适应分布式光伏规模化接入的电化学储能配置模式研究

在“双碳”目标和构建新型电力系统背景下，分布式光伏规模化接入，促进了分布式光伏发展提档加速，同时带来了配电网承载能力不足等问题，而配置储能设备是解决此类问题的重要手段。本文对分布式光伏储能的适用场景、技术参数和经济性进行了分析，最终提出了适应分布式光伏规模化接入的储能配置策略。     

考虑经济性最优的农村配电网储能调压策略

大量分布式光伏接入配电网、引发了电压双向越限、波动和闪变等电能质量问题,影响了配电网的安全稳定运行。分布式储能响应速度快,能快速提供功率支撑,解决电能质量问题。将配电网络根据储能分布位置和节点间的电气距离划分为不同控制区域,以储能收益最大为目标函数,电压不越限为约束,设计了存在电压越限节点的区域的储能调压策略,最后在IEEE 33节点系统进行仿真,验证本方法在解决配电网电压越限问题上的有效性。     

可再生能源分布式发电系统的经济调度

对可再生能源分布式发电系统进行经济调度研究,可以在保证能量需求的前提下,使得系统的运行成本和环境污染降到最小,从而更加高效地利用可再生能源。针对由光伏发电、风力发电、燃料电池（FC）、柴油机（DE）、蓄电池等多种分布式电源和储能单元组成的分布式发电系统,在详细分析各单元数学模型的基础上,建立了可再生能源发电系统经济调度的目标函数和调度策略,并采用优先顺序法对目标函数进行求解,算例系统验证了模型和算法的正确性。结果表明,该文提出的方法为可再生能源发电系统中各发电单元的优化调度及经济组合提供了参考。     

分布式光伏系统中基于储能的直流母线电压控制方案

分布式光伏系统受环境影响出力具有较大的随机性和波动性。利用储能系统平抑出力波动,维持母线电压稳定成为关键。首先设计了蓄电池与超级电容器优势互补的混合储能系统结构,以此为基础设计了储能系统的控制方案及4种典型工作模式。最后搭建模型,在光照变化与负载变化两种情景下,验证了所提控制策略能够有效保证直流母线电压的稳定性。     

发展分布式电源 推进美丽乡村建设

分布式电源是一种分散配置在配电系统中的小规模发电系统,在推进美丽乡村建设中必将起到重要的作用。分析了户用风光互补系统建设的独立系统结构、并网系统结构、光伏发电并网的实现方式和并网控制系统、分布式电源运行监测系统、分布式光伏最大输出功率跟踪系统、分布式电源并网系统的电能质量问题、分布式电源与电网电源互补储热系统、分布式电源在农网应用实例等问题,指出发展分布式电源是推进美丽乡村建设的有效途径。     

光储交流微电网示范项目在青海地区的建设

文章通过对分布式发电系统及大量分布式发电系统并网对配电网影响的分析,引出了微电网的概念,并分析了其相较于分布式发电系统的优点。探讨了微电网的典型结构,并对结构简单的光储微电网进行了重点说明。从光伏微源的特性、电力电子控制装置、储能装置的配置、光储容量配比及孤岛控制等方面重点研究了光储微电网研究中的关键技术。最后,分析了光储微电网在青海地区建设发展的可行性及优势。     

浅谈2kW家用屋顶光伏发电系统的安装

正随着光伏发电技术的迅速发展,分布式光伏发电系统建设成本逐步下降,各地分布式光伏发电建设也越来越多,其安装运行也更加受到人们的重视。笔者现以2 kW离网家用屋顶光伏发电系统为例,介绍分布式光伏电站建设中的安装及注意事项。1 2 kW家用屋顶光伏发电系统的组成2 kW家用屋顶光伏发电系统主要设备有太阳能电池板、控制器、免维护铅酸蓄电池和交直流逆变器等。其中,系统的核心元件是太阳能电池板、控制器和逆变器。2 kW家用屋顶光伏发电系统主要设备配置如表1所示。     

