4种蒺藜草属杂草在中国的潜在适生性预测

蒺藜草属杂草为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,严重危害农业、畜牧业、林业以及生态环境。近年来,蒺藜草属杂草曾多次在口岸货检中尤其是进口粮食中被截获,因此预防这些有害杂草进入我国定植极其重要。结合温度、降水、土壤等全球环境条件变量,利用MaxEnt软件分析口岸截获的4种蒺藜草属杂草在全球和我国的适生性,并进行等级划分,结果证明它们在全球还有很大的适生空间。刺苞草、美洲蒺藜草、鼠尾蒺藜草在我国的适生范围集中在南方,且高度适生区主要在长江三角洲和云贵地区;少花蒺藜草的适生地区包括南方和北方,且高度适生区主要在东北、内蒙古、北京以及长江三角洲。该结果可为相关部门的外来入侵生物预警以及后续监测提供一定的科学依据。     

科尔沁沙地蒺藜草属植物种名使用建议

在我国东北分布的一种蒺藜草属外来杂草对当地农牧业生产和生活产生严重的影响,引起高校和研究机构的学者及当地政府的高度关注,进行了多角度的研究和报道。但是,由于依据的植物志或资料不同对其定名也不尽相同,为了方便人们利用和交流研究成果,应尽早统一其植物名。建议采用光梗蒺藜草,拉丁学名Cenchrus incertus。     

外来入侵植物—少花蒺藜草学名的考证

为了避免引起不必要的误解,弄清外来入侵植物-少花蒺藜草的几个名称及其来源以及各名称的异同是十分必要的.经过对外来入侵植物蒺藜草相关文献的分析和考证,关于侵入我国北方的蒺藜草,三个不同的名称指的是同一种外来入侵植物,在三个名称中,建议采用少花蒺藜草的中文名称,拉丁学名应采用Cenchrus pauci florus Benth,以便于今后学术交流和开展调查、防除统一行动.     

少花蒺藜草在内蒙古的发生监测与防治

为探明外来入侵植物少花蒺藜草在内蒙古自治区的发生与分布,于2016-2020年在全区12个盟市开展了调查与监测,于2017-2020年设立2个长期定位监测点.通过调查与监测发现:内蒙古少花蒺藜草基数大,增长快,发生面积逐年增加,2016-2020年的年平均增长率为0.57％;其种子量大,扩散速度快,种群覆盖度高,危害程...     

光梗蒺藜草在内蒙古的入侵现状

光梗蒺藜草在内蒙古主要分布在通辽,分布面积为816 924.9 hm2,占通辽市总面积的13.72%。赤峰、兴安盟和巴彦淖尔市也有分布。主要通过放牧、牲畜的流转以及车辆携带沿公路铁路线扩散。在内蒙古光梗蒺藜草可能进一步侵入和扩散的地区有乌兰布和沙地、毛乌素沙地、库布其沙漠、锡林浩特境内的浑善达克沙地、呼伦贝尔沙地、退化的沙质草场。     

新疆蝇子草属的分类系统

作者在对新疆所产的42种植物作了形态学、解剖学、孢粉学及数值分类等项研究后,提出了重新修订蝇子草属的依据,给出了新疆所产本类植物一新的分类系统。本系统既不同于狭义的蝇子草属观点(即不包括女娄菜属),也异于广义的蝇子草属系统(即只把蝇子草属和女娄菜属植物作为平行的Section置于广义的蝇子草属中)。并对蝇子草属属下等级的亲缘关系进行了讨论。     

小花脓疮草(Panzerina parviflora)与脓疮草(Panzerina lanata)的花粉形态比较研究

本文首次用扫描电镜观察小花脓疮草的花粉形态。该种花粉粒赤道面观为近长球形;极面观为近圆形或三裂圆形。大小为（２０．８３～３０．７５μｍ ）２４．３７μｍ ×１９．７７μｍ （１６．７５ ～２３．３２ μｍ ）,极轴／赤道轴为１．２３,具三沟,沟几乎长达两极,沟膜上具颗粒。花粉外壁纹饰为穿孔—网状。从花粉形态上看,该种与脓疮草属其他种（即脓疮草Ｐａｎｚｅｒｉｎａ ｌａｎａｔａ）的花粉特征相差不大,在大小、萌发孔以及纹饰上区别不明显     

