青藏春冬麦区93份小麦地方种质条锈病抗性评价及抗病基因分子鉴定

为应对当前条锈菌强毒性小种对中国小麦生产带来的威胁,本研究通过鉴定来自青藏春冬麦区的93份小麦地方种质对中国当前条锈菌流行小种或致病类群在苗期和成株期的抗性水平,检测其可能携带的条锈病抗性基因,为培育小麦抗条锈病新品种提供抗源。利用条锈菌流行小种条中32号(CYR32)和条中34号(CYR34)对93份来源于青藏春冬麦区小麦地方品种进行温室苗期抗性鉴定,并于2015—2016、2017—2018和2018—2019年度在四川崇州和绵阳共4个田间环境下,利用由条锈菌流行小种(CYR32、CYR33、CYR34)、水源致病类型(Su11-4、Su11-5)、贵农22致病类型(G22-14)组成的混合菌进行成株期抗性鉴定。同时利用Yr5、Yr10、Yr18、Yr24 (=Yr26)、Yr48、Yr65和Yr67共7个已知抗条锈病基因紧密连锁的侧翼分子标记或功能标记进行检测。抗性鉴定结果表明, 4份(占4.30%)种质对CYR32表现苗期抗性; 3份(占3.26%)对CYR34表现苗期抗性;其中1份种质(白颖无芒小麦)对CYR32和CYR34均表现苗期抗性。10份种质(占10.75%)在4个田间环境中均表现成株期抗性。分子检测结果表明,可能携带Yr18、Yr48和Yr65的种质分别有11份、40份和1份。其中, 7份可能同时携带Yr18+Yr48基因; 3份未检测出供试已知Yr基因,推测其可能携带其他已知或未知条锈病抗性基因。上述研究结果表明,青藏春冬麦区小麦地方种质对中国当前条锈菌流行小种或致病类群的抗性整体水平较低,其携带抗性基因的多样性也较低;建议对表现良好抗性且可能携带未知抗性基因的地方种质进行发掘并利用其加快育种。     

78份四川小麦育成品种(系)条锈病抗性鉴定与抗条锈病基因分子检测

四川省是小麦条锈菌新小种产生的重要地区之一,了解2016年以来四川小麦育成品种(系)对当前流行的条锈菌生理小种和致病类型的抗性水平以及明确其抗条锈病基因的分布状况,可为四川育种防控小麦抗条锈病和品种布局提供理论依据。本研究选择2个小种CYR32和CYR34对78份四川小麦育成品种(系)进行苗期鉴定,利用当前小麦条锈菌优势小种CYR32、CYR33、CYR34,以及贵22-14、贵农致病类群等混合菌进行成株期人工接种鉴定,并利用19个抗条锈病QTL和基因QYr.nwafu-4BL、Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr65、Yr67、Yr78、Yr80和Yr81的分子标记对供试材料进行抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明,在78份供试材料的苗期鉴定中,对CYR32表现出抗性的有60份,占76.92%;对CYR34表现出抗性的有40份,占51.28%;同时对CYR32和CYR34表现抗性的有36份,占46.15%。78份小麦品种(系)在成株期均表现抗条锈病,其中绵麦835、蜀麦1743、蜀麦1829和蜀麦1...     

抗条锈病基因YrCH5026的遗传分析及分子定位

CH5026是携带中间偃麦草抗病基因的渗入系。为了更好地利用CH5026,拓宽小麦抗性育种资源,对其抗条锈性来源和遗传模式进行了分析,对抗性基因进行了染色体定位并构建了遗传连锁图谱。在苗期和成株期对CH5026及其亲本分别接种条锈菌流行小种CYR31、CYR32和CYR33。结果表明,CH5026在苗期和成株期对这3个条锈菌小种均表现出免疫或近免疫,且与其抗性供体TAI7045及其野生亲本中间偃麦草抗病侵染型相似。对其与感病品种(系)的杂交后代F1、F2、F2:3和BC1群体接种CYR32进行成株期抗性遗传机制分析,证实CH5026对CYR32的抗性由1对显性核基因控制。基因组原位杂交未检测到外源DNA杂交信号。用569对SSR引物对CH5026/台长29的192个F2群体进行分析,发现3个与抗性基因连锁的SSR标记:Xgwm210、Xwmc382和Xgpw7101,抗性基因位点与两翼邻近连锁标记Xwmc382和Xgpw7101的遗传距离分别为6.0,4.7 c M。利用中国春缺四体、双端体材料将该基因及其连锁标记定位在染色体2AS上。通过基因来源及连锁分子标记多态性比较,这个抗条锈病基因与已知定位于染色体2AS上的抗性基因不同,很可能是一个新的抗条锈病新基因,暂将其命名为Yr CH5026。     

