Usage of feeding yeast "Fermosin" grown on mineral oil distillate in animal nutrition. 2. Digestibility of the nutrients of Fermosin feeding yeast on broilers (chickens) and fattening pigs]

The digestibility of the nutrients of Fermosin was tested on pigs and the following values were ascertained: organic matter=86%, crude protein=89% and N-free extractives=83%. The net energy ascertained on the basis of the content of nutrients and the digestibility of the nutrients of Fermosin amounts to 617 energetic feed units for pigs/kg dry matter. The true digestibility of the amino acids of Fermosin was determined on pigs and chicken. For lysin the true digestibility was ascertained as 95% (pigs) and 73% (Broilers). Due to the different digestion abilities of the two animal species, corresponding differences in the digestibility of the other amino acids were found as well.     

The effects of treated straw meal on ileal and faecal digestibility of nutrients in pigs

Four 40 kg castrated male pigs fitted with simple 'T' cannulas in the terminal ileum were given diets of varying crude fibre content in a change-over experiment with two periods. The basal diet was composed of wheat and fishmeal supplemented with minerals and vitamins. To this was added varying levels of partially hydrolysed straw meal to give crude fibre contents ranging from 40 to 132 g/kg. After adaptation to the particular levels of straw meal, faeces and ileal digesta were collected during successive 24 h periods. Nutrient digestibility values were determined by the chromic oxide ratio method. The addition of treated straw meal to the diet had little or no influence on the DM content of digesta or faeces. The excretion of N in faeces increased with increasing fibre intake but there was no effect on urine N excretion. The overall apparent digestibility of N was reduced from 89 to 79% as crude fibre intake increased from 40 to 132 g/kg but ileal apparent digestibility of N remained constant at about 68%, suggesting that the effect was mediated through hindgut bacteria. Increased fibre intake caused increased net secretion of Na in the small intestine and reduced the apparent absorption of P in the large intestine.     

The effect of a straw meal on the crude protein and amino acid metabolism and digestibility of the crude nutrients in broiler hen breeds. 2. Digestibility of crude nutrients of rations and 15N from a straw meal and wheat

In experiments with colostomized broiler hens apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients of the ration after straw meal supplements of 20, 30 and 40 g per animal was determined. In addition, the 15N digestibility of straw meal and wheat was ascertained on the basis of straw meal supplements. The digestibility of the crude nutrients of the rations decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) after the straw meal supplement. The adaptation of the test animals to the straw meal intake resulted, at a daily consumption of 20 g straw meal, in an increase of the apparent crude fat digestibility (P less than 0.05) in dependence on the time of straw meal feeding, in which the original values without straw meal supplement were not reached. The digestibility of the 15N excess (15N') of the wheat was, at 86 +/- 1%, largely independent of the straw meal intake. The apparent digestibility of the straw-15N excess in broiler hens of 42 +/- 8 to 55 +/- 2% is surprisingly high.     

Use of partially hydrolyzed and untreated straw meal in the feeding of breeding sows. 3. Nutrient digestibility, feed passage time and mineral balance with the addition of variously treated straw materials compared to concentrate feeding alone

