引种台湾用材树种红桧、光蜡树苗木繁育试验研究

通过研究扦插育苗、种子育苗等一系列指标,比较了台湾红桧与福建柏、台湾光蜡树与白蜡树的育苗效果,结果表明:当用ABT处理时,引进树种红桧的扦插成活率均高于福建柏;光蜡树的成活率均高于白蜡树,3种浓度下,台湾红桧和福建柏的成活率间差异均达到极显著水平;浓度为40×10-6mol·L-1和80×10-6mol·L-1时,光蜡树和白蜡树的成活率间差异达到极显著水平,浓度为120×10-6mol·L-1时,这种差异只能达到显著水平。用NAA处理时,红桧的扦插成活率亦高于福建柏,80×10-6mol·L-1浓度时,二者的差异可达到极显著水平,40×10-6mol·L-1和120×10-6mol·L-1浓度时,二者的差异只能达到显著水平;光蜡树和白蜡树的成活率均有不同程度的提高,80×10-6mol·L-1浓度时,二者的差异可达到极显著水平,40×10-6mol·L-1浓度时,二者的差异只能达到显著水平,而120×10-6mol·L-1浓度时,2树种间无显著性差异。红桧和福建柏的发芽率和苗高的差异均达到极显著水平,而成苗率的差异达到显著水平,苗径的差异不能达到显著性水平。光蜡树与白蜡树的成苗率和苗高的差异均可达到极显著水平,而发芽率和苗径的差异不能达到显著水平。     

Dependence of the aboveground respiration of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) on tree size

Nighttime respiration was measured at monthly intervals over one year on the aboveground parts of five sample trees in an 8-year-old hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.) stand, by an enclosed standing-tree method. The respiration rate rose rapidly from early spring to a maximum in June, and decreased abruptly in July and then gradually toward autumn and winter. The seasonal change in the respiration rate was synchronized with stem volume increment rather than with monthly mean air temperature. The respiration rate, r, of individual trees increased with increasing tree dimensions, such as stem volume, v(S), and stem girth at the base of the live crown, G(B). The dependence of respiration rate on tree size was successfully represented by a power function. The r - v(S) dependence was rather stronger than the r - G(B) (2) dependence, especially toward the end of the growing season (from July to September). The observed respiration rate was almost the same as the respiration rate corrected for the monthly mean air temperature. The annual respiration of individual trees was directly proportional to their phytomass or to its increment. Although the annual respiration of individual trees decreased proportionally to the square root of the leaf mass, it decreased abruptly in the range close to the smallest sample tree. Combining the monthly relationship between respiration rate and stem volume with the tree size distribution in the stand, the stand aboveground annual respiration was estimated to be 20.4 Mg CO(2) ha(-1) year(-1) (= 12.5 Mg dry mass ha(-1) year(-1)) for an aboveground biomass of 17.4 Mg ha(-1) with an annual increment of 6.51 Mg ha(-1) year(-1), i.e., the stand aboveground annual respiration amounted to the equivalent of 72% of the biomass or to almost twice the biomass increment.     

Temperature dependence of the dynamic viscoelasticity of bases of Japanese cypress branches and the trunk close to the branches saturated with water

With the aim of obtaining findings on the dynamic properties of branches and their bases, as well as their support mechanisms, the present study examined the temperature dependence of the dynamic viscoelasticity of Japanese cypress samples saturated with water to clarify the responses in different regions, and identified factors influencing the characteristics. In the bases of the branches: E′ sharply decreased at approximately room temperature and significantly decreased at around 20 and 60 °C; a peak and shoulder peak of E″ or tan δ were noted at around 20 °C, and there was another peak of tan δ at around 60–80 °C; and mechanical relaxation was noted at around 20 °C and 60–80 °C. On the other hand, in some regions, including the trunks, branches, and their bases, mechanical relaxation was only noted on the high-temperature side. However, boiling treatment with about 12 % weight loss inhibited mechanical relaxation, and there were decreases in E′, E″, and tan δ at approximately room temperature. The bases of the branches of Japanese cypress are considered to develop its elasticity and viscosity to tolerate external stress by accumulating an extract, which enhances the strength of lignin.     

帽儿山地区四种树种树干呼吸的比较研究

树干呼吸是森林生态系统碳平衡的重要组成部分,它每年消耗碳同化总量(NPP) 的11%～33 %.本文采用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸气室于2010 年5 月测定了帽儿山地区4个主要树种(白桦、落叶松、山杨、红松)在不同高度、不同方位的树干呼吸速率,同时监测了树干表面温度.研究结果表明:树干呼吸速率随树干表面温度的升高而...     