小麦成株期抗条锈病基因YrCH7056的定位及其抗源分析

为了更好地利用彭提卡偃麦草资源,拓宽小麦抗源育种选择范围,对其抗条锈性和遗传模式进行探究。利用彭提卡偃麦草渗入系CH7056和小麦品种SY95-71构建重组自交系,以条锈混合菌种CYR32+CYR33+v26对重组自交系的F_7和F_8家系进行成株期抗性鉴定。结果表明:遗传群体家系中抗感单株比例在2013年和2014年间均接近1∶1,由此推断CH7056中携带有1个显性抗条锈病基因,暂命名为YrCH7056。利用细胞学技术(基因组原位杂交)已检测不到外源信号。通过对群体抗感池扫描DArT芯片,将YrCH7056初步定位在小麦1B染色体;之后利用1B染色体上的129对公共SSR标记以及72对新开发的偃麦草特异标记构建了YrCH7056的遗传图谱,侧翼标记为1BL-3848555-1.1c M-YrCH7056-2.5c M-barc240。通过比较抗性表现的时期、基因来源以及紧密连锁标记的遗传距离得出,这个抗条锈病基因不同于已定位于染色体1BL上的抗性基因,推断YrCH7056是一个抗条锈病新基因;同时,1BL-3848555在CH7056中的扩增条带与在彭提卡偃麦草和小偃7430中的条带一致,推断YrCH7056可能来自于彭提卡偃麦草。     

小麦条锈病抗源S2199抗病基因分子标记及其与Yr5的关系

选用含有小麦条锈病抗源S2199的杂交组合（3338/14119//S2199）F4/2^＊陕354F2代519个单株和其F3家系对S2199抗条锈病基因进行遗传分析和分子标记定位。结果表明,来自条锈病抗源S2199的条锈病抗性为显性单基因控制,暂命名该基因为YrS2199。采用BSA法和SSR分子标记分析,筛选到与抗条锈病基因YrS2199连锁的SSR分子标记Xdp269和Xgwm120,连锁距离分别为0.7cM和11.0cM,并将其定位在2BL染色体末端上。这两个分子标记为S2199抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择和抗病基因聚合提供了便利。通过等位性检测和14个条锈菌生理小种分小种鉴定,初步明确了S2199含有的抗条锈病基因可能是Yr5或其等位基因。抗源S2199是一个具有优良农艺性状的材料,为小麦育种提供了一个新的Yr5或其等位基因供体。     

小麦抗条锈病基因定位及分子标记研究进展

总结了近十几年抗条锈基因的染色体定位和目前抗条锈基因分子标记研究资料及研究报告，重点介绍了抗性基因所在染色体，遗传方式，载体品种和现有分子标记，为利用抗条锈基因(Yr)的利用和研究提供参考。目前已找到分子标记的抗条锈基因有：Yr5、Yr7、Yr8、Yr10、Yr17、Yr26和Yrmoro，共获得标记14个，命名和新基因源的研究和利用工作有待加强。     

小麦条锈病抗源S2199抗病基因分子标记及其与Yr5的关系

选用含有小麦条锈病抗源S2199的杂交组合 (3338/14119//S2199) F4/2*陕354 519株F2单株和其F3家系对S2199抗条锈病基因进行遗传分析和分子标记定位。结果表明,来自条锈病抗源S2199的条锈病抗性为显性单基因控制,暂命名该基因为YrS2199。采用BSA法和SSR分子标记分析,筛选到与抗条锈病基因YrS2199连锁的SSR分子标记Xdp269和Xgwm120,连锁距离分别为0.7和11.0 cM,并将其定位在2BL染色体末端上。这两个分子标记为S2199抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择和抗病基因聚合提供了便利。通过等位性检测和14个条锈菌生理小种分小种鉴定,初步明确了S2199含有的抗条锈病基因可能是Yr5或其等位基因。抗源S2199是一个具有优良农艺性状的材料,为小麦育种提供了一个新的Yr5或其等位基因供体。     

