面包烘焙品质与小麦品质性状的相关性

为了了解适宜的面包小麦的品质指标范围，对58个小麦品种(系)的面包烘焙品质与小麦品质性状的相关性进行了分析与研究，将58个品种(系)的面包总评分分为三个梯度与小麦品质性状进行比较，结果表明，面包总评分和面包体积与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率、延伸性呈显著正相关，与抗延阻力相关不显著；面包芯平滑度与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、形成时间呈显著正相关；纹理结构与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、延伸性呈显著正相关；面包弹柔性与蛋白质含量呈显著正相关；与其它指标相关性不显著．     

小麦储藏过程中品质性状变化规律分析

为了进一步了解小麦的后熟过程,确定最佳检测时间,使品质检测数据相对稳定,科学、准确地评价小麦品种的品质类型,对小麦和面粉不同的储藏时间及品质指标变化规律进行分析的结果表明,面粉和小麦在储藏过程中品质指标的变化规律是一致的。蛋白质和湿面筋的数量变化不大,沉淀值和延伸性的变化相对较大。小麦制粉后放置2d与15d的品质指标变化不显著。籽粒储藏2个月和5个月时,三种面筋强度类型品种的蛋白质、湿面筋含量和面团吸水率变异幅度较小。随着储藏时间的延长,面团流变学特性发生改变,强筋类品种面团的拉伸阻力增大,延伸性缩短。中筋和弱筋类品种随着储藏时间的延长,沉淀值下降,面团的拉伸阻力减小,延伸性增加,面筋强度减弱。中筋类品种的不同储藏时间品质变化相对较大。     

小麦面团揉混特性的遗传变异及与其他品质性状的相关性

为了解小麦种质资源的品质状况,并给小麦品质改良提供参考,以来源于国外及国内不同麦区的230个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究小麦面团揉混特性参数的变异和分布特点及与其他品质性状的相关性.结果表明,参试品种(系)面团揉混参数间均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),除峰值高度、尾高和8 min尾高外,其他揉混参数的变异系数均在30％以上.同时,在本试验中,国外引进品种的面团揉混参数均高于国内品种,多数参数的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);来源于北方春麦区的品种(系)面团揉混参数值较高,来源于华南冬麦区的品种(系)各揉混参数均最低,且部分参数达显著差异(P＜0.05).同时筛选出一批揉混参数值极高或极低的材料,可作为小麦品质育种的优选亲本.相关性分析结果表明,多数揉混参数与籽粒硬度、蛋白含量、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数和干、湿面筋含量呈显著或极显著相关.     

圆锥小麦地方品种面筋和面团流变学特性研究

为了拓宽小麦品质育种遗传资源,对27份圆锥小麦地方品种的面筋和面团流变学特性进行了分析.结果表明,供试品种间存在较大差异,其面筋指数平均为63.02%,变幅为23.58%～99.78%;湿面筋含量平均为41.19%,变幅为30.21%～49.66%;干面筋含量平均为13.07%,变幅为10.09%～15.77%;蛋白质含量平均为13.80%,变幅为10.11%～16.06%.其粉质仪参数表现为吸水率较高,形成时间、稳定时间和断裂时间较短,公差指数表现一般与形成时间和稳定时间均值分别为3.1min(变幅为1.2～7.5min)和3.9min(变幅为0.6～11.4min).蛋白质与湿面筋和干面筋含量之间表现为极显著正相关,与形成时间呈显著正相关.面筋各参数相互之间,以及粉质仪各参数相互之间存在不同显著程度的相关,但两类参数之间相关不显著.分析表明圆锥小麦地方品种中可能具有普通小麦品质改良所需的优异基因资源,对于品质育种具有重要利用价值.     

小麦籽粒品质、高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成类型与面筋质量相关性的研究

为了探讨预到面筋质量的方法,以40个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究了其籽粒品质、HMW—GS组成与面筋含量、面筋指数的相关性。结果表明,小麦籽粒硬度、容重与面筋指数,蛋白质含量与湿、干面筋含量、面筋指数均呈显著或极显著的正相关(r＝0．3708～0．5791);千粒重与面筋指数呈显著负相关(r＝-0．3306);角质率与面筋指数虽有一定的正相关,但相关不显著;籽粒硬度、角质率、千粒重和客重与湿(干)面筋含量没有明显的相关。含有5 10、14 15亚基的品种一般具有较好的面筋质量(但这并不是绝对的)。因此,可利用小麦籽粒硬度、容重、蛋白质含量和千粒重来预到面筋质量的优劣。     

