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“精细农业”发展与工程技术创新 总被引:174,自引:31,他引:143
综述了目前国外“精细农业”实践的主要目标及其技术思想的内涵。着重围绕其主要支持技术发展,讨论了有关工程技术创新及推动我国开展试验研究的问题。针对目前国外对这一技术体系的研究与实践,主要集中在基于GPS和GIS技术应用的作物生产系统精细管理方面,提出用“精细农作”的译名来表达。进入21世纪,基于知识和信息的“精细农作”技术思想,必将扩展到大农业经营的各个领域,推动农业生产的信息化与知识化,逐步形成一个基于农业生物科学、电子信息技术及工程装备为主导的“精细农业”技术体系,为建立优质、高效和可持续发展的农业系统服务。 相似文献
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在分析比较近十几年来西方精细农业思想和中国农业生态工程等精耕细作主要思想基础上,肯定了中国农业生态工程研究与实践在中国具有不可取代的独特作用。主张优先研究开发4S一体化的技术支持体系,结合吸纳西方精细农业的思想和技术,发展中国特色的精细农业。提出了4S一体化技术支持体系的基本构架,并且指出我国应以4S一体化技术支持体系为依托,结合各地具体情况逐步组装相关技术,由精细农作、精细养殖向精细农业发展的思路。同时指出精细农业要用数字地球的相关标准来规范自身的发展。 相似文献
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激光控制农田土地精细平整应用技术体系研究进展 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
借助激光控制技术、GPS和GIS、先进机械制造技术等现代高科技手段对传统的农田土地平整技术与方法进行升级改造并构建激光控制农田土地精细平整技术。激光控制农田土地精细平整技术的推广应用,可明显改善田面微地形条件,大幅度提高地面灌溉条件下的灌溉效率与灌水均匀度,获得显著的节水、增产、省工、提高土地利用率等效果。该文在阐述具有中国特色的激光控制农田土地精细平整应用技术体系构架基础上,对近年来国内开展的主要研究工作及取得的成果进行了综述,探讨了激光控制农田土地精细平整应用技术体系的发展趋势与研究方向。 相似文献
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差分GPS定位技术在土壤耕作阻力测量中的应用 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10
为了进行“精细农业”实践,以土壤耕作阻力的测量为例,通过DGPS后处理定位技术,研制开发了农田GIS属性数据库数据源获取的硬件系统和软件支持。形成了土壤不同深度层的耕作阻力分布图。 相似文献
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随着哺乳仔猪日龄增加,仔猪对温度的需求逐渐降低。为了探究精细调控保温灯温度对局部供暖的影响,以及仔猪对温度的需求,从而降低供暖能耗,该研究选择河北承德某猪场2个试验单元共48栏仔猪,分为四梯度温差2℃组(Ⅰ组)、四梯度温差1℃组(Ⅱ组)和两阶段功率组(对照组),监测仔猪生长性能、行为和能耗。结果表明,在仔猪日龄为1~3、4~7、8~14和15~21 d时,Ⅰ组保温灯下的平均空气温度分别为30.5、28.1、27.6和26.1℃,Ⅱ组保温灯下的空气温度分别为29.7、27.9、27.2和26.9℃,对照组保温灯下的空气温度分别为31.4、27.3、27.7和27.8℃。3组之间哺乳仔猪平均日增质量差异不显著(P>0.05),哺乳仔猪成活率分别为96.7%、96.8%、96.7%。与对照组相比,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组节能率分别为16.7%和26.2%。从节能角度来说,设置四个温度梯度变温度精细调控保温灯较两阶段功率控制对仔猪局部供暖的效果更优。该研究为优化仔猪保温灯温度精细调控效果、提升猪场经济效益提供了一定的参考。 相似文献
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“三S”技术在持续农业与山区土地利用中的应用 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
章对“三S”技术的意义与发展,“三S”技术在持续农业与山区土地利用中的应用进行了论述,并对国际山地综合研究中心(ICIMOD)在HKH地区开发“三S”的综合研究提出了初步建议。 相似文献
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差分GPSA定位技术在土壤耕作阻力测量中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了进行“精细农业”实践,以土壤耕作阻力的测量为例,通过DGPS后处理定位技术,研究开发了农田GIS属性数据库数据源获取的硬件系统的软件支持。形成了土壤不同深度层的耕作阻力分布图。 相似文献
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利用长期定位实验,在黄土高原旱地研究了22a氮磷化肥配施下不同种植体系土壤水分的变化状况,为合理利用水肥资源提供参考。在小麦连作、豌豆-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作、红豆草-小麦(2a)轮作、豌豆-小麦(2a)+玉米轮作、玉米-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作、小麦(2a)+糜子-玉米轮作6个不同种植体系中,测定土壤剖面(0-300cm)含水量、储水量。结果表明:不同种植体系土壤含水量在土壤剖面上的分布不同,所有处理在土壤剖面140-300cm土层含水量均低于0-140cm土层含水量。不同种植体系在土壤剖面不同土层的储水量不同,在0-300cm土壤储水量各处理表现为豌豆-小麦(2a)+玉米轮作(644.8mm)〉小麦(2a)+糜子-玉米轮作(599.6mm)〉豌豆-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作(582.3mm)〉红豆草-小麦(2a)轮作(574.0mm)〉玉米-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作(550.8mm)〉小麦连作(536.9mm)。轮作体系0-300cm土壤储水量均高于小麦连作。粮豆轮作土壤储水量高于小麦连作,是黄土高原地区较好的种植方式。 相似文献
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农用GPS测试精度分析及提高精度方法的研究 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
通过对GPS测试误差的分析,提出了GPS定点测量坐标是由位置漂移数据与正态分布数据相互叠加而成的。为了分离位置漂移与正态分布相互叠加的数据,用正态剔除法和中心点计算规则,提出了在一定阀值λ下计算定点误差半径的方法。针对单点定位误差比较大的特点,提出了用两点相对定位的测量方法来减小定位误差。试验结果表明:当阀值λ=0.7时,单点定位误差在10 m以上,而用两点相对定位来测量时,其误差为1.2 m左右,大大提高了其测量精度。应用表明,在精度要求不是很高的情况下,可采用单点定位测量,在精度要求较高的情况下,可采用两点相对定位来测量。这两种方法均可用在GPS的土地测量、定位和规划。 相似文献
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Indirect sensor-based measurements have made on-the-go by-plant recognition possible. This in turn has enabled high resolution by-plant management. The objective of this study was to estimate final grain yield of each corn (Zea mays L.) plant by collecting the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), plant height, and distance between plants at the 8-leaf growth stage (V8). The NDVI readings were collected every 1.2 cm in rows 15 to 30 m in length, and average NDVI per plant was calculated by assuming each plant occupied half the distance between it and its neighbors and calculating an average NDVI value within that respective area. First, an equation was developed to calculate the distance occupied by each plant. Then plant height was used in an equation to estimate competition among plants. A combined model employing plant height, area occupied, and NDVI were used to successfully predict by-plant corn grain yields at V8. 相似文献