Young's modulus of sections of living branches and tree trunks

Young's modulus along the grain (elasticity, E) was measured on 10 sections of branches and three tree trunks, with bark, of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud., Larix decidua Mill. and Betula pendula Roth. syn. verrucosa Ehrh. The sections were simply supported and corrections were made for taper and deflection due to shear. The E values for trunks were at the lower end of the range reported for green timber (2.4-7.5 GPa), and those for branches were still lower (0.7-4.6 GPa). Values of E for branches decreased with decrease in specific gravity, which corresponded with an increase in percentage water content. When E values were calculated using underbark diameters they fell more closely within the range reported for green timber.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the respiratory behavior of the branches of field-grown hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)

The effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations on the nighttime respiration were examined for two sample branches of a hinoki cypress tree (Chamaecyparis obtusa) growing in the field with an open gas exchange system for a one-year period from July 1994 to June 1995. The branches were of a similar size and located at a similar position within the crown. One branch was subjected to an elevated CO₂ concentration of 800 μmol mol⁻¹ and the other was subjected to ambient air which had a CO₂ concentration of about 370 μmol mol⁻¹. Nighttime respiration rate was higher in elevated CO₂ level than in ambient CO₂ level. The relationship between nighttime respiration and the corresponding nighttime air temperature was fitted by the exponential function in every month of the year. The segregation of regression lines between the two CO₂ treatments increased gradually as the seasons progressed during the treatment period. TheQ ₁₀ values for nighttime respiration were lower in elevated CO₂ (1.9 ≤Q ₁₀ ≤ 3.7) than in ambient CO₂ (2.4 ≤Q ₁₀ ≤ 4.5) in every month of the year. TheQ ₁₀ was inversely related to the monthly mean nighttime air temperature in both elevated and ambient CO₂. The estimated daily nighttime respiration rate under both CO₂ treatments had a similar seasonal pattern, which almost synchronized with the temperature change. The respiration ratio of elevated CO₂ to ambient CO₂ increased gradually from 1.1 to 1.6 until the end of the experiment. Our results indicate that the CO₂ level and the temperature have a strong interactive effect on respiration and suggest that a potential increase in respiration of branches will occur when ambient CO₂ increases.     

陇南市核桃枝干病虫害及其综合防控技术

陇南市是甘肃核桃主产区,栽培面积大,病虫害种类多,核桃枝干病虫害尤为严重。对陇南市核桃腐烂病等4种病害和云斑天牛等8种害虫的危害特征、发生规律进行了调研,提出了综合防控技术措施,为当地核桃产业发展和山区农民脱贫致富提供技术支撑。     

杨树枝干病害的主要类别及防治方法

该文将杨树主要枝干病害划分为真菌性溃疡病和细菌性溃疡病两大类别,并就每一类别的病害种类、症状特征和防治方法等加以阐述。     

基于 SketchUp 的亚美马褂木树干模拟及材积估算

以郁闭林分中11年生落叶阔叶用材树种亚美马褂木伐倒木带皮各分段圆盘为研究对象,圆盘处理后数码拍照,导入 SketchUp 软件进行模拟树干生长和不同干形曲线旋转体3D 模型建模及模型材积分析。建立了不同干形曲线旋转体树干模型,比较各模型材积,中央断面法模型材积适用性较好。该模型为树干3D 建模及其应用初探。它可作为构建整个树干生长基础构建和建模方法,为进一步构建动态3D 生长模型和数据分析应用,以及人工林林分3D 群体模型提供建模依据。     

Free amino acid content in trunk,branches and branchlets of Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae)

Araucaria angustifolia(Bertol.) O. Kuntze exhibits dimorphism in its stem structure, where the trunk is orthotropic and branches and branchlets(primary and secondary branches) are plagiotropic. These stems exhibit different behavior when used for vegetative propagation,and only segments of trunk can form a complete plant. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms that characterize these stems are still little known. The aim of this study was to describe the free amino acid profiles in trunks,branches, and branchlets of A. angustifolia. Segments of 5 cm in length were excised from young individuals below the stem apex. The needles were removed and samples were frozen and lyophilized. The determinations were made by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the results were expressed as lg/g fresh weight(FW). The trunks and branches had the highest content of total amino acids, which were 112.23 ± 20.57 lg/g FW and 111.97 ± 27.78 lg/g FW, respectively. The amino acids—glutamine, aspartate and c-aminobutyric acid and tyrosine—were noticeably higher in the three types of stems.In the trunk, a higher amount of asparagine and tryptophan,was also detected. Glutamic acid and glutamine were found in higher quantities in the branches. The branchlets had very low total amino acid content (30.79 ± 4.19 lg/g FW), wherein asparagine is the only amino acid not detected. Thus, it was observed that the profile of the free amino acid differs among trunks, branches, and branchlets in A. angustifolia, indicating that they perform different functions.     

