基于混合遗传算法的梳脱割台参数优化

根据标准遗传算法的基本原理，针对梳脱割台的参数优化问题提出了一种混合遗传算法，给出了实现步骤，并将混合遗传算法和传统优化搜索算法进行了比较分析。结果表明：混合遗传算法比传统优化方法在工程参数优化中具有更大的潜力和优越性。     

基于扩展Prony算法的煤矿电网单相接地故障选线方法

煤矿中性点不接地电网发生单相接地故障后,其故障线路与非故障线路零序电流的幅值与相位存在显著差异,据此能可靠选出故障线路。传统上采用傅氏算法提取故障信号的工频分量,但该算法建立在故障信号为周期性不衰减的基础上,与实际的信号特征差距较大,影响选线的准确性。基于此,考虑利用扩展Prony算法提取各线路零序电流的工频幅值与相位,然后比较其值选出故障线路。MATLAB仿真分析表明,此种选线方法正确率高,适应性强。     

基于小波包能量谱和BP神经网络的转子系统扭矩激励识别

建立转子系统的扭矩激励与其电机电流耦合仿真模型,研究不同性质(阶跃、线性、暂态、正弦)扭矩激励下电机电流频谱特性,运用奇异值分解法剔除电流信号的工频成分,将除去工频成分后的不同性质扭矩激励下电机电流信号进行三层小波包分解生成能量谱特征向量,并设计优良性能的BP神经网络,将得到的电流信号的特征向量以及需要识别的扭矩激励类型输入BP神经网络训练,经试验数据验证表明:利用小波包能量谱和神经网络对转子系统电机电流分析可以实现转子系统扭矩激励的识别。     

根系吸水模型参数的混合遗传算法估算方

构建了遗传算法与Levenberg-Marquardt算法相结合的混合遗传算法,用于求解根系吸水模型参数。分别进行数值试验和棉花根系吸水试验对混合遗传算法求解精度进行验证。数值试验表明,采用混合遗传算法优化求解根系吸水模型参数的优化值具有较高的精度,含水率资料的时间步长和空间步长对根系吸水模型参数的优化精度有较大影响,在实际中时间步长可取值5～10d,空间步长取值5～10cm。对室内棉花根系吸水进行模拟分析,结果表明混合遗传算法求解的根系吸水模型可以很好地模拟根系吸水。该方法可用于求解根系吸水参数。     

根系吸水模型参数的混合遗传算法估算方法

构建了遗传算法与Levenberg-Marquardt算法相结合的混合遗传算法,用于求解根系吸水模型参数.分别进行数值试验和棉花根系吸水试验对混合遗传算法求解精度进行验证.数值试验表明,采用混合遗传算法优化求解根系吸水模型参数的优化值具有较高的精度,含水率资料的时间步长和空间步长对根系吸水模型参数的优化精度有较大影响,在实际中时间步长可取值5～10 d,空间步长取值5～10 cm.对室内棉花根系吸水进行模拟分析,结果表明混合遗传算法求解的根系吸水模型可以很好地模拟根系吸水.该方法可用于求解根系吸水参数.     

小水轮发电机中性线电流过大的解决对策

1　中性线电流过大的不良影响不少小水电站 ,将发电机中性点引出线接在一条公共的中性线上 ,再与主变压器低压侧中性点共用一个接地装置接地。发电机中性点这种运行方式带来中性线电流过大 ,给发电机、主变压器的安全经济运行造成极为不良的影响。1.1　中性线电流过大的原因小型水轮发电机由于结构和制造工艺上的原因 ,使其主磁通在气隙中的分布只能是近似的正弦波 ,其中含有较大比重的高次谐波分量 ,特别是三次谐波分量最为突出。因此 ,在定子绕组中除感应出基波电势外 ,还会感应出一定数量的高次谐波分量 ,其中以三次谐波分量比重最大 ,即…     

如何查找电气故障讲座(十七) 异步电动机故障查找的一般方法(五)

