面包烘焙品质与小麦品质性状的相关性

为了了解适宜的面包小麦的品质指标范围，对58个小麦品种(系)的面包烘焙品质与小麦品质性状的相关性进行了分析与研究，将58个品种(系)的面包总评分分为三个梯度与小麦品质性状进行比较，结果表明，面包总评分和面包体积与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率、延伸性呈显著正相关，与抗延阻力相关不显著；面包芯平滑度与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、形成时间呈显著正相关；纹理结构与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、延伸性呈显著正相关；面包弹柔性与蛋白质含量呈显著正相关；与其它指标相关性不显著．     

面粉理化品质性状与兰州拉面品质关系的研究

为了给拉面型小麦品种的科学选育及面粉加工企业的配麦提供科学依据和理论指导，建立快速、简捷的拉面粉评价方法．以甘肃省河西地区近几年推广、试种及新培育的小麦品种(品系)为材料，测定了各个材料的面粉理化性状，分析了面粉主要品质性状与拉面品质之间的关系。研究结果表明，拉面粉的主要理化品质性状对拉面品质的影响在各个方向及作用的大小不同；面筋指数、干面筋含量、蛋白质含量及沉淀值等理化性状与兰州拉面的感官总评分极显著正相关．可作为拉面粉选育、品质评价的理化指标，但蛋白质和沉淀值是影响拉面品质的主要理化品质性状；优质兰州拉面要求较高的面筋指数、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量和沉淀值，较低的灰分含量和较高的白度值。     

云南不同生态环境对硬粒小麦品质的影响

选用云南生产上种植的硬粒小麦品种“780”为材料，通过3个不同生态试点、两种栽培方式对硬粒小麦籽粒品质性状影响的研究得出：在相同栽培条件下，蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉隆值、形成时间、评价值、耐揉指数等随海拔高度的升高面升高，出粉率、吸水率等随海拔高度的升高而降低，稳定时间、弱化度、和面时间、断裂时间等表现为中海拔高于低海拔、高海拔。总的来看，硬粒小麦品质性状表现为田麦栽培方式优于地麦栽培方式。     

新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状及其与拉面品质的关系

为了解新疆冬小麦地方品种对新疆拉面品质的影响,以30份新疆冬小麦地方品种为供试材料,测定其面粉品质、面团流变学特性及粉色等主要品质性状,并制作新疆拉面,对新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状与新疆拉面加工品质特性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面团延伸性、配置比、弹性指数、稳定时间及弱化度等7个面粉品质指标与新疆拉面感官评价总分显著相关,其中干面筋含量和配置比的作用最大;逐步回归分析表明,新疆拉面加工品质主要受到干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、面粉红度(a*)的影响。新疆冬小麦地方品种具有较好的拉面加工品质,可为新疆拉面专用小麦品种选育提供种质资源。     

圆锥小麦地方品种面筋和面团流变学特性研究

为了拓宽小麦品质育种遗传资源,对27份圆锥小麦地方品种的面筋和面团流变学特性进行了分析.结果表明,供试品种间存在较大差异,其面筋指数平均为63.02%,变幅为23.58%～99.78%;湿面筋含量平均为41.19%,变幅为30.21%～49.66%;干面筋含量平均为13.07%,变幅为10.09%～15.77%;蛋白质含量平均为13.80%,变幅为10.11%～16.06%.其粉质仪参数表现为吸水率较高,形成时间、稳定时间和断裂时间较短,公差指数表现一般与形成时间和稳定时间均值分别为3.1min(变幅为1.2～7.5min)和3.9min(变幅为0.6～11.4min).蛋白质与湿面筋和干面筋含量之间表现为极显著正相关,与形成时间呈显著正相关.面筋各参数相互之间,以及粉质仪各参数相互之间存在不同显著程度的相关,但两类参数之间相关不显著.分析表明圆锥小麦地方品种中可能具有普通小麦品质改良所需的优异基因资源,对于品质育种具有重要利用价值.     