考虑负荷可调度特性的农村配电系统光-储-充规划展望

新型电力系统背景下，分布式光伏发展迅速，对配电系统的光伏接纳能力提出更高要求。与城市配电系统相比，农村配电系统网架弱、供电线路长、负荷多但小而分散，分布式光伏规模化接入显著增加了电网运行风险，光伏消纳能力有限，严重阻碍农村光伏的进一步开发，提升新型农村配电系统的光伏消纳能力迫在眉睫。随着乡村振兴战略的实施，农村配电系统中空调、采暖与电动汽车等灵活负荷不断涌现，给利用负荷消纳光伏提供了可能。在对柔性负荷可调度特性建模研究现状进行分析的基础上，结合现有配电系统光伏电站、电池储能系统与电动汽车充电站规划的研究现状，对提高农村配电系统光伏消纳能力的光-储-充规划方法进行了展望。     

光伏提水匹配模型与优化在西藏高原草场喷灌工程中应用——以阿里地区为例

以西藏高寒地区光伏提水草场喷灌为研究对象,利用噶尔站太阳辐射数据,构建日照分布函数模型及光伏阵列最大输出功率模型,计算出设计灌溉面积2.07hm^2草场所需光伏阵列系统的峰值功率,为草场优化配置32块光伏板,即峰值功率为6.88kW时,可以满足项目区生育期的灌水需求。工程应用表明:光伏匹配模型和优化计算所确定的光伏板数量和功率是可行的,能够驱动水泵正常运行,满足燕麦灌水需求。     

浅谈户用光伏配电箱配置

正随着农村居民经济条件的逐步改善,越来越多的农户根据自身条件选择利用自家屋顶、房前屋后的空闲地面,投资建设3—50 k W分布式光伏项目。笔者在分布式光伏建设、验收、巡视、运维过程中发现,分布式光伏配电箱配置普遍存在一些问题,如某些户用光伏配电箱箱体易锈蚀损坏,箱内电气设备配件过于简单、保护功能不到位等。笔者现结合自己的工作经验,介     

Relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination and water use efficiency under regulated deficit irrigation of pear-jujube tree

To investigate the relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of different organs and water use efficiency (WUE) under different water deficit levels, severe, moderate and low water deficit levels were treated at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages of field grown pear-jujube tree, and leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_L) at different growth stages and fruit stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_F) at fruit maturation stage were measured. The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage. As compared with full irrigation, the average Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage were decreased by 1.23% and 2.67% for different water deficit levels, respectively. Δ_L and Δ_F among different water deficit treatments had significant difference at the same growth stage (P < 0.05). Under different water deficit conditions, significant relationships between the Δ_L and WUE_i (photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate, P_n/T_r), WUE_n (photosynthesis rate/stomatal conductance of CO_2, P_n/g_s), WUE_y (yield/crop water consumption, Y/ET_c) and yield, or between the Δ_F and WUE_y and yield were found, respectively. There were significantly negative correlations of Δ_L with WUE_i, WUE_n, WUE_y and yield (P < 0.01) at the fruit maturation stage, or Δ_L with WUE_i and WUE_n (P < 0.01) over whole growth stage, respectively. Δ_F was negatively correlated with WUE_y, WUE_n and yield (P < 0.05), but positively correlated with ET_c (P < 0.01) over the whole growth stage. Thus Δ_L or Δ_F can compare WUE_n and WUE_y, so the stable carbon isotope discrimination method can be applied to evaluate the water use efficiency of pear-jujube tree under the regulated deficit irrigation.     

Root biomass, crop response and water-yield relationship of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown under combinations of irrigation and nutrient application