6．9．3制造质最不高，笼条与端环焊接不牢等造成 笼条断裂故障点的查找．一般在抽出转子后用肉眼就可以看出。必要时，可在转子上撒些铁粉，然后在端环两端通以低压电，便可明显地看出断条痕迹。另外，还可采用如下简便的方法：在定予上加三相电压（约为额定电压的10％），用手拨动转子，如果转子有断条，定子电流将会循环变化（但应注意，气隙不均也会有这种现象），     

基于自适应阈值函数的铡草机振动信号去噪

针对传统小波软、硬阈值函数对铡草机振动信号去噪的不足,采用一种自适应阈值函数去噪算法,实现铡草机振动信号降噪。该方法根据小波分解原理,采用分层阈值,同时通过参数调整阈值函数,在信号分解小尺度上滤除大量噪声分量,而在大尺度上去除噪声分量的同时尽量保留有用信号分量。为验证本文算法有效性,采用软、硬阈值函数法与本文算法对模拟信号和铡草机振动信号进行对比试验,结果表明:本文算法优于2种传统算法,在滤除噪声的同时很好地保留了原信号特征。     

城市轨道车辆直接转矩控制方法研究

研究了一种新型的直接转矩控制方案来抑制直接转矩控制在低速时转矩出现脉动的这一现象。该方案利用定子电流与转速来确定定子磁链的方法,根据异步电机的磁链方程式推导出基于定子电流和转速的磁链观测模型。通过改变异步电机的参数来检测提出的控制方案的可行性。本文对该方案进行了仿真比较,结果表明本文提出的方案具有计算简单,参数鲁棒性好等优点。     

电动机断相运行的电流异变分析（下）

二 三角形接法电动机的断相分析1.电源侧断线①起动前的断相电流变化当电源侧一相断开后,定子绕组通入的是单相电流.由于绕组中流入的是两个同相位的电流,故不能产生旋转磁场,即MQ=0,电动机不能自行起动.当电动机起动前断相时,一相线电流为零,另两相线电流为正常起动电流的86.6%.     

Relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination and water use efficiency under regulated deficit irrigation of pear-jujube tree

To investigate the relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of different organs and water use efficiency (WUE) under different water deficit levels, severe, moderate and low water deficit levels were treated at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages of field grown pear-jujube tree, and leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_L) at different growth stages and fruit stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_F) at fruit maturation stage were measured. The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage. As compared with full irrigation, the average Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage were decreased by 1.23% and 2.67% for different water deficit levels, respectively. Δ_L and Δ_F among different water deficit treatments had significant difference at the same growth stage (P < 0.05). Under different water deficit conditions, significant relationships between the Δ_L and WUE_i (photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate, P_n/T_r), WUE_n (photosynthesis rate/stomatal conductance of CO_2, P_n/g_s), WUE_y (yield/crop water consumption, Y/ET_c) and yield, or between the Δ_F and WUE_y and yield were found, respectively. There were significantly negative correlations of Δ_L with WUE_i, WUE_n, WUE_y and yield (P < 0.01) at the fruit maturation stage, or Δ_L with WUE_i and WUE_n (P < 0.01) over whole growth stage, respectively. Δ_F was negatively correlated with WUE_y, WUE_n and yield (P < 0.05), but positively correlated with ET_c (P < 0.01) over the whole growth stage. Thus Δ_L or Δ_F can compare WUE_n and WUE_y, so the stable carbon isotope discrimination method can be applied to evaluate the water use efficiency of pear-jujube tree under the regulated deficit irrigation.     

Root biomass, crop response and water-yield relationship of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown under combinations of irrigation and nutrient application