2006-2016年河南省小麦区域试验品种（系）的品质性状分析

为了解近年来河南省小麦品种的品质现状及变化规律,对2006-2016年河南省小麦区域试验的749个参试小麦品种（系）的籽粒品质和面粉加工品质指标进行分析。结果表明,参试小麦材料的籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量平均值均较高,能达到或接近强筋小麦的要求,但是稳定时间相对偏低。随年份的推移,容重、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量平均值均呈下降趋势,硬度、吸水率、稳定时间和沉淀指数均呈上升趋势,说明河南省参试小麦品种（系）籽粒的蛋白质质量在逐渐提高。容重、硬度、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量达到国家强筋和中强筋小麦标准的品种较多,稳定时间达到弱筋和中筋标准的品种较多,说明供试小麦品种品质结构发展不平衡。河南省2006-2016年度区试品种（系）以中筋品种为主,其次为中强筋、强筋和弱筋。因此,当前河南省小麦品质改良的重点仍是蛋白质质量的改良、各品质性状平衡协调发展。     

吹泡仪参数作为弱筋小麦品质育种选择指标的评价

为了研究吹泡仪参数在弱筋小麦育种中的应用价值,通过对42个不同品质类型品种2年度的品质测定及长江中下游麦区9个推广品种的不同肥料处理试验,分析了吹泡仪参数在品种间的差异及其与其他品质性状的相关性,并分析了吹泡仪参数在不同肥料处理下的稳定性。结果表明,吹泡仪参数在品种间的变异系数大于SDS沉淀值、蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量和面筋指数的变异系数,可以较好地反映品种间的品质差异;吹泡仪P值与SDS沉淀值、面筋指数和除形成时间外的所有粉质仪参数呈极显著相关,L值与蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量呈极显著相关,W值与除干面筋外的所有品质指标都呈极显著相关;在不同肥料运筹模式下,多数品种的P值、L值和P/L值的变异系数都小于粉质仪参数稳定时间的变异系数。吹泡仪参数P值、L值和W值是弱筋小麦品质育种的理想选择指标。     

优质小麦重要性状的相关分析

利用7个优质小麦品种（品系），分析了优质小麦籽粒产量与品质性状的关系，以及品质性状之间的关系。结果表明，籽粒产量与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和干面筋含量等营养品质性状呈极显著或显著负相关，与Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时间和稳定时间等加工品质性状相关不显著。蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量和干面筋含量逗号地极显著正相关，湿面筋含量与干面筋含量呈极显著正相关。Zeleny沉淀值与面团形成时间和稳定时间呈显著或极显著正相关，面团形成时间与稳定时间呈极显著正相关。据此提出优质高产结合改良的重点是协调好粒产量与加工质量，充分利用蛋白质优质基组合。     

河北省主要推广强筋小麦的面包加工品质

为了解河北省主推强筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和面包加工品质,评选优质面包小麦品种,对河北省9个强筋小麦品种的31个籽粒品质和8个面包加工品质指标进行了测定。结果表明,除千粒重、容重、籽粒硬度、出粉率、面粉色泽L*值、面粉色泽b*值、面粉白度、籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、糊化温度、吸水率外,其余被测指标的变异系数均大于10%,说明河北省强筋小麦品种多数品质性状的遗传多样性比较丰富。藁优9415、冀师02-1、藁优2018和金麦1号4个小麦品种制作的面包达到国家优质面包标准。面包评分与面团拉伸曲线面积和最大拉伸阻力极显著正相关,与形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数、延伸度和拉伸阻力显著正相关,与面包质构的粘聚性极显著正相关,与面包质构的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼度、坚实度均极显著负相关。     

新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状及其与拉面品质的关系

为了解新疆冬小麦地方品种对新疆拉面品质的影响,以30份新疆冬小麦地方品种为供试材料,测定其面粉品质、面团流变学特性及粉色等主要品质性状,并制作新疆拉面,对新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状与新疆拉面加工品质特性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面团延伸性、配置比、弹性指数、稳定时间及弱化度等7个面粉品质指标与新疆拉面感官评价总分显著相关,其中干面筋含量和配置比的作用最大;逐步回归分析表明,新疆拉面加工品质主要受到干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、面粉红度(a*)的影响。新疆冬小麦地方品种具有较好的拉面加工品质,可为新疆拉面专用小麦品种选育提供种质资源。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).