近十年我国入侵生物预防与监控研究

预防与监控外来入侵物种是保障国家粮食安全、生物安全和生态安全的重要环节。我国是受外来入侵物种侵害最严重的国家之一。近10年来, 我国以重大农业外来入侵物种为对象, 围绕“治早、治小、治了、治好”和“风险防范、关口前移、源头治理”的防控目标, 解析了10余种重大农业入侵生物入侵机制, 揭示了多种入侵病原物与宿主媒介的互作关系, 完成了120余种入侵物种精准甄别和智能监测预警技术, 构建了含130多种入侵物种的基因组数据库, 建立了20余种重要入侵物种的扩散阻截技术以及应急处置技术体系。10年间, 我国在防范和应对外来入侵物种侵害、保障农林牧渔业可持续发展、保护生物多样性方面的法规和制度保障日趋完善, 外来物种入侵防控管理水平、应对外来入侵物种防控需求的科技支撑能力以及在生物入侵领域的国际影响力显著提升。     

“外来入侵物种管理”专栏导读

外来生物入侵是当前国际社会共同面临的严峻挑战。全球经济一体化进程加速、气候变化与农业结构调整、交通设施网络贯通、人员流动和农产品贸易加速,不可避免地加剧农业外来有害生物的跨境、跨区域扩散成灾。我国是世界上遭受生物入侵威胁和危害最为严重的国家之一,潜在入侵物种频频犯关,新发、突发入侵物种快速扩散蔓延和暴发成灾,已严重威胁我国粮食安全、生态安全、农产品贸易安全和人畜健康。加强外来物种入侵的早期预警与实时控制,将有利于提升外来入侵物种的国家管控能力。 党中央高度重视外来物种管理。十九届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》亦强调“加强外来物种管控”。外来物种管控成为《中华人民共和国生物安全法》依法处置的重要内容。为加强重大外来入侵物种防控,推进“一种一策”精准治理,农业农村部等四部门联合发布了《外来入侵物种管理办法》,进一步加强对入侵物种的早期预警与风险评估、监测与检测、阻截与灭除、联防联控等全程管理。国家重点研发计划项目“重大外来入侵物种前瞻性风险预警和实时控制关键技术研究”(编号：2021YFC2600400)项目组和“重大农业入侵生物扩张蔓延机制与高效防控技术研究”（编号：2021YFD1400200）项目组联合植物保护杂志策划推出的“外来入侵物种管理”专栏,旨在通过报道外来入侵物种管理的相关进展,促进入侵物种防控研究,加强全社会对外来入侵物种的防范意识。专栏得到了刘凤权研究员、石娟教授、许益镌教授、吴品珊研究员、何玉仙研究员、杨秀玲研究员等专家学者的大力支持。专栏涵盖了农林入侵生物的发生危害特性、早期预警与风险评估、快速检测与智能监测技术、绿色防治技术等方面。 希望通过本专栏的推出,引起国内学者对入侵物种前瞻性防控研究工作的进一步重视,加大科研工作者对入侵物种风险预判预警和实时性高效控制研究的进一步聚焦,携手推动入侵生物学的发展,为提升入侵生物防控的主动应对能力、保障国家粮食安全与生物安全提供科技支撑。     

基于网络舆情视角分析我国外来生物入侵问题

外来生物入侵已成为全球面临的生态安全与生物安全重大问题，而我国是全球遭遇外来入侵生物危害最严重的国家之一。针对目前我国外来生物入侵高发、频发的现状，充分发挥网络舆情大数据监测与分析能力，解析近年来我国外来生物入侵舆情发展、传播路径与特征，并提出应对措施和建议，为开展防控治理工作提供基础数据支撑。该文基于网络舆情大数据，采用主题抽取、热点话题识别、情感倾向分析、舆情演化分析等技术，重点梳理自2000年以来的重要网络外来生物入侵舆情事件，归纳总结舆情演变过程，分析提炼舆情特征规律；并将我国外来生物入侵网络舆情的发展大致分为萌芽阶段、发酵阶段和爆发阶段3个阶段，综合分析舆情特征，发现当前网民对外来入侵生物的态度趋于理性，参与外来入侵生物防治意愿高涨；媒体报道调性以正向为主，舆论引导力提升；监察部门积极发挥监察职能，通过公益诉讼参与外来入侵生物治理，整体舆论形势向好，已经构建了政府-媒体-公众多元治理的良性互动格局。     