In studies with 16 breeding sows of the country species the feed value of straw materials and their fitness for use were ascertained in a long-term experiment. On the feeding basis of a concentrate ration (IV) untreated (I), HCl treated (II = HCl treatment without steaming) and partly hydrolysed straw meal (III = HCl treatment with subsequent steaming) were tested. In the course of the experiment and at a nutrient level of 1 (maintenance requirement), the digestibility of the organic matter of the ration and that of some major and trace elements, N and mineral balances as well as feed passage rate and water excretion in faeces were ascertained at selected measuring times. The following mean results were achieved: The integration of all straw materials tested lead to a significant reduction of the digestibility of the organic matter of the total ration, the least negative effect was caused by partly hydrolysed straw meal (III). The fractions crude protein, crude fibre and N-free extracts were mainly affected. Straw meal integration had a gravidity-conditioned influence on the daily N balance. Increased N excretion in faeces could only be compensated by non-pregnant animals by a decreased N excretion in urine. The mineral balance (Ca, P, Na, Cu and Mn) remained largely uninfluenced by the straw supplement. The feed passage rate was reduced by the use of all straw meal variants to ca. 50% of the value measured after the sole feeding of concentrate (IV). Feed passage rate and water excretion in faeces were approximately reciprocal. The digestibility of the organic matter of the straw materials ascertained according to the difference method amounted to 7.4 (I), 18.1 (II) and 27.9% (III); that of the N-free extracts in the same sequence to 10.0, 22.0 and 34.9%. The calculated energetic feed value was for I = 70.7, for II = 154.9 and for III = 240.7 EFUpig/kg DM.     

The effect of straw meal on the crude protein and amino acid metabolism and the digestibility of crude nutrients in broiler breeding hens. 3. Digestibility of amino acids

In two experiments with colostomized broiler hens the influence of a straw meal supplement on the apparent digestibility of the amino acids of the ration and the 15N labelled basic amino acids in wheat was studied. In experiment 1 the animals received 120 g mixed feed plus 0, 20, 30 and 40 g straw meal per animal and day. The digestibility of the amino acids decreased on average from 86% to 83%, 80% and 79% with the growing straw intake. In contrast to the control variant, 20 g straw meal intake resulted in a significant decrease of digestibility for lysine, histidine, glycine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, cystine and methionine. 30 and 40 g straw meal reduced significantly the digestibility of all amino acids with the exception of arginine. The amino acid composition of the crude protein in faeces changed only very slightly due to the straw supplement. In experiment 2 15N labelled wheat was a component of the ration. Of the 15N labelled amino acids lysine, histidine and arginine, 88, 90 and 95% were apparently digested. The adaptation of the animals to straw meal intake did not change the digestibility of the amino acids.     

The use of a partly-hydrolysed straw meal for the feeding of weaned piglets. 1. Increased production and feed expense as well as nutrient digestibility and buffer capacity in rations with various high portions of partly-hydrolysed straw meal

In studies with weaned piglets of the land race the usability of partly hydrolysed straw meal (PSM) in concentrate - straw meal mixtures was tested over a period of 56 days (42nd-98th day of life; 1st-8th week of feeding. The hydrolysed straw product was there tested in a parallel experiment each without and after neutralization (by means of CaCO3) in quotas of 5, 10 and 15% as supplement to the concentrate feed (based on dry matter) in comparison to a sole concentrate feeding. Daily weight gain and feed and energy expenditure as well as nutrient digestibility and the buffer effect of the PSM rations were ascertained. Measured by weight gain, feed intake and concentrate- and energy expenditure related weight gain, a 10% quota of partly hydrolysed straw meal in a period near weaning (1st-4th week of feeding) had the highest effect and was far superior to traditional concentrate feeding. Lower quotas of PSM in this period did not show a sufficient dietetic effect (diarrhea symptoms), higher reduced the effect on the performance parameters. In the period more remote from weaning (5th-8th week of feeding) the effect of the straw meal integration was generally reduced, a quota of about 5% proved optimal. The registered higher daily weight gains in the total test period (1st-8th week of feeding in which concentrate - straw meal mixtures (relative 106-130%) were closely related to the daily intake of digestibility organic matter. The decrease in digestibility of organic matter in the total ration remained small with the use of the well fermentable crude fibre from the hydrolysed straw product and the balance was overcompensated by higher feed intake. A pH-value decrease of the feed mixtures and a physiologically suitable influence on the pH-value in the stomachs of the test animals could be ascertained due to the buffer capacity of the hydrolysed straw products used. With regard to this, the non-buffered hydrolysed straw product had a higher effect, which was, among other things, reflected in higher performances.     

Digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs of fermented and conventional soybean meal without and with microbial phytase

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) are greater than in conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV) when fed to growing pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain FSBM or SBM-CV and either 0 or 800 units/kg of microbial phytase. The only sources of P in these diets were FSBM and SBM-CV. A P-free diet to estimate basal endogenous losses of P was also formulated. Thirty barrows (initial BW: 14.0 ± 2.3 kg) were placed in metabolism cages and allotted to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with 6 pigs per diet. Feces were collected for 5 d after a 5-d adaptation period. All samples of ingredients, diets, and feces were analyzed for P, and values for ATTD and STTD of P were calculated. Results indicated that the basal endogenous P losses were 187 mg/kg of DMI. As phytase was added to the diet, the ATTD and STTD of P increased (P < 0.01) from 60.9 to 67.5% and from 65.5 to 71.9%, respectively, in pigs fed FSMB. Likewise, addition of phytase to SBM-CV increased (P < 0.01) the ATTD and STTD of P from 41.6 to 66.2% and from 46.1 to 71.4%, respectively. The ATTD and STTD of P were greater (P < 0.01) in FSBM than in SBM-CV when no phytase was used, but that was not observed when phytase was added to the diet (soybean meal × phytase interaction, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the ATTD and STTD of P in FSBM was greater than SBM-CV when no microbial phytase was added, but when phytase was added to the diets, no differences between FSBM and SBM-CV were observed in the ATTD and STTD of P.     

Nutritive value of rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) meal: utilization by growing pigs of semipurified diets in which rubber seed meal partially replaced soybean meal

Thirty-six four-way cross (Chester White X Landrace X Large White X Yorkshire) growing barrows and gilts were used to investigate the effects of replacing graded levels of protein from soybean meal with equivalent levels of protein from rubber seed meal in 16% CP semipurified diets on the performance characteristics, hematocrit, plasma metabolites and N utilization of pigs. The first diet (control) was largely cornstarch-soybean meal in which the soybean meal supplied all of the CP. In other diets, rubber seed meal replaced 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively, of the protein of soybean meal in the control diet. Twenty gilts were used in a 28-d growth trial and 16 barrows were used in an 8-d digestion trial (4-d collection). There were no differences (P greater than .05) in ADG, ADF intake and in the feed:gain ratios, even though there was a trend for lower ADG and gain:feed ratio as the level of rubber seed meal increased in the diet. There were no differences in hematocrit, but plasma protein and albumin tended to be depressed when rubber seed meal provided more than 10% of the dietary protein. Apparent digestibilities of GE, DM and N were lower with rubber seed meal at 20% of the protein than with any other diet, but apparent N retained and the percent of digested N retained were not depressed significantly (P greater than .05). Although rubber seed meal protein is of poorer quality than soybean meal protein for growing pigs, at least 10% of dietary protein can be provided by rubber seed meal without adversely affecting growth and N utilization.     

Effect of a supplement of partly hydrolized straw meal to a diet of fish meal and horse beans on N balance and amino acid excretion in the feces of swine

2 test pigs each (male castrated pigs) of an average live weight of 51-71 kg received either a wheat/fish meal diet (Ia) or a wheat/horse bean diet (IIa). Due to a supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal the crude fibre content was increased from 3.0% (= Ia) to 10.1% (= Ib) and from 5.2% (= IIa) to 12.1% (= IIb) in the dry matter. This straw meal supplement decreased the apparent digestibility of the crude protein in I from 92.5 to 85.7% and in II from 89.0 to 79.0%. N-excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake followed the regression line: y = 228 + 31.2x(r = 0.98) y = mg N/100 g DM-intake x = % crude fibre in the DM of the diet The excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake of 15 investigated amino acids, too, in each case showed a significant increase with the rising crude fibre content of the diet. The widest growth angle (tan alpha) of all the essential amino acids investigated was shown by lysine and those amino acids with branched chains. The conclusion is that in the presence of a fermentable crude fibre source and a good N-supply those 4 amino acids show a suitable bacterial synthesis rate and a low decomposition rate.     

Ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in unfermented,fermented soybean meal and canola meal for weaning pigs

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy, dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of nitrogen and amino acids were evaluated in six weanling pigs ((Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc)) fed unfermented soybean meal (SM), yeast fermented soybean meal (SMY), bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMB), yeast and bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMYB), canola meal (CM) and nitrogen‐free diet. Pigs having body weights 17.00 ± 0.3 kg were surgically equipped with T‐cannulas of approximately 15 cm prior to the ileo‐cecal junction and randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments and a nitrogen‐free diet in 6 × 6 Latin squares. AID and SID of nitrogen (N) was greater (P < 0.05) in SMYB and SMB compared with SM and CM. AID and SID of amino acids such as, Lys (lysine) and Phe (phenylalanine) as well as total essential amino acids were greater (P < 0.05) in SMB and tended to be low in CM compared with SM. AID and SID of aspartic acid (Asp) and glycine (Gly) tended to be higher in SMB compared with SM and other diets except CM. In conclusion, fermentation of soybean meal by Bacillus showed better digestibility of amino acid and nutrients.     

甜菜粕在动物生产中的饲用价值和研究进展

甜菜粕是甜菜制糖的副产物,由甜菜渣制粒而成.甜菜粕产量大,作为非粮饲料原料利用潜力巨大.甜菜粕营养丰富、适口性好、果胶含量较高,可在动物生产中用作能量饲料.文章综述甜菜粕的营养价值和在动物生产中的应用研究进展,为甜菜粕进一步的应用和研究提供参考.     

PAL材料对育肥猪增重及肉品微量元素营养成分的影响

试验设4个组(对照Ⅳ组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组),对照Ⅳ组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在饲喂基础日粮的基础上按基础日粮的1%、2%和4%添加PAL材料。试验猪经过一个育肥期饲养,结果表明:试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日增重分别高于对照Ⅳ组62.41g、19.79g和19.79g;经肉品微量元素分析,试验组瘦肉率高于对照组0.69%～4.02%,碘、锌含量明显增加,其中试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组碘含量水平(按100g肉中含量计)分别比对照Ⅳ组提高8.52μg、7.19μg和5.21μg,有毒有害微量元素砷、汞、镉含量试验组与对照组接近,铅含量水平由对照组的0.069μg/kg降为试验组的0.023μg/kg。     

Digestibility of amino acids in corn, corn coproducts, and bakery meal fed to growing pigs

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the apparent ileal digestibility and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in bakery meal, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, corn germ meal, and hominy feed and to compare these values with the apparent ileal digestibility and SID of CP and AA in corn and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Eight growing barrows (initial BW: 82.5 ± 5.5 kg) were randomly allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and 8 periods. Diets contained corn, DDGS, bakery meal, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, corn germ meal, or hominy feed as the sole source of protein and AA. An N-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA and protein. Pigs were fed experimental diets for eight 7-d periods, with ileal digesta being collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Results indicated that the SID of Lys in corn gluten meal (78.7%) was greater (P < 0.01) than in DDGS, bakery meal, corn germ meal, and hominy feed (46.0, 48.4, 68.4, and 58.8%, respectively). The SID of all indispensable AA except Arg, Leu, and Met in bakery meal were not different from those in DDGS. The SID of Arg, His, Leu, and Met in corn gluten feed were less (P < 0.01) than in corn, but the SID of all other indispensable AA in corn gluten feed were not different from those in corn. However, for most indispensable AA, the SID in corn gluten feed was not different from the SID in DDGS. The SID of all indispensable AA in corn germ meal, except Arg, His, Leu, and Met, were not different from the SID in corn. Likewise, the SID of all indispensable AA in corn germ meal, except Arg and Leu, were not different from those in DDGS. The SID of Ile, Met, Phe, and Val in hominy feed were less (P < 0.01) than in corn, but the SID of the remaining indispensable AA in hominy feed were not different from the SID of indispensable AA in corn. All indispensable AA in hominy feed also had SID values that were not different from the SID values of AA in DDGS, except for Arg and Lys, which had greater (P < 0.01) SID than in DDGS. In conclusion, bakery meal had SID values of most AA that were less than in corn, but corn gluten meal had SID values for most AA that were greater than the SID of AA in corn, bakery meal, and corn coproducts.     