外来恶性杂草少花蒺藜草重发区的调查研究现状

为了掌握少花蒺藜草在我国北方部分地区的分布、侵染程度,了解其在分布区的各种生境和空间分布,结合实地和走访调查,综述了少花蒺藜草在辽宁和内蒙古的分布地区、发生面积、严重发生区和危害程度等的研究现状,对这些研究进行总结,旨在为开展少花蒺藜草的调查、制定防除计划,以及进一步研究其入侵机制、生态安全预警、未来可能扩展区域预测等提供参考。     

噁唑酰草胺和氰氟草酯在水稻中的残留及膳食风险评估

明确噁唑酰草胺和氰氟草酯在水稻中的残留情况及对人体的膳食摄入风险.建立了噁唑酰草胺和氰氟草酯及其代谢物在糙米、稻壳和秸秆中的残留分析方法.在0.02～0.5mg/kg添加水平下,噁唑酰草胺、氰氟草酯及其代谢物在水稻基质中的平均回收率为83％～112％,相对标准偏差为1％～16％.噁唑酰草胺、氰氟草酯及其代谢物在糙米、稻...     

恶性杂草阿洛葵及其传入风险评估

阿洛葵是美国、澳大利亚等地棉花、大豆等作物重要的有害杂草,本文根据相关资料对其分类、形态、分布、生物学特性、危害等进行描述,并评估其进入、定殖、扩散可能性,预测在我国可能的适生范围。建议尽快加强对该种杂草的检疫监管。     

高粱田主要杂草对HPPD抑制剂类除草剂喹草酮的抗性

为明确高粱田主要杂草对HPPD抑制剂类除草剂喹草酮的抗性,采用整株生物测定法测定马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、稗Echinochloa crusgalli、狗尾草Setaria viridis、野稷Panicum miliaceum、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus和藜Chenbopodium alum六种主要杂草的敏感种群对喹草酮的敏感基线,同时测定全国不同生态区高粱田中这6种杂草对喹草酮的抗性水平。结果显示,喹草酮对野稷、稗、反枝苋和藜的防除效果较好,GR₅₀介于12.76～32.72 g (a.i.)/hm²之间,GR₉₀介于68.04～193.54 g (a.i.)/hm²之间,对马唐的防除效果略低,GR₅₀介于44.23～56.19 g (a.i.)/hm²之间,GR₉₀介于472.26～849.24g(a.i.)/hm²之间。采自全国不同生态区高粱田的马唐、稗、狗尾...     

Effect of salt stress on the structure and carbon flow mechanism in a noxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Effect of salt stress on structural changes, ion uptake, rate of photosynthesis and path of carbon in the exotic weed Parthenium hysterophorus have been investigated. Photosynthetic leaf area, chlorophyll and carbon assimilation rates were adversely affected by salt stress. Increased Na⁺ uptake caused decrease in K⁺ and Ca²⁺ absorption. Originally a C₃ plant, P. hysterophorus appears to form aspartate as a primary product of photosynthesis when exposed to NaCl. The stimulation of PEP carboxylase activity also occurred due to salt stress. Excessive accumulation of malate during steady state of photosynthesis was possibly due to inhibition of malic enzyme. It appears that although the plant switches over to an ‘aspartate producer’ when exposed to salt, further utilization of photosynthetically assimilated carbon is through malate. Being a weed, the plant appears to be highly adaptive to stress conditions.     

Botryodiplodia dieback of Mimosa pigra, a noxious weed in northern Australia

Widespread dieback of the introduced noxious weed Mimosa pigra was observed during the dry months in monsoonal northern Australia. Stems were girdled by reddish-brown lesions that generally originated from leaf axils. Botryodiplodia theobromae was consistently isolated from the lesions and was shown to cause the symptoms. It is suggested that the occurrence of dieback is linked with the establishment of a stem-boring moth introduced as a biological control agent for M. pigra.     

