利用δ13C方法研究添加玉米秸秆下红壤总有机碳和重组有机碳的分解速率

土壤有机碳分解速率是研究土壤碳动态变化的基础。本文利用13C自然丰度方法和同位素质谱分析技术,通过室内培育实验研究了红壤总有机碳和重组有机碳的分解速率,培养时间为180 d,培养温度为30℃。结果表明:在5%和10%秸秆用量下,红壤总有机碳的分解速率常数为8.2×10-4d-1~22.0×10-4d-1,而重组有机碳的分解速率常数为4.0×10-4d-1~15.6×10-4d-1。施用玉米秸秆明显地促进了红壤原有的总有机碳和重组有机碳的分解,施用量越多,原有机碳分解的越快,表明土壤中原有机碳的分解速率与进入到土壤中的新鲜有机碳量有关。     

土壤微生物生物量碳的表观周转时间测定方法

土壤微生物生物量碳周转对土壤有机质和养分循环起着决定作用。本研究建立了土壤微生物生物量碳周转时间的测定方法。培养条件下 (2 5℃、10 0 %湿度 ) ,加入14 C标记葡萄糖标记土壤微生物生物量碳 ,在 10 0d培养期内 ,每隔 2 0d测定一次14 C标记微生物生物量碳 (14 C BC) ,采用一级热力学方程拟合测定期内 (2 0～ 10 0d) 14 C BC 的周转速率常数 (k) ,由此计算土壤微生物生物量碳的表观周转时间。测定的 5个土壤在培养条件下微生物生物量碳的周转时间为 93～ 4 0 0d ,根据培养温度和实际田间年平均温度推算得到田间条件下土壤微生物生物量碳的周转时间为 1 0～ 4 1a。其主要影响因子为土壤质地 ,土壤利用方式的影响较小。土壤微生物生物量碳的周转时间能较好地反映土壤微生物生物量的周转状况及其与土壤有机质的周转和积累的关系。     

添加^14C标记稻草对喀斯特典型土壤有机碳矿化的影响

为了研究有机物质对喀斯特地区典型土壤有机碳积累与转化的影响,采集两种喀斯特典型土壤（棕色石灰土、黑色石灰土）和一种对照土壤（红壤）的表层土壤（0～15cm）,设置不添加外源物质（CK）和添加14C标记的稻草（T1）的处理,进行为期100d的土壤培养试验及矿化试验。测定并分析了这3种典型土壤类型的微生物生物量碳（MBC）表观周转时间和田间周转时间、外源有机物质对土壤原有有机碳的激发效应以及CO2释放量。结果表明：MBC表观周转时间和田间周转时间依次分别为（71±2）d、（243±20）d、（254±45）d和0.29、1.0、1.04a。添加标记的14C有机物质后,土壤原有有机质的激发效应大小依次为红壤〉棕色石灰土〉黑色石灰土。在相同条件下,红壤不利于土壤有机质的累积,而棕色石灰土和黑色石灰土有利于土壤有机质的累积。     

无机氮对土壤中有机碳矿化影响的探讨

采用1 4 C同位素示踪恒温密闭培养法 ,研究了秸秆和化肥配合施用体系中 ,无机氮对1 4 C秸秆碳矿化的影响 ,培养期一年。结果表明 ,在非石灰性土壤中 ,无机氮的施用促进了1 4 C秸秆碳的矿化 ,相对增加了土壤固有碳 ( 1 2 C)的固持 ,两者间的互补显示无机氮对土壤总碳矿化的影响不大 ;淹水土壤中的1 4 C秸秆碳年矿化率比旱地高 ,发现无机氮对1 4 C秸秆碳年矿化率的增加不论在旱地或水田状况是近似的。在石灰性土壤中 ,无机氮对1 4 C秸秆碳、土壤固有碳的矿化均起到抑制作用 ,没有发现无机氮对有机碳矿化的促进。对有机肥和无机肥配合施用体系中 ,化学氮肥对土壤有机碳转化影响 ,以及化学氮肥在土壤有机碳内循环中的作用功能等 ,提出了一些新的见解     