青海省春小麦品种抗条锈病的鉴定及分子检测

本研究利用当前流行小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对青海省春小麦品种进行抗病性鉴定,利用稳定的分子标记对相应的抗病基因进行分子检测。苗期抗病性结果显示,除‘阿勃’外,其余9个小麦品种对CYR32和CYR33有较高的抗性,仅‘青海春2’、‘青海春3’、‘兰22’三个品种对流行小种CYR34免疫。小麦成株期抗病性结果表明,多数品种对流行小种CYR34感病。分子检测结果显示‘:青海春1’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr26基因;‘青海春2’含有Yr5+Yr9+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘青海春3’含有Yr5+Yr9+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘兰22号’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘兰24号’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘高原437’含有Yr5+Yr9+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘高原448’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘青春41’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr26基因;‘青春38’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr26基因。分子检测结果表明:基因Yr5、Yr15和Yr26在青海小麦种植中过于频繁使用,特别是Yr26被过度依赖。本研究结果为挖掘小麦抗条锈病基因及后续小麦抗条锈病分子育种工作研究提供了参考。     

小偃麦新种质CH7102抗条锈病特性的遗传分析

对衍生于普通小麦与八倍体小偃麦‘小偃7430’杂种后代的抗条锈病新种质CH7102进行抗性鉴定和遗传分析,明确其抗性来源及其遗传方式。采用条锈菌流行小种CYR31、CYR32对CH7102及其亲本进行苗期抗性评价;对CH7102分别与感病品种和已知抗性基因载体品系的杂交后代接种CYR32进行成株期抗条锈性遗传分析和等位性测验。CH7102具有与其抗病亲本‘小偃7430’和彭提卡偃麦草相似的侵染型,而所有的小麦亲本均感病,表明CH7102的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草;CH7102与感病品种‘台长29’和‘绵阳11’杂交、回交,其F2、BC1、F2:3代的抗、感分离比分别符合3:1、1:1和1:2:1的单显性基因分离模式。而CH7102与已知抗性基因载体品系杂交F2代的抗感分离比为15:1。CH7102对条锈病的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草,其抗性受1对显性核基因控制,而且与已知的抗CYR31、CYR32的抗性基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24/Yr26、Yr41不存在等位关系,属新的抗条锈病基因。     

39份外引小麦种质抗病基因的分子标记检测及其抗病性评价

为了初步明确39份外引小麦种质中条锈病和白粉病抗性基因组成,利用共分离或紧密连锁的分子标记对抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr18和抗白粉病基因Pm4、Pm13、Pm21进行检测,同时结合田间鉴定,对外引种质的抗病性进行评价。结果表明,携带Yr18基因的种质有6份,对条锈病菌表现近免疫至中抗,抗性表现稳定; Yr5连锁标记S1320阳性的种质有21份,Yr10连锁标记SC200阳性的种质有2份,但标记阳性的种质中抗病性表现不一致,可能跟载体品种的遗传背景有关,利用这些分子标记进行辅助育种时,要结合接种鉴定结果综合判断。Pm4基因基本丧失白粉病抗性,携带该基因的7份种质中仅有1份抗病。在39份种质中,均未检测到抗白粉病基因Pm13和Pm21。此外,有2份种质澳阿优1号和bermude兼具条锈病和白粉病抗性,综合抗病性好,在育种中可以合理利用。为小麦抗病育种亲本选择和种质资源的合理利用提供了参考依据。     

Molecular mapping of a stripe rust resistance gene in wheat cultivar Wuhan 2

Stripe rust (or yellow rust), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the best approach to control the disease. To identify and map genes for stripe rust resistance in wheat cultivar ‘Wuhan 2', an F₂ population was developed from a cross between the cultivar and susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169. The parents, 179 F₂ plants and their derived F_2:3 lines were evaluated for responses to Chinese races CYR30 and CYR31 of the pathogen in a greenhouse. A recessive gene for resistance was identified. DNA bulked segregant analysis was applied and resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to the resistance gene. A genetic map consisting of five RGAP and six SSR markers was constructed. The recessive gene, designated Yrwh2, was located on the short arm of chromosome 3B and flanked by SSR markers Xwmc540 and Xgwm566 at 5.9 and 10.0 cM, respectively. The chromosomal location of the resistance gene and its close marker suggest that the locus is different from previously reported stripe rust resistance genes Yr30, QYr.ucw-3BS, Yrns-B1, YrRub and QYrex.wgp-3BL previously mapped to chromosome 3B. Yrwh2 and its closely linked markers are potentially useful for developing stripe rust resistance wheat cultivars if used in combination with other genes.     

