湖北省红薯生产现状及高产平衡施肥研究

调查表明,湖北省红薯施用化学氮(N)、磷(P2O5)肥分别平均为132.0kg/hm2和43.5kg/hm2,基本不施用化学钾肥和微量元素肥料.研究结果表明,平衡施肥可以促进红薯获取高产,氮磷钾肥施用比例(N:P2O5:K2O)以1:0.4～0.5:0.8～1.0为宜,其中氮肥(N)用量以150～225kg/hm2、钾肥(K2O)以120～225kg/hm2为好,氯化钾可以作为红薯钾肥来源,同时应根据实际情况配合施用锌、钼等微量元素肥料.     

氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究

采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案对紫云英氮、磷、钾肥施用效应及养分的交互作用进行了研究,结果表明:与不施肥处理(CK)相比,13个施肥处理紫云英鲜草平均增产21.1 t·hm-2,平均产量为不施肥处理的2.35倍;分别固定磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥,氮(N75 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥和氮(N 75 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)肥用量,在施N 0～112.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5 0～90 kg·hm-2和K2O 0～90 kg·hm-2范围内,紫云英产量随相应肥料用量的增加而显著提高,N、P、K各养分施用的最高增产率分别为65.0%、27.8%和44.5%;从养分效率看,中量水平的氮(N 75.0 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)和低量水平的钾(K2O 30 kg·hm-2)增产效果最好;氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,互相影响肥效的发挥,中量水平的养分用量(N 75.0 kg·hm-2、P2O5 60 kg·hm-2和K2O 60 kg·hm-2)有利于各养分效果的发挥.结果说明,施肥对紫云英增产效果明显,氮、磷、钾肥用量和配比是影响紫云英产量的重要因素.     

不同肥料组合对生姜产量和品质的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了酸性土壤不同养分组合对生姜产量、品质及养分比例的影响.结果表明,N、P、K养分组合能使生姜显著或极显著增产(11.1%～79.4%),增产效果以高N(N2)组合大于低N(N1)组合,以配施Mo肥(N2P1K2Mo)组合增产最为显著.不同肥料组合使生姜粗蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉含量分别增加1.3%～35.5%(N1P2K2、N2P1K1组合除外)、5.5%～92.7%(N2P2K3组合除外)和2.9%～36.7%(N2P2K3、N2P2K2Mo组合除外),降低粗纤维含量2.8%～11.9%(N2P2K2Mo组合除外),改善生姜品质.不同肥料组合降低生姜地上部全N、P、K含量和根茎全P、K含量,提高地下部全N含量.不同肥料组合提高生姜根茎N/P和N/K,降低K/P,而对生姜地上部N/P、N/K、K/P作用不一致.综合产量和品质效应,以N2P2K1处理最佳.     

长期水旱轮作条件下紫色土养分供应能力的研究

通过10年稻—麦水旱轮作定位试验,研究了紫色土生产力以及N、P、K自然供应能力和变化。结果表明,在水旱轮作下,紫色土对稻、麦产量的地力贡献率平均为58%和51%,肥料的增产贡献率可达42%～49%。紫色土N、P、K养分自然供给力在小麦上分别为60%、70%、91%,在水稻上分别为70%、90%、92%,小麦对肥料的依赖性高于水稻;N、P、K养分的自然供应量在小麦上分别为37.1、5.4、45.9kg.hm2,在水稻上分别为81.8、13.6、103.0kg.hm2。随着试验年份的延长,旱作季节紫色土N、P、K养分的供应能力逐年降低,水作季节N、P、K供应力则相对稳定,旱作对地力的消耗比水作大。环境输入的养分在维持水田稳定供肥能力发挥了重要作用。紫色土这种基础养分供给力可维持每年生产小麦1.4t.hm2、稻谷3.5t.hm2左右。     

秀山县石灰岩土壤玉米“3415”肥效试验初报

在秀山县4个乡(镇)石灰岩土壤种植玉米进行小区肥料试验,结果表明,施肥具有增产显著的效果,增产率为39.9%～97.8%。石灰岩土壤种植玉米667m2最高产量为494.24kg,对应施肥量:N=7.65kg,P2O5=7.5kg,K2O=7.5kg;最佳效益产量为487.45kg,对应施肥量:N=7.55kg,P2O5=6.0kg,K2O=6.0kg。。     

桓台县麦玉两熟系统化肥投入及土壤养分资源研究

对桓台县麦玉两熟系统化肥投入及土壤养分资源调研结果表明,该县自建成吨粮县后年N、P、K投入分别为599.4±64.8kg/hm~2、211.0±26.4kg/hm~2、103.6±21.2kg/hm~2,N:P_2O_5:K_2O为1:0.353(±0.033):0.176(±0.046)。土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾平均值及标准偏差分别为14.6±0.3g/kg、64.2±2.9mg/kg、8.5±1.5mg/kg和83.8±8.2mg/kg,表明该县冬小麦套种夏玉米高产农田生态系统中N、P、K投肥结构不合理,N偏高K偏低,应采取减N稳P增K对策。     