A 3-year study was carried out to assess the root biomass production, crop growth rate, yield attributes, canopy temperature and water-yield relationships in Indian mustard grown under combinations of irrigation and nutrient application for revealing the dynamic relationship of crop yield (Y) and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET). Three post-sowing irrigation treatments viz. no irrigation (I ₁), one irrigation at flowering (I ₂) and two irrigations one each at rosette and flowering stage (I ₃), three nutrient treatments viz. no fertilizer or manure (F ₁), 100% recommended NPK i.e., 60 kg N, 13.1 kg P and 16.6 kg K ha⁻¹ (F ₂) and 100% recommended NPK plus farmyard manure @ 10 Mg ha⁻¹ (F ₃) were tested in a split-plot design. Root biomass was significantly greater in I ₃ than I ₂ and I ₁, and in F ₃ than F ₂ and F ₁. The I ₃ × F ₃, I ₂ × F ₃ and I ₃ × F ₂ combinations maintained significantly greater crop growth rate, plant height, yield components, ET and crop yield and better plant water status in terms of canopy temperature, canopy-air temperature difference (CATD) and relative leaf water content (RLWC). Number of siliqua plant⁻¹ and seeds siliqua⁻¹ were the major contributors to the seed yield. Marginal analysis of water production function was used to establish Y–ET relationship. The elasticity of water production (E _wp) provides a means to assess relative changes in Y and ET, and gives an indication of improvement of Y due to nutrient application. The ET–Y relationships were linear with marginal water use efficiency (WUE_m) of 3.09, 4.23 and 3.95 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ in F ₁, F ₂ and F ₃, respectively, and the corresponding E _wp were 0.63, 0.71 and 0.61. This implies that the scope for improving yield and WUE with 100% NPK was little compared with 100% NPK + farmyard manure. The crop yield was highest in I ₃ × F ₃ combination, and the similar yield was obtained in I ₂ × F ₃ and I ₃ × F ₂ combinations. Application of organic manure along with 100% NPK fertilizers maintained greater crop growth rate, better water relation in plants, yield attributes and saved one post-sowing irrigation.     

Midday measurements of leaf water potential and stomatal conductance are highly correlated with daily water use of Thompson Seedless grapevines

A study was conducted to determine the relationship between midday measurements of vine water status and daily water use of grapevines measured with a weighing lysimeter. Water applications to the vines were terminated on August 24th for 9 days and again on September 14th for 22 days. Daily water use of the vines in the lysimeter (ET_LYS) was approximately 40 L vine⁻¹ (5.3 mm) prior to turning the pump off, and it decreased to 22.3 L vine⁻¹ by September 2nd. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψ_PD) and midday Ψ_l on August 24th were −0.075 and −0.76 MPa, respectively, with midday Ψ_l decreasing to −1.28 MPa on September 2nd. Leaf g _s decreased from ~500 to ~200 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹ during the two dry-down periods. Midday measurements of g _s and Ψ_l were significantly correlated with one another (r = 0.96) and both with ET_LYS/ET_o (r = ~0.9). The decreases in Ψ_l, g _s, and ET_LYS/ET_o in this study were also a linear function of the decrease in volumetric soil water content. The results indicate that even modest water stress can greatly reduce grapevine water use and that short-term measures of vine water status taken at midday are a reflection of daily grapevine water use.     

A preliminary study of an alternative controlled drainage strategy in surface drainage ditches: Low-grade weirs

This study examined hydrological characteristics of low-grade weirs, an alternative controlled drainage strategy in surface drainage ditches. Chemographs of vegetated and clear scraped (control) replicates of weir vs. non-weir treatments were compared to determine differences in time to peak (T_p) and time to base (T_b). Drainage ditches T_p and T_b were affected by both vegetation and weir presence. The order of treatment efficiency for T_p was observed to be: non-vegetated non-weir < vegetated non-weir < non-vegetated weir < vegetated weir. Furthermore, T_b for each ditch was the reverse relationship from T_p where vegetated weir > non-vegetated weir > vegetated non-weir > non-vegetated non-weir. Low-grade weirs increase chemical retention time (vegetated and clear scraped), the average time a molecule of contaminant remains in the system. Future research in water quality improvement and weir management will yield useful information for non-point source pollutant reduction.     

Water production functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with saline and alkali waters using double-line source sprinkler system

Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m⁻¹; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L⁻¹; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR 10.3 mmol L⁻¹; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m⁻¹, SAR 15.1 mmol L⁻¹; RSC 9.6 meq. L⁻¹). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha⁻¹ with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha⁻¹ and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha⁻¹ for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)² − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10⁻²(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R² = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)² − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10⁻⁴(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R² = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.     

