磷矿废弃土地复垦规划探讨

【研究目的】通过对磷矿山废弃土地状况及其磷矿开采对区域生态环境的影响进行调查,探讨废弃磷矿山土地复垦规划及复垦后土地功能分区及用途。【结果】磷矿露天开采对区域生态环境破坏程度极大,严重影响区域生态环境质量,成为环境灾害发生的高风险区,必须明确划分土地复垦目的与用途,对废弃土地有计划、分阶段进行复垦。【结论】磷矿废弃土地主要成因是矿山开采过程中对地表形态的破坏及弃石排土占地。通过对废弃土地的复垦规划有效协调复垦工程中的生态合理性和经济可行性;因地制宜确定废弃土地复垦后功能分区及用途管制,实现生态、经济、社会效益的统一。     

俏销的秸秆罐头饲料

广平县有玉米地1．1hm^2，每年的玉米产量是5．9万t。平均每生产1kg玉米，就会产生4kg秸秆，这就意味每年有23万t的玉米秸秆产生。每当玉米丰收时。秸秆的处理就成了最令人头疼的事情。秸秆几乎是拉到哪儿烧到哪儿，不仅污染了空气，也让火灾事故变得频繁。但很少有人想过把这些秸秆利用起来。不过还是少数有远见的人从中淘到了想法和思路，曹爱民就属于驻足于秸秆加工的先行者。     

不同工程复垦措施对晋东南采煤沉陷区土壤质量演变特征的影响

为了揭示不同工程复垦措施下采煤沉陷区土壤质量的演变特征,基于10年的长期定位试验,研究了晋东南采煤沉陷区在表土剥离和混推复垦两种工程复垦方式下,10年间土壤的理化性质、微生物群落结构及土地生产力的变化特征。结果表明：复垦初期,表土剥离处理的复垦土壤理化性质、土地产出能力均显著高于混推复垦。复垦7年时,土壤的物理性质、微生物群落结构组成与多样性和土地产出能力基本一致,差异不显著。复垦10年间,0~20 cm土层土壤养分含量始终表现为表土剥离>混推复垦;10年间表土剥离较混推复垦收益累计增加6609元/hm²,因此,表土剥离复垦方式在保持耕层土壤肥力及综合收益上要优于混推复垦。但复垦10年后,2种复垦方式土地生产力和肥力水平均很低,说明复垦方式只是矿区复垦过程的一个前置环节,矿区土壤的生态恢复是必须要结合施肥措施进行。     

论林业生态修复与环境保护的关系

近些年,我国经济得到了迅猛发展,但同时每年也消耗了大量的自然资源,空气污染严重且生态环境被大面积破坏。而我国林业也在许多方面的制约下止步不前,当下必须要对林业生态修复及环境保护的重要性给予充分认识。从林业生态保护中存在的问题入手,针对实际问题提出相关解决策略,使之能更好地推进林业生态修复与环境保护工作的顺利开展。     

强化管理优化服务做大做强杂交稻制种产业

2003年以来,江苏省金湖县杂交稻制种产业稳定发展．常年制种面积1333hm^2左右，一般667m^2单产150kg，高产田块接近300kg。2006年杂交稻制种面积达1400hm^2，总产达336万kg，成为江苏省为数不多的杂交稻制种大县．为杂交稻制种农民增加收入2000多万元。     

河南省小麦品种利用现状与发展对策

小麦是河南省第一大优势作物，播种面积占全国总播种面积的1/6，总产占全国的1／5，其播种面积、总产和贡献率均处于全国首位。建国50多年来，小麦品种利用已经完成了8次更新换代，小麦单产从建国初期的645kg／hm^2发展到目前的5235kg／hm^2，总产从300万t增加到2300万t左右。近几年国家高度重视粮食生产，采取一系列惠农政策，鼓励农民多产粮，产好粮。作为产粮大省其发展机遇前所未有，小麦生产正朝着优质、高产、高效方向发展。     

陈德铭：中国杂交水稻全球推广逾3．3亿hm^2

中国商务部部长陈德铭透露,近年来联合国粮农组织在全球每年推广杂交水稻面积约1600万hm^2,每年增产的粮食可多养活7000万人。联合国粮农组织已将推广杂交水稻列为解决发展中国家粮食短缺问题的首选措施,并在全球累计推广播种超过3．3亿hm^2,增产粮食5亿t。水稻作为主要农作物,在世界上120个国家和地区广泛栽培种植,全球一半以上的人口以稻米为主食。粮食安全成为当下全球共同关注的问题。早在20世纪60年代,为提高粮食产量,中国就开始对杂交水稻进行研究。经过十几年的科技攻关,     

杂交玉米新品种黔兴201大面积高产示范效果及推广应用前景

高产示范结果表明：新品种黔兴201平均单产11．664t／hm^2，较对照会单4号增产3．914t／hm^2，增产率为48．05％；最高单产16．575t／hm^2。高产栽培措施为：播种期春播4月5～15日，夏播5月10～20日；密度6．75万～9万株／hm^2；底施农家肥22．5～30t／hm^2，氮磷钾三元复合肥0．45～0．75t／hm^2;追肥（尿素）的施用量分别为：苗肥0．15～0．225t／hm^2、穗肥0．45～0．6t/hm^2、粒肥0．15～0．225t／hm^2。     

兵团甜菜育种现状与展望

1我国糖料生产概况 1.1我国糖料生产现状 我国糖料生产也与世界食糖发展一样经历了短缺、饱和、再发展的过程.特别是1998年国家对糖料生产作出战略性调整,先后关、停、并、转了一批制糖企业,甜菜生产逐步缩小.2002年全国甜菜种植面积35.27万hm^2,生产甜菜糖124.1万t,占全国食糖总量的1.67%,2003年种植甜菜21.34万hm^2,生产甜菜糖58.73万t,占全国食糖总量的5.86%.与调整前的1991年相比,我国甜菜面积最高达到78.35万hm^2,最高产糖量达166.55万t,占全国食糖总量的20%左右,2002、2003年我国食糖总产量分别为1 063.2、1 002.3万t.     

瞭望台

1 我国将建立林业生态环境监测网:从今年起,我国将在全国范围内建立林业生态环境监测网络,对全国林业生态建设工程及森林生态效益进行科学监测和评价。其具体作法是,在现有的森林资源监测、荒漠化监测、野生动植物监测、湿地监测、森林生态定位监测的基础上,在黄河,长江生态环境林业重点治理工程建设区内,建立20个林业生态环境监     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.