结果表明,长沙地区有外来入侵植物116种,隶属38科83属,其中菊科(29种)、豆科(12种)及苋科(11种)为优势科,占物种总数的44.83%;种类最多的属为苋属(5种)和大戟属(5种)。原产地分析结果表明,81种外来入侵植物来自美洲地区,占物种总数的69.83%。从入侵等级来看,处于恶性入侵种(1级)、严重入侵种(2级)、局部入侵种(3级)的物种数分别为21、24、14种。植物区系分析结果显示,长沙地区外来入侵植物科的主要分布类型为世界广布、泛热带分布;属的主要分布类型依次为泛热带分布、世界分布、东亚(热带、亚热带)及热带南美间断分布、北温带分布。     

Invasive alien plants along roadsides in Europe

This study presents a list of invasive alien plants that are found along roadsides in seven selected European countries – Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, Norway, Slovenia and Sweden – and an overview on the role of roadsides as a habitat for invasive alien plants. This compilation is based on national lists of invasive alien plants, a literature search and expert consultation. Comprising 89 species from 31 plant families, species introduced for horticulture dominate the list (65%). Thirteen species (14%) are widespread (occur in four or more countries) and include well‐known invasive plants such as Fallopia japonica, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Solidago canadensis and Solidago gigantea. Seventeen species are listed either on the EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants or on the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. Five species are on the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern (EU Regulation 1143/2014). The compiled list provides a snap‐shot of invasive alien plants currently found along roadsides in the selected countries. It allows for a more targeted approach to monitoring, containment and control of the most problematic invasive alien plants identified in each country. Moreover, the list may also be used to identify emerging (potentially) invasive alien plants along roadsides in other European countries that warrant monitoring and/or management.     

A prioritization process for invasive alien plant species incorporating the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014

When faced with a large species pool of invasive or potentially invasive alien plants, prioritization is an essential prerequisite for focusing limited resources on species which inflict high impacts, have a high rate of spread and can be cost‐effectively managed. The prioritization process as detailed within this paper is the first tool to assess species for priority for risk assessment (RA) in the European Union (EU) specifically designed to incorporate the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014. The prioritization process can be used for any plant species alien to the EU, whether currently present within the territory or absent. The purpose of the prioritization is to act as a preliminarily evaluation to determine which species have the highest priority for RA at the EU level and may eventually be proposed for inclusion in the list of invasive alien species of EU concern. The preliminary risk assessment stage (Stage 1), prioritizes species into one of four lists (EU List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU Observation List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU List of Minor Concern and the Residual List) based on their potential for spread coupled with impacts. The impacts on native species and ecosystem functions and related ecosystem services are emphasized in line with Article 4.3(c) of the Regulation. Only those species included in the EU List of Invasive Alien Plants proceed to Stage 2 where potential for further spread and establishment coupled with evaluating preventative and management actions is evaluated. The output of Stage 2 is to prioritize those species which have the highest priority for a RA at the EU level or should be considered under national measures which may involve a trade ban, cessation of cultivation, monitoring, control, containment or eradication. When considering alien plant species for the whole of the EPPO region, or for species under the Plant Health Regulation, the original EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants remains the optimum tool.     

The EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants

Although invasive alien plants are gaining increased attention within EPPO countries, there is no existing widely agreed method to identify those alien plants that are considered invasive and represent the highest priority for pest risk analysis. In the framework of the ad hoc Panel on Invasive Alien Species, EPPO proposes a prioritization process for invasive alien plants designed (i) to produce a list of invasive alien plants that are established or could potentially establish in the EPPO region and (ii) to determine which of these have the highest priority for an EPPO pest risk analysis. The process consists of compiling available information on alien plants according to pre‐determined criteria, and can be run at the EPPO region level, or at a country or local area level. These criteria examine whether the species is alien in the area under study, and whether it is established or not. The criteria used primarily rely on observations in the EPPO region but, if the species is not established, the invasive behaviour of the species in other countries should be investigated, as well as the suitability of the ecoclimatic conditions in the area under consideration. The spread potential, the potential negative impacts on native species, habitats and ecosystems, as well as on agriculture, horticulture or forestry are considered. If the species qualifies as an invasive alien plant of major concern through this first set of questions, the process then investigates the efficiency of international measures (to be justified through a pest risk analysis) to prevent the entry and spread of the species. The second set of questions are designed to determine whether the species is internationally traded or enters new countries through international pathways for which the risk of introduction is superior to natural spread, and whether the species still has a significant suitable area for further spread. If used by several EPPO countries, this prioritization process represents an opportunity to provide consistent country lists of invasive alien plant species, as well as a tool for dialogue and exchange of information.     