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of Populus euphratica Oliv forest during the growing season in the extreme arid region northwest China

Based on successive observation, fifteen-day evapotranspiration (ET_c) of Populus euphratica Oliv forest, in the extreme arid region northwest China, was estimated by application of Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB) during the growing season in 2005. During the growing season in 2005, total ET_c was 446.96 mm. From the beginning of growing season, the ET_c increased gradually, and reached its maximum value of 6.724 mm d⁻¹ in the last fifteen days of June. Hereafter the ET_c dropped rapidly, and reached its minimum value of 1.215 mm d⁻¹ at the end of growing season. The variation pattern of crop coefficient (K_c) was similar to that of ET_c. From the beginning of growing season, the K_c value increased rapidly, and reached its maximum value of 0.623 in the last fifteen days of June. Afterward, with slowing growth of P. euphratica, the value dropped rapidly to the end of growing season. According to this study, the ET_c of P. euphratica forest is affected not only by meteorological factors, but by water content in soil.     

Impacts of climate variability on reference evapotranspiration over 58 years in the Haihe river basin of north China

Physically, evaporative demand is driven by net radiation (R_n), vapour pressure (e_a), wind speed (u₂), and air temperature (T_a), each of which changes over time. By analyzing temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), improved understanding of the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes can be obtained. In this study, variations in ET₀ over 58 years (1950-2007) at 34 stations in the Haihe river basin of China were analyzed. ET₀ was calculated by the FAO Penman-Monteith formula. Calculation of Kendall rank coefficient was done by analyzing the annual and seasonal trends in ET₀ derived from its dependent climate variables. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used to analyze the spatial variation in annual and seasonal ET₀, and in each climate variable. An attribution analysis was performed to quantify the contribution of each input variable to ET₀ variation. The results showed that ET₀ gradually decreased in the whole basin over the 58 years at a rate of −1.0 mm yr⁻², at the same time, R_n, u₂ and precipitation also decreased. Changes in ET₀ were attributed to the variations in net radiation (−0.9 mm yr⁻²), vapour pressure (−0.5 mm yr⁻²), wind speed (−1.3 mm yr⁻²) and air temperature (1.7 mm yr⁻²). Looking at all data on a month by month basis, we found that T_a had a positive effect on dET₀/dt (the derivative of reference evapotranspiration to time) and R_n and u₂ had negative effects on dET₀/dt. While changes in air temperature were found to produce a large increase in dET₀/dt, changes in other key variables each reduced rates, resulting in an overall negative trend in dET₀/dt.     

Increasing water productivity of irrigated crops under limited water supply at field scale

Borkhar district is located in an arid to semi-arid region in Iran and regularly faces widespread drought. Given current water scarcity, the limited available water should be used as efficient and productive as possible. To explore on-farm strategies which result in higher economic gains and water productivity (WP), a physically based agrohydrological model, Soil Water Atmosphere Plant (SWAP), was calibrated and validated using intensive measured data at eight selected farmer fields (wheat, fodder maize, sunflower and sugar beet) in the Borkhar district, Iran during the agricultural year 2004-2005. The WP values for the main crops were computed using the SWAP simulated water balance components, i.e. transpiration T, evapotranspiration ET, irrigation I, and the marketable yield Y_M in terms in terms of Y_MT⁻¹, Y_M ET⁻¹ and Y_M I⁻¹.The average WP, expressed as $ T⁻¹ (US $ m⁻³) was 0.19 for wheat, 0.5 for fodder maize, 0.06 for sunflower and 0.38 for sugar beet. This indicated that fodder maize provides the highest economic benefit in the Borkhar irrigation district. Soil evaporation caused the average WP values, expressed as Y_M ET⁻¹ (kg m⁻³), to be significantly lower than the average WP, expressed as Y_MT⁻¹, i.e. about 27% for wheat, 11% for fodder maize, 12% for sunflower and 0.18 for sugar beet. Furthermore, due to percolation from root zone and stored moisture content in the root zone, the average WP values, expressed as Y_MI⁻¹ (kg m⁻³), had a 24-42% reduction as compared with WP, expressed as Y_M ET⁻¹.The results indicated that during the limited water supply period, on-farm strategies like deficit irrigation scheduling and reduction of the cultivated area can result in higher economic gains. Improved irrigation practices in terms of irrigation timing and amount, increased WP in terms of Y_MI⁻¹ (kg m⁻³) by a factor of 1.5 for wheat and maize, 1.3 for sunflower and 1.1 for sugar beet. Under water shortage conditions, reduction of the cultivated area yielded higher water productivity values as compared to deficit irrigation.     