Use of partly hydrolyzed and untreated straw meal in the feeding of breeding sows. 4. Influence on embryonic mortality and fertility

The influence of a supplement of variously treated straw materials to a ration to dry concentrate (= 1), (untreated = 2, steamed = 3, HCl-treated = 4 and partly hydrolysed = 5) during gestation on fertility and rearing performance, the embryonic survival quota of fertilized ova as well as on some selected metabolites in the blood serum was studied in 3 experiments. The integration of untreated straw meal resulted in significantly diminished performances in comparison to test groups 1 and 5 in all tested parameters of fertility and rearing performance (weight of litter). The best results were achieved in all experiments with rations of concentrate and partly hydrolysed straw meal. The individual test groups the following performance values (number of piglets born alive, weight of litter in kg) were achieved: 1 = 9.3, 12.3; 2 = 6.5, 8.2; 3 = 7.5, 9.6; 4 = 8.6, 12,4; 5 = 10.6, 14.4). Ration specific reactions could only be proved for the parameters glucose and urea out of the metabolites (insulin, glucose, cholesterol, urea tri-iodine thyronine and thyroxine).     

光叶紫花苕的营养价值与饲用价值研究

研究测定了光叶紫花苕Vicia villosa routh var.的营养成分含量和消化能(牛、猪)、代谢能(鸡)能值,并进行了饲养试验.结果表明,紫花苕干物质中粗蛋白含量在20%以上,氨基酸、矿物质、维生素比较丰富,消化能分别为DE(牛)12.4 MJ/kg,DE(猪)11.9 MJ/kg,ME(鸡)10.7 MJ/kg;在肉牛精料中用紫花苕草粉代替全部麦麸,平均日增重增加92 g/d(P＜0.05),饲料利用率提高9.5%;在肉猪日粮中用紫花苕草粉代替20%配合饲料,平均日增重增加81 g/d(P＜0.05),饲料利用率提高13.16%;在肉鸡日粮中用紫花苕草粉代替10%～15%配合饲料,平均每只增重提高252 g/只(P＜0.05),饲料利用率提高12.8%.从而认为紫花苕草粉且有较高的饲用价值.     

The use of partly-hydrolyzed straw meal in the feeding of weaned piglets. 3. The concentration of several parameters of protein, fat, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism in the blood serum during the use of rations with different portions of partly-hydrolyzed straw meal

Rations containing varied quotas of partly hydrolysed straw meal (PHS) were provided in mixtures of concentrate and straw meal, and selected parameters of the protein, fat, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism were registered in the blood serum at intervals (2nd and 8th week of keeping) in studies with weaned piglets of the country species. In a parallel experiment the straw hydrolysis product was provided without or after neutralization (with CaCO3) in quotas of 5, 10 and 15% in the mixed feed in comparison to the sole feeding of concentrate. Only some out of the total of 16 parameters ascertained in the blood serum showed reactions of the intermediary metabolism in the test groups caused by feeding. In general, straw crude fibre integration decreased the cholesterol level in the blood serum. Urea concentration in the blood decreased with the growing quota of PHS in the feed mixture. Deviations from the norm of various metabolites, which were mainly reflected in the period near weaning (2nd week of keeping) in an increased concentration of free glycerol and urea in the blood serum, could predominantly be registered after the sole feeding of concentrate. On the whole, there were thus certain interactions with growth performance, which clearly advocate the use of quotas of 10% of the hydrolysed straw product in the feed mixture.     