思茅松人工林土壤有机碳库特征

为探讨思茅松人工造林对土壤有机碳库的影响,以云南省普洱市思茅区8种定植模式及7个林龄的思茅松人工林为研究对象,对0～ 50 cm土层土壤有机碳质量分数及密度进行调查分析.结果表明：1）思茅松人工林土壤有机碳质量分数随土壤深度的增加而降低,8种定植模式13a思茅松人工林0～50 cm土壤有机碳质量分数皆大于思茅松天然林;不同林龄思茅松人工林土壤有机碳质量分数在4～10a处于降低阶段,12a以后开始升高.2）土壤可溶性碳质量分数随土壤深度的增加而减小,土壤微生物量碳主要集中于0 ～10 cm土层.3）8种定植模式思茅松人工林土壤有机碳密度在64.48 ～ 84.30 t/hm2之间,其中2m＆#215;4m定植模式最大,1m＆#215;1m模式最小;土壤可溶性碳密度数值范围为0.30 ～0.42 t/hm2,土壤微生物量碳密度为0.49 ～ 1.29 t/hm2;4～ 14 a思茅松人工林土壤有机碳密度和可溶性碳密度随林龄的增加呈现先降后升的特点,14a时土壤有机碳密度达92.14 t/hm2,可溶性碳密度达0.42 t/hm2;土壤微生物量碳密度10a时最大,达0.92 t/hm2.研究表明思茅松人工林具有较强的土壤碳积累能力.     

秸秆和菌渣改良剂对高寒沙地土壤有机碳库的影响

采用田间定位试验研究了秸秆颗粒(JG)和菌渣颗粒(JZ)改良剂(施用量分别为6,12,18,24 t/hm~2)对川西北高寒沙地土壤碳库的影响。结果表明:施用JG和JZ改良剂可显著提高沙化土壤有机碳含量、有机碳储量、活性碳、土壤微生物量碳、微生物熵和碳库管理指数,其中对土壤微生物量碳和微生物熵的提升效果最为显著。与CK相比,施用第2年JG处理土壤有机碳含量、有机碳储量、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数平均增加96.2%,100.0%,157.1%,169.4%,JZ处理平均增加69.2%,66.3%,85.7%,81.7%;而JG处理土壤微生物量碳、微生物熵分别较CK平均增加934.0%,433.0%,JZ处理平均增加956.2%,546.4%。JG改良剂对土壤有机碳库组分和碳库管理指数的提升效果优于JZ,而JZ改良剂更有利于提升土壤微生物量碳含量和土壤有机碳的周转速率。秸秆和菌渣改良剂均可增加沙化土壤有机碳库各组分含量,提高土壤有机碳周转速率和碳库管理指数,具有快速培肥沙化土壤的效果。     

蒙古高原草原土壤微生物量碳氮特征

沿着水分梯度采集了蒙古高原不同草原类型表层土壤样品 1 44个 ,分析了土壤微生物量C、N含量及其与年平均温度和降雨量的关系。结果表明 :蒙古高原草原土壤微生物量C、N与土壤有机C、全N、降雨量、温度均表现出了很好的相关性。微生物量C变化在5 1 7～ 797mgkg- 1之间 ,微生物量N变化在 1 1 0～ 1 1 8 6mgkg- 1之间。微生物量C∶N比变化在 5～ 9之间。土壤微生物量碳 (Cmic)占土壤有机碳 (Corg)的比例 (Cmic Corg)变化在 1 1 5 %～ 4 1 %之间 ,Cmic Corg与土壤有机C、全N、降雨量均成显著的负相关。土壤呼吸表现为草甸草原土壤 >典型草原 >荒漠草原 ,土壤呼吸与降雨量显著正相关 ,与温度显著负相关。呼吸熵 (QCO2 )与降雨量成二次抛物线关系。放牧对微生物量的影响与不同草原类型和放牧率有关。     