环境DNA技术在生物入侵研究中的应用进展

生物入侵事关国家粮食安全、生态安全和生物安全。快速发现外来物种并及时根除或阻截是降低损害的重要手段,而传统的鉴定方法往往无法满足对外来物种精准快速的检测需求。环境DNA(environmental DNA,eDNA)技术是一种新型检测技术,具有非侵入性和易于取样等特点,弥补了入侵生物传统鉴定技术在检测率低、耗时长以及破坏样本等方面的不足,为入侵生物防控提供了重要的技术支撑。该文综述了eDNA技术的特点及发展概况,从入侵物种的检测与监测、入侵途径、分布与危害程度以及与其他物种的相互关系等方面介绍了eDNA技术在生物入侵研究中的应用进展;同时,指出了eDNA技术存在的问题并展望了该技术的应用前景。     

外来入侵物种的大数据获取及预测分析方法研究进展

随着全球经济一体化推进,国际国内贸易往来剧增,生物入侵问题愈加突出,国内外应加强生物安全工作。随着外来入侵物种数据的大量积累,将大数据技术运用到外来入侵物种防控工作中变得至关重要。本文将近些年国内外针对外来入侵物种防控和检测监测工作中涉及的以下3种大数据技术进行综述：1)基于PDA(personal digital assistant)、SOA(service-oriented architecture)、GIS(geographic information system)、GNSS(global navigation satellite system)等移动应用技术设计并开发的外来入侵物种大数据采集方法;2)国内外主要的外来入侵生物数据库;3)预测外来入侵物种潜在地理分布、定殖可能性以及潜在经济损失的大数据预测与分析方法。为生物入侵的早期预警和快速反应提供信息技术支持。     

中国外来入侵物种数据库简介

中国外来入侵物种数据库系统是我国进行生物入侵交流的权威网络信息平台。该系统由中国外来入侵物种数据库系统、中国外来入侵物种地理分布信息系统、外来入侵物种野外数据采集系统、外来入侵物种安全性评价系统、中国主要外来入侵昆虫DNA条形码识别系统和中国重大外来入侵昆虫远程监控系统等6个子系统组成。该系统旨在为从事外来入侵物种研究、检测监测工作的科研机构和职能部门提供科研成果交流、检测监测信息发布、外来入侵物种数据查询和科普教育的综合信息服务平台。     

中国草地外来生物入侵现状与防控建议

草地是我国生态系统的重要组成部分,更是我国畜牧业发展的重要物质基础。外来生物入侵迫使我国脆弱的草地生态系统雪上加霜,严重威胁生态安全、生物安全和畜牧业高质量发展。本文全面总结了我国草地外来入侵生物的物种组成、来源及其危害,系统分析了重要外来生物的入侵扩散机制和防控现状。根据文献统计,我国草地外来入侵生物共有176种,包括入侵植物145种,入侵动物25种,入侵微生物6种,它们主要来源于北美洲。大量外来生物入侵直接影响了草地物种多样性,破坏了草地生态系统的结构和功能,严重威胁人畜健康和社会经济可持续发展。草地外来生物成功入侵与其自身的生物学生态学特性、与本地种的相互作用和环境条件的可入侵性密切相关,虽然目前利用化学防治、生物防治和生态控制等技术可以进行有效防治,但防控的实效性、可持续性差,建议建立基于智能识别与监测预警,集成应急阻截和持续减灾等关键技术的系统解决方案,实现外来入侵物种早发现、早治理,为快速抑制扩散蔓延和区域持续减灾提供科技支撑。     

我国外来物种入侵防控工作现状综述

本文概述了我国外来物种入侵情况和防控工作情况,已采取的防控措施主要包括制订完善相关法律法规、加强部门协同、制订重点管理的外来入侵物种名录、开展普查和监测预警、加强引入管理、加强口岸防控、防范国内扩散传播和加强治理修复等。文章指出了当前外来物种防控工作存在的主要问题,并提出了加强外来物种入侵防控工作的相关建议。     

绿化林业外来生物入侵形势引起的立法思考

文章结合我国绿化林业外来有害生物入侵形势,分析了我国在外来物种入侵防控方面的立法不足,并结合生物入侵特点和国内外经验,指出了我国生物入侵立法的可行性,最后从确立入侵物种名录制度、加强风险评估预警制度建设、实行有意引种许可、追究和备案制度、成立跨部门的专门机构统一负责外来物种防治管理、强化公众参与和宣传影响等5个方面提出了立法的优先考虑领域。     

中国外来入侵物种防控法规和管理机制空缺分析

生物入侵对我国的危害日趋严重,依法高效地管理外来入侵物种是当前面临的主要挑战。本文通过分析我国现存的外来生物入侵的法律法规和管理机制、国际上主要国家外来入侵物种法律法规和管理体系,结合当前我国外来生物入侵的管理需求,探讨了我国在外来入侵物种法律法规和管理机制方面的缺口,并提出了建议。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.