Status of invasive alien plants included in EPPO Lists in Turkey

Turkey is one of the richest areas in the middle latitudes in terms of plant diversity. It has approximately 12 000 plant species and a great number of new species are being added each year. However, invasive alien species have not yet been fully considered in Turkey and only two plant species are in Turkey's quarantine list (Arceuthobium spp. and Eichhornia crassipes). EPPO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for cooperation in plant protection in the European and Mediterranean region and maintains the A1 and A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation (A1 species are absent from the EPPO region, A2 species are present but of limited distribution), the List of Invasive Alien Plants, the Observation List of invasive alien plants and the Alert List. Eichhornia crassipes, Heracleum persicum, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Ludwigia peploides, Polygonum perfoliatum and Solanum elaeagnifolium are among the species which were recorded in Turkey and are included in the EPPO A2 List. Species recorded in the EPPO List of invasive alien plants which are present in Turkey are: Acroptilon repens, Ailanthus altissima, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (= A. elatior), Carpobrotus edulis, Cortaderia selloana, Cyperus esculentus, Paspalum distichum (= P. paspalodes), Oxalis pes‐caprae and Sicyos angulatus. Azolla filiculoides and Rhododendron ponticum are listed in the EPPO Observation List of Invasive alien plants and Miscanthus sinensis, listed in the EPPO Alert List, are also recorded in the Turkish flora.     

基于网络舆情视角分析我国外来生物入侵问题

外来生物入侵已成为全球面临的生态安全与生物安全重大问题，而我国是全球遭遇外来入侵生物危害最严重的国家之一。针对目前我国外来生物入侵高发、频发的现状，充分发挥网络舆情大数据监测与分析能力，解析近年来我国外来生物入侵舆情发展、传播路径与特征，并提出应对措施和建议，为开展防控治理工作提供基础数据支撑。该文基于网络舆情大数据，采用主题抽取、热点话题识别、情感倾向分析、舆情演化分析等技术，重点梳理自2000年以来的重要网络外来生物入侵舆情事件，归纳总结舆情演变过程，分析提炼舆情特征规律；并将我国外来生物入侵网络舆情的发展大致分为萌芽阶段、发酵阶段和爆发阶段3个阶段，综合分析舆情特征，发现当前网民对外来入侵生物的态度趋于理性，参与外来入侵生物防治意愿高涨；媒体报道调性以正向为主，舆论引导力提升；监察部门积极发挥监察职能，通过公益诉讼参与外来入侵生物治理，整体舆论形势向好，已经构建了政府-媒体-公众多元治理的良性互动格局。     

Invasive species in an international context: IPPC,CBD, European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species and other legal instruments*

The paper outlines the multiple impacts of invasive alien species and explains the rationale for coordinated international action to minimize their environmental as well as economic effects. It describes the different components and current state of development of the international regulatory framework relevant to invasive alien species, with reference to plant pests and animal disease, biodiversity conservation and maritime and aviation transport. The paper summarises recent developments at the Euro‐Mediterranean level with particular attention to the European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species adopted under the Bern Convention. It concludes by identifying some gaps and inconsistencies at global, regional and national levels, together with indicators for possible ways forward.     

Invasion status and risk assessment for Salvia tiliifolia,a recently recognised introduction to China

This study corrected the misidentification of an alien species, Salvia tiliifolia, which had been incorrectly identified as S. dugesii (a synonym of S. melissodora) in China. The distribution of S. tiliifolia in China was surveyed and it was inferred that it was probably introduced into Kunming, Yunnan in the 1990s and then spread to adjacent counties of Yunnan and south‐western Sichuan Province. The Australian weed risk assessment (WRA) was used to evaluate its invasive status. To determine the validity of Australian WRA in China, another 25 exotics representing casual alien plants, naturalised plants and invasive plants were tested. The Australian WRA was validated as a legitimate approach in China. Salvia tiliifolia scored 14, falling into the category of invasive plants. While the distribution of S. tiliifolia is currently restricted to Yunnan and a small part of Sichuan and the species has not displayed an adverse impact on local environments yet, the WRA results indicated that the species was a high risk plant. It was recommended that local land managers should monitor this species and take measures to stop its continuing expansion or eradicate it if possible.     

The invasive Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Himalayan balsam) in the Republic of Macedonia: first record and forecast

A population of Impatiens glandulifera Royle, an invasive plant species native to the Western Himalayas, was recorded in 2013 near the village Gorno Sedlarce in the north‐western mountainous region of the Republic of Macedonia. I. glandulifera is a new alien species to the Macedonian flora. The surveys revealed an intensive growth and a low to medium density population of I. glandulifera. The population's density was not quantified, but several stands of different sizes were found. A rapid ecological risk assessment, mainly based on knowledge about invasion histories in North–Western and Central European countries, showed that this species, which is on the EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants, is a serious threat to Macedonian biodiversity. Biological invasions of I. glandulifera affect biodiversity worldwide, and, consequently, the invaded ecosystems may experience significant losses in economic and cultural values. There is a clear need to develop a strategy for control of I. glandulifera to protect biodiversity, as a whole.