土壤处理防治小麦田杂草节节麦药剂筛选

节节麦是我国冬小麦田中的一种恶性杂草.本文通过室内生物测定和田间药效试验筛选了有效防治节节麦的土壤处理剂,为冬小麦田节节麦的化学防治提供理论依据.温室试验结果发现:氟噻草胺、草酮和异丙隆对节节麦毒力较高,GR5(0值分别为37.2、15.7和349.3 g/hm2,均低于各自田间推荐剂量,但其在小麦与节节麦之间的选择...     

检疫杂草列当(Orobanche L.)

列当是一类寄生植物根部营寄生生活的列当科(Orobanchaceae)列当属(OrobancheL.)植物的总称,为我国进境植物检疫对象。最近,又被列为内检对象。列当属全世界有100多种,主要分布于地中海(埃及、叙利亚)、亚洲西部地区、东欧、俄罗斯的南部、中美洲南部及大洋洲、非洲东部和北部等地区,我国有23种,3变种,1变型,主要分布在西北地区,少数分布于北部和中部及西南的高海拔地区[1]。在我国引起严重危害的主要有埃及列当(瓜列当,O.aegyptiacaPers.)、分枝列当(大麻列当,O.ramosaL.)、向日葵列当(直立列当、二色列当,O.cumana Wallr)、列当(O.coe…     

外来杂草银胶菊

银胶菊为菊科银胶菊属一年生草本植物,原产中南美洲,现广泛分布于全球热带地区。银胶菊于1926年在我国云南采到标本,现在云南（南部）、贵州（西南部）、广西、广东、海南、香港、福建（南部）、山东和台湾有分布。银胶菊是有毒植物,吸入其具毒性的花粉会造成过敏,直接接触会引起皮肤发炎、红肿。银胶菊能释放化感物质抑制其他植物生长,对入侵地农林业与生物多样性带来极大的危害。文章归纳了外来杂草银胶菊的形态特征、起源、入侵途径、生境类型、在我国的分布区域、生物生态学特性、经济和生态影响、预防控制和管理措施等。     

Distribution of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), an alien invasive weed species threatening the biodiversity of Islamabad

Biological invasion by alien invasive species is now recognized as one of the major threats to native species and ecosystems. Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.), an alien invasive weed species, is spreading throughout Pakistan. Worldwide, it has been designated as one of the most troublesome weed species. The adverse effects of this weed on human beings, livestock, crop production, and biodiversity are well-documented. As a result of a lack of information on its spread in Pakistan since its invasion, a phytosociological survey, with special reference to parthenium weed, was carried out in Islamabad from August–October 2002. Six main sectors of Islamabad were selected for sampling. The phytosociological survey of these sectors of Islamabad revealed a total of 30 weed species to be associated with P. hysterophorus . The survey also showed a high relative frequency, relative density, and importance value of P. hysterophorus in general; however, the percentage relative frequency of the weed in these sectors ranged from 10.6–30.3%. This survey revealed that P. hysterophorus had an appreciable degree of sociability with Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke and Lantana camara (L.). The data on the association of L. camara with P. hysterophorus suggests that a transition phase of competition or succession is in progress between these two alien species. The population of many common medicinal plants growing in the wastelands of Islamabad might be rapidly declining because of the aggressive colonization by P. hysterophorus . The ever-increasing infestation of this weed in urban areas also poses a serious threat to the health of the inhabitants of Islamabad.     

Cyperus esculentus L. — A new weed in Israel

Cyperus esculentus L., a cosmopolitan noxious weed, has been recorded for the first time in an agricultural irrigated field in Israel. Hand-weeding, herbicides and soil disinfestation methods were only partially effective in controlling the weed. The distribution map of the weed is unknown, and it is unclear how the weed has been introduced into Israel. We estimate thatC. esculentus has a high risk potential to spread further and cause damage to Israeli agriculture, and therefore its spread should be restricted. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 18, 2005.