Soil salinity related to physical soil characteristics and irrigation management in four Mediterranean irrigation districts

Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semiarid areas of the Mediterranean basin. The objective of this work was to quantify soil salinity through electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and relate it to the physical characteristics and irrigation management of four Mediterranean irrigation districts located in Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey. The volume and salinity of the main water inputs (irrigation and precipitation) and outputs (crop evapotranspiration and drainage) were measured or estimated in each district. Soil salinity (EC_e) maps were obtained through electromagnetic induction surveys (EC_a readings) and district-specific EC_a-EC_e calibrations. Gravimetric soil water content (WC) and soil saturation percentage (SP) were also measured in the soil calibration samples. The EC_a-EC_e calibration equations were highly significant (P < 0.001) in all districts. EC_a was not significantly correlated (P > 0.1) with WC, and was only significantly correlated (P < 0.1) with soil texture (estimated by SP) in Spain. Hence, EC_a mainly depended upon EC_e, so that the maps developed could be used effectively to assess soil salinity and its spatial variability. The surface-weighted average EC_e values were low to moderate, and ranked the districts in the order: Tunisia (3.4 dS m⁻¹) > Morocco (2.2 dS m⁻¹) > Spain (1.4 dS m⁻¹) > Turkey (0.45 dS m⁻¹). Soil salinity was mainly affected by irrigation water salinity and irrigation efficiency. Drainage water salinity at the exit of each district was mostly affected by soil salinity and irrigation efficiency, with values very high in Tunisia (9.0 dS m⁻¹), high in Spain (4.6 dS m⁻¹), moderate in Morocco (estimated at 2.6 dS m⁻¹), and low in Turkey (1.4 dS m⁻¹). Salt loads in drainage waters, calculated from their salinity (EC_dw) and volume (Q), were highest in Tunisia (very high Q and very high EC_dw), intermediate in Turkey (extremely high Q and low EC_dw) and lowest in Spain (very low Q and high EC_dw) (there were no Q data for Morocco). Reduction of these high drainage volumes through sound irrigation management would be the most efficient way to control the off-site salt-pollution caused by these Mediterranean irrigation districts.     

Irrigation rate and plant density effects on yield and water use efficiency of drip-irrigated corn

The efficient use of water by modern irrigation systems is becoming increasingly important in arid and semi-arid regions with limited water resources. This study was conducted for 2 years (2005 and 2006) to establish optimal irrigation rates and plant population densities for corn (Zea mays L.) in sandy soils using drip irrigation system. The study aimed at achieving high yield and efficient irrigation water use (IWUE) simultaneously. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block split plot design with three drip irrigation rates (I₁: 1.00, I₂: 0.80, and I₃: 0.60 of the estimated evapotranspiration), and three plant population densities (D₁: 48,000, D₂: 71,000 and D₃: 95,000 plants ha⁻¹) as the main plot and split plot, respectively. Irrigation water applied at I₁, I₂ and I₃ were 5955, 4762 and 3572 m³ ha⁻¹, respectively. A 3-day irrigation interval and three-way cross 310 hybrid corn were used. Results indicated that corn yield, yield components, and IWUE increased with increasing irrigation rates and decreasing plant population densities. Significant interaction effects between irrigation rate and plant population density were detected in both seasons for yield, selected yield components, and IWUE. The highest grain yield, yield components, and IWUE were found for I₁D₁, I₁D₂, or I₂D_1, while the lowest were found for I₃D₂ or I₃D₃. Thus, a high irrigation rate with low or medium plant population densities or a medium irrigation rate with a low plant population density are recommended for drip-irrigated corn in sandy soil. Crop production functions with respect to irrigation rates, determined for grain yield and different yield components, enable the results from this study to be extrapolated to similar agro-climatic conditions.