树干涂毒环防治下树转移沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫研究

观察研究沙棘木蠹蛾当年生幼虫的下树转移危害习性,利用该习性采取在树干上涂毒环、绑毒绳的方法控制该虫。观察发现,2005年9月1日到18日,幼虫绝大多数是在09：00-16：00间下树转移,极少数是在20：00-08：00下树;2005年9月18日以后未曾在早上和夜晚观察到下树幼虫,幼虫都是在10：00-16：00间下树。幼虫从排粪处爬出,顺着树干向下爬,到地面时继续沿着树干钻入土层,最后找到适宜的场所,停留在树根部的树皮裂缝处。用中西杀灭菊酯与金天敌长效缓释剂按1：9的比例混合配成毒剂涂干,环宽5cm,施药第5天对沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的防治效果为100％,第30天防治效果在80％以上。     

树干注药法治疗红松球果蝇

红松球果蝇是危害红松球果的重要害虫之一,严重影响了红松种子的产量和质量,该种害虫1998年自刁翎局部零星发生危害,没能引起重视,1999年全局发生危害面积近2000hm2,以幼虫取食红松球果果轴及果肉隐蔽危害造成球果腐烂脱落,丰产而不丰收.     

Allometric differences between current-year shoots and large branches of deciduous broad-leaved tree species

Current-year shoots are mostly made of primary tissues, whereas first-order branches comprise mainly secondary tissues. Differences in tissue composition of these units reflect differences in functional design. We compared the allometry of current-year shoots and first-order branches in eight deciduous broad-leaved tree species and examined the functional differences underlying the design of current-year shoots and first-order branches. Allometric relationships of first-order branches tended to be compatible with predictions of the pipe model and elastic similarity model. That is, allometric constants of the relationships between leaf mass and stem diameter at the branch base and between stem diameter and stem mass were 2.0 and 0.33-0.38, respectively, indicating that the functional regulation of stem form of first-order branches can be predicted by the two models. However, allometric relationships of current-year shoots were not compatible with the predictions of the pipe and elastic similarity models. Thus, the allometric constant of the relationship between leaf mass and stem diameter at the base of current-year shoots was larger than 2.0, and the allometric constant of the relationship between stem length and stem diameter of shoots was larger than 1.0 in all species examined. However, current-year shoots had an allometric constant of leaf mass against stem length that was less than 1.0, suggesting a functional demand on shoot design to reduce self-shading. Also, allometric constants of stem length against stem diameter at the shoot base were larger in monopodial species than in sympodial species, whereas allometric constants of leaf mass per shoot against stem length were smaller in monopodial species than in sympodial species. We propose that the allometries of current-year shoots reflect their function as disposable units for temporary leaf arrangement.     

针叶树树种生长量差异研究

充分利用全国森林清查调查材料,用数理统计方法,检验各针叶树及总体内及它们的差异性检验的方法,得出各种间指标波动性区别不大,落叶松表现出与其他树种有显著性差异,介绍了研究方法、过程、以及对研究结果的分析,并对其实践应用指出了方向,同时指出本研究的局限性。     

Changes in the relationship between tree size and aboveground respiration in field-grown hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees over three years