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磁吸式穴盘精密播种机的研制及试验 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:13
穴盘精密播种是现代育苗技术的一个重要环节,由于蔬菜、花卉等作物种子具有体积小、重量轻、形状又不规则的特点,给其精密播种带来了困难。为了较好地实现这类种子的精密播种,在分析了国内外现有精密播种技术的基础上,提出并设计了一种新型磁吸式精密播种机。该机依靠电磁吸头精确吸取经磁粉包衣处理的种子,通过调节磁吸力的大小来控制播种量和播种精度,整机由步进电机驱动,并由单片机协调控制来自动作业。通过对小白菜、西红柿、黄瓜等作物种子的初步试验,其单粒精播率达90%,漏播率低于5%,说明该机具有较高的播种精度和对不同类型种子 相似文献
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Variable corn emergence results in decreased yields. This study was conducted to determine corn (Zea mays L.) by-plant yield reduction arising from delayed emergence. Treatments included delayed planting of 0, 2, 5, 8, and 12 days at two nitrogen (N) rates. Corn was planted by hand to maintain 17.8 cm plant-to-plant competition. Fifteen plants within a row were divided into five 3-plant sequences (middle plant delayed and 2-adjacent non-delayed plants). Under irrigation, grain yields decreased when the middle plant was delayed 2, 5, 8, and 12 days, by 3, 10, 19, and 25%, respectively. At the rainfed site, grain yields decreased when the middle plant was delayed 2, 5, 8, and 12 days, by 14, 25, 23, and 11%, respectively. Over all sites and years, for each day delay in emergence (one out of every 3 plants), corn grain yields decreased 0.225 to 1.379 Mg ha?1 day?1. 相似文献
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Emily Rutto Cody Daft Jonathan Kelly Bee Khim Chim Jeremiah Mullock Guilherme Torres 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(2):198-208
Uneven crop stands result in a reduction in corn yield production. This study was conducted to determine the effect of delayed emergence on corn yields and the effect of nitrogen (N) applications to compensate for yield reductions. The design used was a randomized complete block, with 4 sequences of delayed planting (0,4,7,and 10 days after planting) and 3 rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg N ha?1). At maturity, individual plants were tagged in sets of three and hand harvested. Corn ears were shelled, and yield per plant calculated. Grain yield of the delayed plant compared to that of the neighbors was reduced by 27, 8, 20 and 12 kg ha?1day?1 for 2007 LCB1, 2007 LCB2, 2010 LCB1 and 2010 LCB2, respectively. Over locations and years, the mean grain yield decrease of the delayed plant versus neighboring plants for each day delay was 122 kg ha?1. 相似文献
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Daniel E. Edmonds Brenda S. Tubaña Jonathan P. Kelly Jared L. Crain Matthew D. Edmonds John B. Solie 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(7):1013-1024
Crop yields are affected by the rate and method of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. This study was conducted to determine the effects of applying variable N rates by row on maize grain yields. The effects of variable rates and row application were investigated at the R.L. Westerman Irrigation Research Facility near Stillwater, Oklahoma on a Port-Oscar silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, super active, thermic Cumulic Haplustolls) and at Hennessey, Oklahoma on a Bethany silt loam (fine, mixed, thermic Pachic Paleustolls). For 2005 that was characterized by high yields, significant yield differences occurred in non-fertilized rows adjacent to N (67, 100, 134 kg N ha?1) fertilized rows, but not when adjacent to low N [34 and 67 (some cases) kg N ha?1]. In 2006, which had a dry growing season, grain yields were significantly lower than those produced in 2005. With few exceptions, rows receiving N did not produce significantly higher yields in 2006. In 2007, trends were similar to those observed in 2005. Excluding 2006, all site-years showed a significant reduction in yield when N fertilizer was not applied to each row. In order to maximize corn grain yields, N fertilizer should be applied by row, while alternate row N application should be avoided. 相似文献