小麦品种小偃9323抗条锈基因的遗传分析和分子作图

小偃9323是小偃6号的同源材料,具有早熟、抗逆性强、适应性广、抗条锈性强等许多优良的生物学特性。为明确其抗条锈性及遗传规律,利用当前流行的中国条锈菌小种CYR32对抗病品种小偃9323与感病品种铭贤169及其杂交后代F₁、F₂、F₃和BC₁代进行苗期抗条锈性遗传分析,并对其抗条锈基因进行SSR分子标记。结果表明,小偃9323对CYR32小种具有良好的抗性,由1对隐性基因所控制。利用F₂代分离群体,筛选到6个与抗病基因连锁的SSR标记,分别是Xwmc807、Xbarc3、Xwmc684、Xwmc201、Xwmc553和Xwmc179;该抗病基因位于小麦6AL染色体上,其最近的标记为Xwmc201和Xwmc553,遗传距离分别是2.6 cM和3.7 cM。分析表明,该基因不同于已知抗条锈基因,暂被命名为YrXY9323。用YrXY9323两侧遗传距离最近的标记Xwmc201和Xwmc553对42个黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种进行分子检测,结果表明有19%的品种具有与YrXY9323相同的标记位点。本结果对YrXY9323在小麦抗条锈病育种中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Quantitative trait loci for temperature-sensitive resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia striiformis</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tritici</Emphasis> in wheat cultivar Flinor

Stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks. (Pst), is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) globally. Use of host resistance is an important strategy to manage the disease. The cultivar Flinor has temperature-sensitive resistance to stripe rust. To map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these temperature-sensitive resistances, Flinor was crossed with susceptible cultivar Ming Xian 169. The seedlings of the parents, and F₁, F₃ progeny were screened against Chinese yellow rust race CYR32 in controlled-temperature growth chambers under different temperature regimes. Genetic analysis confirmed two genes for temperature-sensitive stripe rust resistance. A linkage map of SSR markers was constructed using 130 F₃ families derived from the cross. Two temperature-sensitive resistance QTLs were detected on chromosome 5B, designated QYr-tem-5B.1 and QYr-tem-5B.2, respectively, and are separated by a genetic distance of over 50 cM. The loci contributed 33.12 and 37.33% of the total phenotypic variation for infection type, respectively, and up to 70.45% collectively. Favorable alleles of these two QTLs came from Flinor. These two QTLs are temperature-sensitive resistance loci and different from previously reported QTLs for resistance to stripe rust.     

小麦‘西农291’成株期抗条锈病遗传分析

为明确‘西农291’抗条锈性的遗传基础。对‘西农291’在温室和田间进行多个小麦条锈菌小种的抗条锈鉴定;采用常规杂交方法,将‘西农291’分别与感病品种‘铭贤169’与AvS杂交,构建其F1、F2遗传群体,用小麦条锈菌小种CYR32进行温室抗条锈性鉴定、混合小种（CYR32:CYR33≈1:1）进行田间抗条锈性鉴定。结果表明,在温室条件下,‘西农291’在苗期对条锈菌CYR32与CYR33表现高度感病、成株期对CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4及Su11-7表现高度抗条锈性;田间混合小种接种诱发发病（陕西杨凌）和自然发病（甘肃天水）抗条锈性鉴定均表明‘西农291’在成株期高度抗条锈病。群体抗条锈性鉴定结果表明‘西农291’与感病品种铭贤169和AvS杂交的F2群体的抗:感分离比例均符合3R:1S的理论比例。以上结果说明‘西农291’具有非小种专化性的、广谱抗性的成株期抗条锈性;对CYR32的成株抗条锈性受1对显性基因控制。     

SSR and STS markers for wheat stripe rust resistance gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">Yr26</Emphasis>

Stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most devastating wheat diseases worldwide. Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation lines carrying the Yr26 gene on chromosome 1B, are resistant to most races of Pst used in virulence tests. In order to better utilize Yr26 for wheat improvement, we attempted to screen SSR and EST-based STS markers closely linked with Yr26. A total of 500 F₂ plants and the F_2:3 progenies derived from a cross between 92R137 and susceptible cultivar Yangmai 5 were inoculated with race CYR32. The analysis confirmed that stripe rust resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene, Yr26. Among 35 pairs of genomic SSR markers and 81 pairs of STS markers derived from EST sequences located on chromosome 1B, Yr26 was flanked by 5 SSR and 7 STS markers. The markers were mapped in deletion bins using CS aneuploid and deletion lines. The closest flanking marker loci, Xwe173 and Xbarc181, mapped in 1BL and the genetic distances from Yr26 were 1.4 cM and 6.7 cM, respectively. Some of these markers were previously reported on 1BS. Eight common wheat cultivars and lines developed from the T. aestivum-H. villosa 6VS/6AL translocation lines by different research groups were tested for presence of the markers. Five lines with Yr26 carried the flanking markers whereas three lines without Yr26 did not. The results indicated that the flanking markers should be useful in marker-assisted selection for incorporating Yr26 into wheat cultivars.     