小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进展

为促进我国面条工业生产并为面条专用小麦良种的选育提供科学依据,对近年来小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进行了综述。总体来看,蛋白质含量和质量从各个方面影响面条品质。蛋白质含量与面条白度、表观状态呈负相关,与面条质构特性,尤其是煮熟面条的硬度、弹性呈正相关。较高的麦谷蛋白含量可以提高面条的硬度、咀嚼性、粘合性和抗拉伸能力。在一定范围内,蛋白质质量（面筋含量和质量、沉降值、流变学特性）的提高有助于面条蒸煮品质的改善和感官评分的提高,但蛋白质质量过高（湿面筋含量〉35%,沉降值〉60mL,稳定时间〉16min）会导致面条外观品质变劣,评分下降;高分子量谷蛋白亚基5＋10可能与较好的面条品质有关。一般认为,优质面条小麦的蛋白质品质指标为：蛋白质含量12%～14%;湿面筋含量28%～34%,沉淀值40～45mL,稳定时间5～15min。     

小麦面团揉混特性的遗传变异及与其他品质性状的相关性

为了解小麦种质资源的品质状况,并给小麦品质改良提供参考,以来源于国外及国内不同麦区的230个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究小麦面团揉混特性参数的变异和分布特点及与其他品质性状的相关性.结果表明,参试品种(系)面团揉混参数间均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),除峰值高度、尾高和8 min尾高外,其他揉混参数的变异系数均在30％以上.同时,在本试验中,国外引进品种的面团揉混参数均高于国内品种,多数参数的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);来源于北方春麦区的品种(系)面团揉混参数值较高,来源于华南冬麦区的品种(系)各揉混参数均最低,且部分参数达显著差异(P＜0.05).同时筛选出一批揉混参数值极高或极低的材料,可作为小麦品质育种的优选亲本.相关性分析结果表明,多数揉混参数与籽粒硬度、蛋白含量、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数和干、湿面筋含量呈显著或极显著相关.     

优质小麦重要性状的相关分析

利用7个优质小麦品种（品系），分析了优质小麦籽粒产量与品质性状的关系，以及品质性状之间的关系。结果表明，籽粒产量与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和干面筋含量等营养品质性状呈极显著或显著负相关，与Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时间和稳定时间等加工品质性状相关不显著。蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量和干面筋含量逗号地极显著正相关，湿面筋含量与干面筋含量呈极显著正相关。Zeleny沉淀值与面团形成时间和稳定时间呈显著或极显著正相关，面团形成时间与稳定时间呈极显著正相关。据此提出优质高产结合改良的重点是协调好粒产量与加工质量，充分利用蛋白质优质基组合。     

甘肃小麦品质的区域间差异和利用潜力分析

为了明确甘肃大田小麦品质的区域间差异和利用潜力,以甘肃省9个市州的316份样品为试验材料,参照国家标准,全面分析了小麦籽粒品质性状。结果表明,甘肃大田小麦籽粒蛋白质含量平均值13.60%,湿面筋含量32.86%,面团稳定时间3.1 min,拉伸阻力132 BU,延伸度166 mm,主要满足面条、馒头、饺子等传统主食和饼干制作要求,而对面包和糕点等食品加工的达标率较低,提高面团稳定时间是实现甘肃小麦优质强筋生产的关键。甘肃小麦被测蛋白质、粉质、拉伸等品质参数在区域间差异极显著(P0.001)。西峰、平凉、白银、武威、张掖5市小麦蛋白质含量14%左右,湿面筋含量高于30%,稳定时间大于3 min,品质改良应注重稳定时间的提高,可作为甘肃省中强筋面粉生产基地;定西市和天水市小麦湿面筋含量较高,但稳定时间低于2.5 min,应强调面团筋力的改善;陇南市小麦蛋白质含量12.48%,湿面筋含量29.52%,稳定时间3.0 min,除满足传统食品外,在弱筋食品的加工方面有一定潜力,应侧重中弱筋面粉的生产;临夏州小麦蛋白质含量11.33%,湿面筋含量26.28%,稳定时间1.8 min,主要以满足饼干、蛋糕和糕点等食品为主,可作为弱筋面粉生产基地。     

2006-2016年河南省小麦区域试验品种（系）的品质性状分析

为了解近年来河南省小麦品种的品质现状及变化规律,对2006-2016年河南省小麦区域试验的749个参试小麦品种（系）的籽粒品质和面粉加工品质指标进行分析。结果表明,参试小麦材料的籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量平均值均较高,能达到或接近强筋小麦的要求,但是稳定时间相对偏低。随年份的推移,容重、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量平均值均呈下降趋势,硬度、吸水率、稳定时间和沉淀指数均呈上升趋势,说明河南省参试小麦品种（系）籽粒的蛋白质质量在逐渐提高。容重、硬度、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量达到国家强筋和中强筋小麦标准的品种较多,稳定时间达到弱筋和中筋标准的品种较多,说明供试小麦品种品质结构发展不平衡。河南省2006-2016年度区试品种（系）以中筋品种为主,其次为中强筋、强筋和弱筋。因此,当前河南省小麦品质改良的重点仍是蛋白质质量的改良、各品质性状平衡协调发展。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.