A 3-year study was carried out to assess the root biomass production, crop growth rate, yield attributes, canopy temperature and water-yield relationships in Indian mustard grown under combinations of irrigation and nutrient application for revealing the dynamic relationship of crop yield (Y) and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET). Three post-sowing irrigation treatments viz. no irrigation (I ₁), one irrigation at flowering (I ₂) and two irrigations one each at rosette and flowering stage (I ₃), three nutrient treatments viz. no fertilizer or manure (F ₁), 100% recommended NPK i.e., 60 kg N, 13.1 kg P and 16.6 kg K ha⁻¹ (F ₂) and 100% recommended NPK plus farmyard manure @ 10 Mg ha⁻¹ (F ₃) were tested in a split-plot design. Root biomass was significantly greater in I ₃ than I ₂ and I ₁, and in F ₃ than F ₂ and F ₁. The I ₃ × F ₃, I ₂ × F ₃ and I ₃ × F ₂ combinations maintained significantly greater crop growth rate, plant height, yield components, ET and crop yield and better plant water status in terms of canopy temperature, canopy-air temperature difference (CATD) and relative leaf water content (RLWC). Number of siliqua plant⁻¹ and seeds siliqua⁻¹ were the major contributors to the seed yield. Marginal analysis of water production function was used to establish Y–ET relationship. The elasticity of water production (E _wp) provides a means to assess relative changes in Y and ET, and gives an indication of improvement of Y due to nutrient application. The ET–Y relationships were linear with marginal water use efficiency (WUE_m) of 3.09, 4.23 and 3.95 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ in F ₁, F ₂ and F ₃, respectively, and the corresponding E _wp were 0.63, 0.71 and 0.61. This implies that the scope for improving yield and WUE with 100% NPK was little compared with 100% NPK + farmyard manure. The crop yield was highest in I ₃ × F ₃ combination, and the similar yield was obtained in I ₂ × F ₃ and I ₃ × F ₂ combinations. Application of organic manure along with 100% NPK fertilizers maintained greater crop growth rate, better water relation in plants, yield attributes and saved one post-sowing irrigation.     

Midday measurements of leaf water potential and stomatal conductance are highly correlated with daily water use of Thompson Seedless grapevines

A study was conducted to determine the relationship between midday measurements of vine water status and daily water use of grapevines measured with a weighing lysimeter. Water applications to the vines were terminated on August 24th for 9 days and again on September 14th for 22 days. Daily water use of the vines in the lysimeter (ET_LYS) was approximately 40 L vine⁻¹ (5.3 mm) prior to turning the pump off, and it decreased to 22.3 L vine⁻¹ by September 2nd. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψ_PD) and midday Ψ_l on August 24th were −0.075 and −0.76 MPa, respectively, with midday Ψ_l decreasing to −1.28 MPa on September 2nd. Leaf g _s decreased from ~500 to ~200 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹ during the two dry-down periods. Midday measurements of g _s and Ψ_l were significantly correlated with one another (r = 0.96) and both with ET_LYS/ET_o (r = ~0.9). The decreases in Ψ_l, g _s, and ET_LYS/ET_o in this study were also a linear function of the decrease in volumetric soil water content. The results indicate that even modest water stress can greatly reduce grapevine water use and that short-term measures of vine water status taken at midday are a reflection of daily grapevine water use.     

A preliminary study of an alternative controlled drainage strategy in surface drainage ditches: Low-grade weirs

This study examined hydrological characteristics of low-grade weirs, an alternative controlled drainage strategy in surface drainage ditches. Chemographs of vegetated and clear scraped (control) replicates of weir vs. non-weir treatments were compared to determine differences in time to peak (T_p) and time to base (T_b). Drainage ditches T_p and T_b were affected by both vegetation and weir presence. The order of treatment efficiency for T_p was observed to be: non-vegetated non-weir < vegetated non-weir < non-vegetated weir < vegetated weir. Furthermore, T_b for each ditch was the reverse relationship from T_p where vegetated weir > non-vegetated weir > vegetated non-weir > non-vegetated non-weir. Low-grade weirs increase chemical retention time (vegetated and clear scraped), the average time a molecule of contaminant remains in the system. Future research in water quality improvement and weir management will yield useful information for non-point source pollutant reduction.     

Water production functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with saline and alkali waters using double-line source sprinkler system

Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m⁻¹; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L⁻¹; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR 10.3 mmol L⁻¹; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m⁻¹, SAR 15.1 mmol L⁻¹; RSC 9.6 meq. L⁻¹). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha⁻¹ with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha⁻¹ and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha⁻¹ for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)² − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10⁻²(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R² = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)² − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10⁻⁴(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R² = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.     