Respiration measurements of aerial parts of 18-year-old hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.) trees were made under field conditions over three years to study changing relationships with tree age between respiration and phytomass, phytomass increment, and leaf mass. The relationship between annual respiration (r(a)) and phytomass (w(T)) was approximated by a proportional function (r(a) = aw(T)), where the proportional constant (a) decreased year by year. The effect of time on the relationship between annual respiration and phytomass of each sample tree was fitted by a power function. Respiration of the tree suppressed by the canopy decreased year by year, but respiration of the other trees increased slightly with age. The relationship between annual respiration and leaf mass was also approximated by a generalized power function. Excluding the suppressed tree, the relationship between annual respiration (r(a)) and the annual increment of aboveground phytomass (Deltaw(T)) was described by a proportional function (r(a) = 2.27Deltaw(T)), where the proportional constant, 2.27, was independent of sample tree and year, indicating that about 2.3 times of the annual aboveground phytomass increment equivalent was respired annually. For any tree, the time constant relationships between annual respiration and leaf mass and phytomass increment for different-sized trees were similar to the corresponding time continuum relationships. In contrast, the time continuum relationship between annual respiration and phytomass differed from the time constant relationship, indicating that respiration of less active woody tissue contributed significantly to aboveground respiration. Based on the relationship between tree size and annual respiration, annual aboveground stand respiration was estimated to be 25.0, 26.9, and 25.8 Mg(dm) ha(-1) year(-1) for the three consecutive years, respectively, and the corresponding aboveground stand biomass was 60.0, 69.0, and 76.8 Mg(dm) ha(-1).     

拉枝刻芽对苹果幼树1年生枝条萌芽和内源激素含量的影响

以3a生烟富3苹果为试材,研究了拉枝刻芽处理对苹果幼树1a生枝条萌芽率和叶片4种内源激素(IAA、GA_3、ZT、ABA)含量的影响。结果表明,刻芽处理的枝条萌芽率是未刻芽处理的1.34倍,平拉枝条的萌芽率最高,显著高于下拉枝和直立枝;下拉枝的赤霉素(GA_3)、生长素(IAA)和玉米素(ZT)含量均最高,显著高于直立枝,而脱落酸(ABA)含量以直立枝最高,下拉枝最低;GA_3/ABA、ZT/ABA、(GA_3+IAA)/ABA、(GA_3+ZT)/ABA均以下拉枝最大,直立枝最低;直立枝中,GA_3和ABA含量在下部最高,IAA和ZT含量在上部最高;平拉枝中,GA_3、IAA和ABA含量均以上部最高,ZT含量在中部最高;下拉枝中,GA_3含量在中部最高,IAA和ABA含量在上部最高,ZT含量在上部和中部无显著差异,两者显著高于下部。     

Determining the effect of tree size,bark-wood bond strength and tree form on the productivity of an excavator-based harvester in Acacia mearnsii in the KwaZulu-Natal forestry region of South Africa

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tree size, bark-wood bond strength and tree form on the productivity of cut-to-length harvesting of Acacia mearnsii, using an excavator-based harvester with a SP Maskiner harvester head in the KwaZulu-Natal forestry region of South Africa. Tree diameter and height measurements were used to determine individual tree volumes, after which the trees were classified into different bark-wood bond strength and tree-form classes. Time studies were carried out to determine harvester productivity. The results showed that tree size plays a crucial role in the productivity of the harvester, but bark-wood bond strength and tree form also influence productivity. The harvester productivity varied from 5.5 m³ per productive machine hour (PMH) in 0.05 m³ trees to 16.9 m³ PMH^?1 in 0.25 m³ trees The bark-wood bond strength did not influence harvester productivity when handling small trees of less than 0.1 m³. In small trees, the productivity of the harvester was also not affected by different form classes, but as tree size increased, there was greater productivity variation between the different form classes.     

Heat damage in tree seedlings and its prevention

Tree seedlings start to suffer stem damage or tissue death when the temperature at the soil surface reaches approximately 52°C. Seedling mortality rate accelerates as temperatures increase. Resistance to heat damage increases with size as the ability of a seedling to shade its base increase. Small newly germinated seedlings are at risk in late spring and early summer, while larger nursery-grown seedlings are at risk in mid to late summer, especially on soils with low heat capacity or conductivity, or with surfaces that are dry, dark colored or covered with organic matter. Heat damage to natural and planted seedlings usually occurs on flat or south-facing sites in regions with hot dry summers and clear skies, but can also occur in wetter regions under dry clear conditions. Shading only the basal portion of the stem appears to be as effective in preventing heat damage as shadingthe entire stem and some foliage, which can also reduce transpiration. Overhead shade and shade from live plants can reduce growth and survival.     

松材线虫病疫区春季枯死枝条的感病状况调查

通过对松材线虫病发生区春季枯死枝条感病状况况调查,树龄为10年生左右的枯死枝条带松材线虫比例为15.2%,15年生左右的为38.5%,而20年生左右的仅为10.0%。分析了枝条枯死原因,并提出了相应的防治建议。