几种不同类型土壤有机碳库容大小及周转研究

通过土壤样品的室内培养,运用三库一级动力学理论,分析了沼泽土、草甸土、普通黄棕壤和棕色石灰土4种土壤有机碳库容大小、各碳库平均周转时间及分解动态。结果表明,4种土壤剖面表层和中层有机碳含量分别为8.48~24.53 g/kg,4.02~16.77 g/kg;活性碳占总有机碳含量的0.99%~5.01%,1.31%~1.91%,平均周转时间分别为8.8~14.3 d,10.4~16.5 d;缓效性碳占总有机碳含量的15.88%~59.04%,20.43%~48.36%,平均周转时间分别为1.3~29.1 a,3.6~21.3 a;惰性碳占总有机碳含量的39.97%~79.11%,50.31%~77.66%。不同类型土壤三库有机碳含量均是上层明显大于中层,培养3个月,表层和中层土壤有机碳累计分解量分别达到了165.99~2 429.57 mg/kg,108.04~743.02 mg/kg,4种土壤有机碳分解速率大小顺序:沼泽土>草甸土>棕色石灰土>普通黄棕壤,与活性碳的百分比含量成正相关关系。对培养期间土壤有机碳累计释放量进行拟合,发现三次方程(Y=b0 b1x b2x2 b3x3)能很好地描述其变化趋势,相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。     

采用14C同位素标记植物的装置与方法

碳同位素(14C)示踪是研究植物残体有机碳在土壤中分解与转化较灵敏的方法,已被广泛用于土壤有机碳周转动力学研究。本文详细介绍了一种在密闭箱中采用14C同位素标记植物的装置和操作方法。该装置设备简单,操作方便可靠;该方法亦适合于采用13C1、5N等同位素对植物进行标记和示踪。     

黑碳添加对土壤活性有机碳和原有机碳的影响

通过室内培养实验,向土壤(甘蔗土)中分别添加不同用量的黑碳(BC,350℃热解水稻秸秆),添加量分别为0(BC0)、1％(BC1)、2％(BC2)、3％(BC3)、4％(BC4)和5％(BC5),研究黑碳添加量对土壤活性有机碳和原有机碳的影响.结果表明,在25℃培养条件下,土壤易矿化碳(Cm)随黑碳添加量的增加而增加;土壤微生物生物量碳含量亦随添加量的增加呈增加趋势(BC3处理除外).土壤可溶性有机碳含量在BC1、BC2和BC3处理之间的差异不显著,并显著低于对照土壤(BC0);应用δ13C自然丰度方法研究发现,BC1处理抑制了土壤原有机碳分解,而BC2、BC3、BC4和BC5处理促进了土壤原有机碳的分解,但统计上未达显著水平.     

土壤水分状况对14C标记秸秆的腐解及腐殖质中碳素分布的影响

¹⁴C-tracer technique and closed incubation method were used to study straw ¹⁴C decomposition and distribution in different fractions of newly formed humus under different moisture regimes. Decomposition of straw ¹⁴C was faster during the initial days, and slower thereafter. Decay rate constants of straw ¹⁴C varied from 3.29 × 10^-3 d^-1 to 7.06 × 10^-3 d^-1. After 112 d incubation, the amount of straw ¹⁴C mineralized was 1.17~1.46 times greater in submerged soils than in upland soils. Of the soil residual ¹⁴C, 9.08%~15.73% was present in humic acid (HA) and 31.01%~37.62% in fulvic acid (FA). Submerged condition favored the formation of HA, and HA/FA ratio of newly formed humus (labelled) was greater in submerged soils than in upland soils. Clay minerals affected the distribution of straw ¹⁴C in different humus fractions. Proportion of ¹⁴C present in HA to ¹⁴C remaining in soil was greater in Vertisol than in Ultisol.     