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of Populus euphratica Oliv forest during the growing season in the extreme arid region northwest China

Based on successive observation, fifteen-day evapotranspiration (ET_c) of Populus euphratica Oliv forest, in the extreme arid region northwest China, was estimated by application of Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB) during the growing season in 2005. During the growing season in 2005, total ET_c was 446.96 mm. From the beginning of growing season, the ET_c increased gradually, and reached its maximum value of 6.724 mm d⁻¹ in the last fifteen days of June. Hereafter the ET_c dropped rapidly, and reached its minimum value of 1.215 mm d⁻¹ at the end of growing season. The variation pattern of crop coefficient (K_c) was similar to that of ET_c. From the beginning of growing season, the K_c value increased rapidly, and reached its maximum value of 0.623 in the last fifteen days of June. Afterward, with slowing growth of P. euphratica, the value dropped rapidly to the end of growing season. According to this study, the ET_c of P. euphratica forest is affected not only by meteorological factors, but by water content in soil.     

Impacts of climate variability on reference evapotranspiration over 58 years in the Haihe river basin of north China

Physically, evaporative demand is driven by net radiation (R_n), vapour pressure (e_a), wind speed (u₂), and air temperature (T_a), each of which changes over time. By analyzing temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), improved understanding of the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes can be obtained. In this study, variations in ET₀ over 58 years (1950-2007) at 34 stations in the Haihe river basin of China were analyzed. ET₀ was calculated by the FAO Penman-Monteith formula. Calculation of Kendall rank coefficient was done by analyzing the annual and seasonal trends in ET₀ derived from its dependent climate variables. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used to analyze the spatial variation in annual and seasonal ET₀, and in each climate variable. An attribution analysis was performed to quantify the contribution of each input variable to ET₀ variation. The results showed that ET₀ gradually decreased in the whole basin over the 58 years at a rate of −1.0 mm yr⁻², at the same time, R_n, u₂ and precipitation also decreased. Changes in ET₀ were attributed to the variations in net radiation (−0.9 mm yr⁻²), vapour pressure (−0.5 mm yr⁻²), wind speed (−1.3 mm yr⁻²) and air temperature (1.7 mm yr⁻²). Looking at all data on a month by month basis, we found that T_a had a positive effect on dET₀/dt (the derivative of reference evapotranspiration to time) and R_n and u₂ had negative effects on dET₀/dt. While changes in air temperature were found to produce a large increase in dET₀/dt, changes in other key variables each reduced rates, resulting in an overall negative trend in dET₀/dt.     

Increasing water productivity of irrigated crops under limited water supply at field scale

Borkhar district is located in an arid to semi-arid region in Iran and regularly faces widespread drought. Given current water scarcity, the limited available water should be used as efficient and productive as possible. To explore on-farm strategies which result in higher economic gains and water productivity (WP), a physically based agrohydrological model, Soil Water Atmosphere Plant (SWAP), was calibrated and validated using intensive measured data at eight selected farmer fields (wheat, fodder maize, sunflower and sugar beet) in the Borkhar district, Iran during the agricultural year 2004-2005. The WP values for the main crops were computed using the SWAP simulated water balance components, i.e. transpiration T, evapotranspiration ET, irrigation I, and the marketable yield Y_M in terms in terms of Y_MT⁻¹, Y_M ET⁻¹ and Y_M I⁻¹.The average WP, expressed as $ T⁻¹ (US $ m⁻³) was 0.19 for wheat, 0.5 for fodder maize, 0.06 for sunflower and 0.38 for sugar beet. This indicated that fodder maize provides the highest economic benefit in the Borkhar irrigation district. Soil evaporation caused the average WP values, expressed as Y_M ET⁻¹ (kg m⁻³), to be significantly lower than the average WP, expressed as Y_MT⁻¹, i.e. about 27% for wheat, 11% for fodder maize, 12% for sunflower and 0.18 for sugar beet. Furthermore, due to percolation from root zone and stored moisture content in the root zone, the average WP values, expressed as Y_MI⁻¹ (kg m⁻³), had a 24-42% reduction as compared with WP, expressed as Y_M ET⁻¹.The results indicated that during the limited water supply period, on-farm strategies like deficit irrigation scheduling and reduction of the cultivated area can result in higher economic gains. Improved irrigation practices in terms of irrigation timing and amount, increased WP in terms of Y_MI⁻¹ (kg m⁻³) by a factor of 1.5 for wheat and maize, 1.3 for sunflower and 1.1 for sugar beet. Under water shortage conditions, reduction of the cultivated area yielded higher water productivity values as compared to deficit irrigation.     