Digestibility and feeding value of pearl millet as influenced by the brown-midrib, low-lignin trait

Our objectives were to determine the intake and digestibility of pearl millet as influenced by the brown-midrib (BMR), low-lignin trait and to determine the relative acceptability of BMR pearl millet in relation to its normal counterpart. Two field replicates of brown-midrib pearl millet and its normal counterpart were harvested as hay at the boot to heading stage twice during the growing season (2 genotypes x 2 cuttings x 2 field replicates). Twenty-four wethers had ad libitum access to a total forage diet (pearl millet forage), water and trace mineralized salt. The experimental period was 21 d (14 d for adjustment and 7 d for sample collection). Lignin was 23% lower (P less than or equal to .01) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) was 4% higher (P less than or equal to .01) in BMR vs normal genotype forages. Wethers preferred first-cutting millet to second-cutting millet, as evidenced by 62% higher (P less than or equal to .01) DMI for first-cutting forages. Dry matter intake of second-cutting forages was higher (P less than or equal to .10) for BMR pearl millet forage than for normal pearl millet (2.0 vs 1.5% of BW), but first-cutting forages were similar in DMI (2.9% of BW). In an acceptability trial of pearl millet regrowth (4 wk), grazing lambs with access to both genotypes displayed a marked preference (P less than .01) for the BMR genotype, spending an average of 2.6 min on plots containing the brown-midrib pearl millet for every minute spent on the normal genotype.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The applicable merit of untreated, HCl-treated and partly-hydrolysed straw meal in the feeding regimen of piglets after early weaning. 4. Histological findings in the digestive epithelium of the piglet

In studies with piglets of the country race the applicability of variously treated straw materials was tested in comparison with conventional concentrate feeding (I) after an early weaning date (30th-35th day of life) over an 8-week period (1st-8th week of keeping). In the rations containing 10% straw (straw-concentrate mixtures), untreated (II), HCl treated (III: HCl treatment without steaming) and partly hydrolyzed straw meal (IV: HCl treatment with subsequent steaming) were used in the feeding. Samples were taken of 4 killed animals each in the 2nd and 8th weeks of keeping for the qualitative histologic assessment of palatum durum, oesophagus and stomach, duodenum and caecum, colon ascendens, colon descendens and rectum. Although significantly lower pH values in the stomach were registered after the feeding of feed mixtures III and IV due to increased acidity (pH value decrease by 1.3 to 1.5 units) in comparison to the values in I and II, the lamina epithelialis of the palatum durum remained intact in all groups and without any signs of cauterization. Equally, considerable changes in the comparison of the feeding groups could not be detected in the structures of the oesophagus and the stomach walls or in the qualitative histologic assessment of the duodenum and the caecum. However, there were clearly distinguishable group specifics with regard to the formation of lymphoreticular tissue in the stomach and for the colon ascendens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

玉米蛋白粉营养价值评定及其评定技术的研究

试验选用6头平均体重(50.9±2.73)kg生长猪,应用套算法(The Difference Method),采用全消化道收粪技术,按6×6拉丁方试验设计,测定玉米蛋白粉的氮(N)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、干物质(DM)、总能(GE)和消化能(DE)及其表观消化率,待测原料包括4种不同粗蛋白质含量的玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%,CGM).4种玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%)的表观消化能分别为4234、4029、4023和4244 kcal/kg,氮表观消化率分别为92.3%～96.3%;总能表观消化率分别为79.7%～89.7%;干物质表观消化率分别为82.7%～88.0%(P＜0.05).加工工艺影响玉米蛋白粉的养分表观消化率.采用套算法测定玉米蛋白粉的养分消化率,要求待测试验日粮中的被测养分含量满足动物对该养分的最低需要量.