Decomposition of carbon-14-labelled wheat straw in repeatedly fumigated and non-fumigated soils with different levels of heavy metal contamination

We analysed the decomposition of ¹⁴C-labelled straw at five different levels of heavy metal contamination (100-20,000 µg total Zn g^-1 soil) in non-fumigated and repeatedly fumigated soils. The soils were not spiked with Zn, but were taken from sites containing different heavy metal concentrations. Zn was only used as a reference and the effects observed are most likely due to this metal. Microbial biomass decreased with increasing heavy metal content of soils, paralleled generally by the decreasing amount of wheat straw ¹⁴C incorporated into the microbial biomass. In addition, the newly synthesised microbial biomass declined more rapidly as the incubation proceeded. In the repeatedly fumigated soils, microbial biomass ¹⁴C corresponded to roughly 50% of the maximum ¹⁴C incorporation of the non-fumigated soil. The relative decline during incubation was similar to that of the non-fumigated soil at the respective contamination level. These results reveal clearly that heavy metal effects on straw decomposition do not depend on the ratio of substrate C to microbial biomass C. In contrast to microbial biomass C, the mineralisation of the wheat straw was not seriously affected by heavy metal contamination. The same was true for all of the repeatedly fumigated treatments, where a much smaller microbial biomass mineralised nearly the same amount of straw as in the non-fumigated soils. However, repeated fumigation caused a strong reduction in the decomposition of soil organic matter. The ratio of CO₂-¹⁴C to microbial biomass ¹⁴C after 60 days was linearly related to the Zn concentration in both non-fumigated and repeatedly fumigated samples, clearly indicating that an additional energy cost is required by soil microorganisms with increasing heavy metal concentrations.     

CO2 efflux by rapid decomposition of low molecular organic substances in soils

Decomposition rates of the [2-¹⁴C]-glucose and [2-¹⁴C]-glycine in four different soils of the long-term field trial of Moscow were investigated in a 3-months laboratory experiment in which ¹⁴CO₂ respiration was measured. A model with three decomposition components and two distribution parameters was developed and validated with the data of the experiment. The decay rate constants of free [2-¹⁴C]-glucose (4–32 day^-1) were slower than those of [2-¹⁴C]-glycine (16–44 day^-1). The calculated use efficiency for microbial biosynthesis of the second carbon atom was 47% for glucose and 31% for glycine. The potential half-life of labelled carbon in the microbial soil biomass ranged from 0.6 to 4.4 days, depending on the soil type and the initial amount of added substrate. The calculated total utilisation of carbon by the soil biomass from glycine was about 2–5 times lower than that of glucose.The modelled ¹⁴C incorporation into the microbial soil biomass reached its maximum on the first day of the incubation experiment and did not exceed 22% of the ¹⁴C input. Both of the investigated substances decomposed most rapidly in the soil samples from sites that have not being fertilised with organic or mineral fertilisers during an 81-years period.     

Decomposition of maize residues after manipulation of colonization and its contribution to the soil microbial biomass

A 28-day incubation experiment at 12°C was carried out on the decomposition of maize leaf litter to answer the questions: (1) Is the decomposition process altered by chemical manipulations due to differences in the colonization of maize leaf litter? (2) Do organisms using this maize material contribute significantly to the soil microbial biomass? The extraction of the maize straw reduced its initial microbial biomass C content by 25%. Fumigation and extraction eliminated the microbial biomass by 88%. In total, 17% of added maize straw C was mineralized to CO₂ during the 28-day incubation at 12°C in the treatment with non-manipulated straw. Only 14% of added C was mineralized in the treatment with extracted straw as well as in the treatment with fumigated and extracted straw. The net increase in microbial biomass C was 79 μg g^?1 soil in the treatment with non-manipulated straw and an insignificant 9 μg g^?1 soil in the two treatments with manipulated straw. However, the net increase did not reflect the fact that the addition of maize straw replaced an identical 58% (≈180 μg g^?1 soil) of the autochthonous microbial biomass C₃-C in all three straw treatments. In the two treatments with manipulated straw, the formation of maize-derived microbial biomass C₄-C was significantly reduced by 25%. In the three straw treatments, the ratio of fungal ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C ratio showed a constant 60% increase compared to the control, and the contents of glucosamine and muramic acid increased by 18%. The average fungal C/bacterial C ratio was 3.6 in the soil and 5.0 in the recovered maize straw, indicating that fungal dominance was not altered by the initial chemical manipulations of the maize straw-colonizing microorganisms.     