Soil salinity related to physical soil characteristics and irrigation management in four Mediterranean irrigation districts

Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semiarid areas of the Mediterranean basin. The objective of this work was to quantify soil salinity through electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and relate it to the physical characteristics and irrigation management of four Mediterranean irrigation districts located in Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey. The volume and salinity of the main water inputs (irrigation and precipitation) and outputs (crop evapotranspiration and drainage) were measured or estimated in each district. Soil salinity (EC_e) maps were obtained through electromagnetic induction surveys (EC_a readings) and district-specific EC_a-EC_e calibrations. Gravimetric soil water content (WC) and soil saturation percentage (SP) were also measured in the soil calibration samples. The EC_a-EC_e calibration equations were highly significant (P < 0.001) in all districts. EC_a was not significantly correlated (P > 0.1) with WC, and was only significantly correlated (P < 0.1) with soil texture (estimated by SP) in Spain. Hence, EC_a mainly depended upon EC_e, so that the maps developed could be used effectively to assess soil salinity and its spatial variability. The surface-weighted average EC_e values were low to moderate, and ranked the districts in the order: Tunisia (3.4 dS m⁻¹) > Morocco (2.2 dS m⁻¹) > Spain (1.4 dS m⁻¹) > Turkey (0.45 dS m⁻¹). Soil salinity was mainly affected by irrigation water salinity and irrigation efficiency. Drainage water salinity at the exit of each district was mostly affected by soil salinity and irrigation efficiency, with values very high in Tunisia (9.0 dS m⁻¹), high in Spain (4.6 dS m⁻¹), moderate in Morocco (estimated at 2.6 dS m⁻¹), and low in Turkey (1.4 dS m⁻¹). Salt loads in drainage waters, calculated from their salinity (EC_dw) and volume (Q), were highest in Tunisia (very high Q and very high EC_dw), intermediate in Turkey (extremely high Q and low EC_dw) and lowest in Spain (very low Q and high EC_dw) (there were no Q data for Morocco). Reduction of these high drainage volumes through sound irrigation management would be the most efficient way to control the off-site salt-pollution caused by these Mediterranean irrigation districts.     

Irrigation rate and plant density effects on yield and water use efficiency of drip-irrigated corn

The efficient use of water by modern irrigation systems is becoming increasingly important in arid and semi-arid regions with limited water resources. This study was conducted for 2 years (2005 and 2006) to establish optimal irrigation rates and plant population densities for corn (Zea mays L.) in sandy soils using drip irrigation system. The study aimed at achieving high yield and efficient irrigation water use (IWUE) simultaneously. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block split plot design with three drip irrigation rates (I₁: 1.00, I₂: 0.80, and I₃: 0.60 of the estimated evapotranspiration), and three plant population densities (D₁: 48,000, D₂: 71,000 and D₃: 95,000 plants ha⁻¹) as the main plot and split plot, respectively. Irrigation water applied at I₁, I₂ and I₃ were 5955, 4762 and 3572 m³ ha⁻¹, respectively. A 3-day irrigation interval and three-way cross 310 hybrid corn were used. Results indicated that corn yield, yield components, and IWUE increased with increasing irrigation rates and decreasing plant population densities. Significant interaction effects between irrigation rate and plant population density were detected in both seasons for yield, selected yield components, and IWUE. The highest grain yield, yield components, and IWUE were found for I₁D₁, I₁D₂, or I₂D_1, while the lowest were found for I₃D₂ or I₃D₃. Thus, a high irrigation rate with low or medium plant population densities or a medium irrigation rate with a low plant population density are recommended for drip-irrigated corn in sandy soil. Crop production functions with respect to irrigation rates, determined for grain yield and different yield components, enable the results from this study to be extrapolated to similar agro-climatic conditions.