雪茄茄衣CX-26品种干物质积累和氮磷钾养分吸收规律研究

采用田间试验研究雪茄茄衣CX-26品种不同生育时期干物质积累和氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)养分吸收,运用Logistic模型分析烟株干物质积累和N、P、K养分吸收特征,以期为雪茄茄衣的科学施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,烟株干物质积累量在整个生育期表现为“S”形曲线增长。移栽后45～60 d是雪茄烟株地上部干物质快速积累时期,期间最大积累速率可达177.90 kg/(hm²·d),积累量占收获期干物质积累总量的57.78%。茎秆、叶片的干物质积累量随生育期的延伸持续增加,快速增长时期在移栽后40～65 d,期间叶片是干物质的分配中心。养分吸收结果显示,N、P、K养分积累在整个生育期均呈现“慢-快-慢”的增长趋势;N、P、K养分的快速积累时期分别是在移栽后43～55、43～57、42～56 d,最大积累速率分别可达4.96、0.37、6.44 kg/(hm²·d);随着生育期的进行,N、P、K养分在叶片中的分配比例呈现“下降-上升-下降”的趋势,而茎秆与之相反;其中,叶片是N、P、K养分分配中心,收获时叶片中N、P、K养分积累量占烟株地上部总积累量的比例分别为73.08%、62.84%、65.38%。生产100 kg雪茄茄衣CX-26品种的烟叶需要N 3.35 kg、P2O5 0.66 kg、K2O 5.80 kg,N、P2O5和K2O 吸收比例为1∶0.2∶1.7。     

蒙西灌区春小麦高产田耕层土壤理化性状调查

本文报告了蒙西灌区春小麦高产田 ( 750 0 kg/hm2 )土壤耕层理化性状的调查结果。结果表明 :高产田的理化性状明显优于该区的其它耕作土壤。其主要特点是 :耕层深厚 ( 2 0～ 30 cm) ,属于上虚 (容重 1.2 0～ 1.2 6g/cm3) ,下实 (容重 1.35～ 1.4 3g/cm3)的土体构型。土壤质地为砂质壤土—壤土。松紧适中 ,孔隙状况适宜 (总孔隙度 52 .4 %～ 54.8% ) ,耕性良好。有机质平均含量为 1.70 % ,全 N、全 P、全 K含量分别为 0 .12 4 %、0 .198%、2 .0 4 %。碱解 N、速效 P2 O5、速效 K2 O的含量分别为 87.1、10 .7、119.4 mg/kg。土壤微量元素 ,铁含量丰富 ,铜、硼适量 ,锌锰缺乏。     

闽北丘陵红壤奈园肥力调查与定量施肥研究

闽北红壤油奈总面积近７０００ｈｍ^2,红壤奈园存在酸、瘦、粘、板、旱、蚀等诸多不利因素。合理离用石灰、适量补充硼锌微肥,大力提高土壤有机质水平以增肥地力是油奈稳产优质的关键。劢产期油奈（株产４０ｋｇ）氮（Ｎ）磷（Ｐ）钾（Ｋ）适宜供应量分别为０．５４～０．６８ｋｇ、０．２０～０．２３ｋｇ和０．５３～０．５５ｋｇ,其中有机肥所提供的氮磷钾量应分别达到养分总供应量的６２％～７７．９％、７５．９％～８７．０     

贵州省铜仁地区花生平衡施肥试验研究

贵州省铜仁地区的花生平衡施肥试验证明 ,花生的合理施肥有极显著的增产增收效益。其中施氮 ( N) 2 8kg/ hm2 可增产花生 4 0 .7%～ 4 2 .3% ,施磷 ( P2 O5) 12 0 kg/ hm2 可增产花生34 .7%～ 61.5% ,施钾 ( K2 O) 75kg/ hm2可增产花生 2 3.0 %～ 2 3.2 %。施微肥 (硼、锌、钼、铜、铁 )可增产花生 7.0 7%～ 15.2 %。平均每投入一元氮磷钾微肥可分别增收 2 8.6～ 2 9.6,15.6～2 2 .3,9.1～ 9.5,3.8～ 7.4元。建议花生的 N∶ P2 O5∶K2 O配比为 10 0∶ 4 30∶ 2 60并添加微肥适量。平衡施肥在贵州的增产潜力很大 ,在贵州铜仁地区及其他相应地区有很大推广价值     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

东北黑土土壤磷的纬向分异

以中国东北的中纬度黑土区为样带,研究了有机磷浓度与有机质、全氮浓度的关系;全磷、有机磷、无机磷及有机磷和无机磷的比率与纬度分布的关系。结果表明,有机磷和有机质、全氮浓度具有良好的相关性,它们之间的相关系数分别为0.90和0.92,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。全磷、有机磷、无机磷、P_o/P_i在纬度上都存在不同程度的分异规律,即随着纬度的升高,其浓度或比率均有逐渐升高的趋势;其相关系数分别为0.68、0.77、0.26和0.60,相关分析表明,这些纬向分异规律都达极显著水平(P<0.01)。除了无机磷的纬向分异原因尚不明确之外,其他纬向分异的原因可能是由于黑土南北样带气候热量上的差异和人类活动的影响所致,从而造成南北样带之间有机质的矿化程度和速率产生差异。