源于叙利亚小麦ICA31抗条锈病基因分析及分子标记研究

遗传分析表明,小麦材料ICA31携带一个显性抗条锈病基因,对流行的优势条锈菌小种条中30,31,32免疫;据等位性测定,ICA31抗条锈基因与已知抗锈基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15不等位;从抗源的系谱分析,该基因来源于叙利亚普通小麦品系叙18;利用微卫星标记和分组分析(BSA)法,筛选到与该抗条锈病基因（Yr-Syria）紧密连锁的SSR标记WMS11-193;对F2分离群体142个单株分析结果表明,该抗条锈病基因（Yr-Syria）与WMS11-193间遗传距离为2.1cM;将Yr-Syria定位于小麦1BS上;为该基因进行抗条锈小麦分子辅助育种打下基础。     

小麦品种中梁22抗条锈病基因的遗传分析和分子作图

对中梁22/铭贤169杂交F₂群体苗期抗条锈病鉴定及中国春单体系抗病基因的染色体定位发现, 中梁22携带1个显性(暂命名YrZhong22)和1个隐性抗病基因, 前者位于5B染色体。由中梁22´铭贤169的F₂群体构建抗病、感病池, 用SSR标记结合集群分离分析法(BSA), 建立了与YrZhong22连锁的4个微卫星标记Xwmc289、Xwmc810、Xgdm116和Xbarc232, 并将YrZhong22定位于小麦5BL染色体。YrZhong22与相邻微卫星位点Xwmc810和Xgdm116的遗传距离分别是2.7 cM和4.4 cM。系谱分析及分子标记分析表明, YrZhong22可能是一个来自中间偃麦草的新抗条锈病基因。     

陕麦139抗条锈病基因遗传分析

利用常规遗传和单缺体遗传分析方法,研究了小麦抗条锈病新种质陕麦139中抗病基因的遗传方式。结果表明,陕麦139×辉县红和陕麦139×阿勃两组合F₁植株对条中32表现近免疫。F₂群体对条中32抗性调查表明, 陕麦139×阿勃组合和陕麦139×辉县红组合的抗感比例分别为203∶16和210∶13,经卡方检验, 抗感分离比符合15∶1 (χ²值分别为0.26和0.02, χ²_0.05,1 = 3.84), 说明陕麦139所含抗性基因对条中32的抗性受2对独立遗传显性位点控制。21个单缺体组合的F₂群体苗期室内接种条中32的抗性分离调查结果表明,阿勃1BN´陕麦139组合抗感分离比例为75∶0 (χ²=4.65,χ²_0.05,1 = 3.84),阿勃2DN´陕麦139组合抗感分离比例为132∶2 (χ²=4.40,χ²_0.05,1 = 3.84),远远偏离15∶1,其余19个组合的抗感分离比例经卡方测验均符合15∶1。表明该抗条锈病基因位于1B和2D染色体,暂被分别命名为YrSM139-1B和YrSM139-2D。利用284对SSR引物检测F₂群体的抗感池和单株,发现YrSM139-1B与SSR标记Xgwm273紧密连锁,即该标记可作为YrSM139-1B抗条锈病基因的标记。利用Xgwm273对陕麦139的亲本分析表明, YrSM139-1B抗条锈病基因来自野生二粒小麦AS846。     

Rapid identification of a major effect QTL conferring adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wheat cultivar Yaco“S”

Stripe rust is a devastating disease in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Growing cultivars with adult-plant resistance (APR) is an environmental friendly approach that provides long-term protection to wheat from this disease. Wheat cultivar Yaco“S” showed a high level of APR to stripe rust in the field from 2008 to 2014. The objective of this study was to detect the major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for APR to stripe rust in Yaco“S”. One hundred and eighty-four F_2:3 lines were developed from a cross between Yaco“S” and susceptible cultivar Mingxian169. Illumina 90K and 660K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips were implemented to bulked pools and their parents to identify SNPs associated with the major QTL. A high-density linkage map was constructed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and SNP markers. Inclusive composite interval mapping detected a major effect QTL Qyryac.nwafu-2BS conferring stable resistance to stripe rust in all tested environments. Qyryac.nwafu-2BS were mapped to a 1.3 cm interval and explained 17.3–51.9% of the phenotypic variation. Compared with stripe rust resistance genes previously mapped to chromosome 2B, Qyryac.nwafu-2BS is likely a new APR gene to stripe rust. Combining SNP iSelect assay and kompetitive allele specific PCR technology, we found that the APR gene could be rapidly and accurately mapped and it is useful for improving stripe rust resistance in wheat breeding.