Dynamics of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf straw mineralization as affected by the presence of soil and the availability of nitrogen

An incubation experiment was carried out with maize (Zea mays L.) leaf straw to analyze the effects of mixing the residues with soil and N amendment on the decomposition process. In order to distinguish between soil effects and nitrogen effects for both the phyllospheric microorganisms already present on the surface of maize straw and soil microorganisms the N amendment was applied in two different placements: directly to the straw or to the soil. The experiment was performed in dynamic, automated microcosms for 22 days at 15 °C with 7 treatments: (1) untreated soil, (2) non-amended maize leaf straw without soil, (3) N amended maize leaf straw without soil, (4) soil mixed with maize leaf straw, (5) N amended soil, (6) N amended soil mixed with maize leaf straw, and (7) soil mixed with N amended maize leaf straw. ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ (5 at%) was added. Gas emissions (CO₂, ¹³CO₂ and N₂O) were continuously recorded throughout the experiment. Microbial biomass C, biomass N, ergosterol, δ¹³C of soil organic C and of microbial biomass C as well as ¹⁵N in soil total N, mineral N and microbial biomass N were determined in soil samples at the end of the incubation. The CO₂ evolution rate showed a lag-phase of two days in the non-amended maize leaf straw treatment without soil, which was completely eliminated when mineral N was added. The addition of N generally increased the CO₂ evolution rate during the initial stages of maize leaf straw decomposition, but not the cumulative CO₂ production. The presence of soil caused roughly a 50% increase in cumulative CO₂ production within 22 days in the maize straw treatments due to a slower decrease of CO₂ evolution after the initial activity peak. Since there are no limitations of water or N, we suggest that soil provides a microbial community ensuring an effective succession of straw decomposing microorganisms. In the treatments where maize and soil was mixed, 75% of microbial biomass C was derived from maize. We concluded that this high contribution of maize using microbiota indicates a strong influence of organisms of phyllospheric origin to the microbial community in the soil after plant residues enter the soil.     

The initial rate of C substrate utilization and longer-term soil C storage

The initial reaction of microbial transformation and turnover of soil carbon inputs may influence the magnitude of longer-term net soil C storage. The objective of this study was to test the merit of the hypothesis that the more rapid substrates are initially utilized, the longer the residual products remain in the soil. We used simple model C compounds to determine their decomposition rates and persistence over time. Pure ¹⁴C compounds of glucose, acetate, arginine, oxalate, phenylalanine, and urea were incubated in soil for 125 days at 24°C. Total respired CO₂ and ¹⁴CO₂ was quantitatively measured every day for 15 days and residual soil ¹⁴C after 125 days. The percent ¹⁴C remaining in the soil after 125 days of incubation was positively and significantly correlated with the percent substrate utilized in the first day of incubation. The ¹⁴C in the microbial biomass ranged from 4–15% after 15 days and declined through day 125, contributing significantly to the ¹⁴C that evolved over the longer time period. Priming of ¹²C soil organic matter (SOM) was negative at day 3 but became positive, reaching a maximum on day 12; the total increase in soil C from added substrates was greater than the primed C. The primed C came from ¹²C SOM rather than the microbial biomass. This data supports the concept that the more rapidly a substrate is initially mineralized, the more persistent it will be in the soil over time.     

15N标记秸秆在太湖地区水稻土上的氮素矿化特征研究

采用室内恒温培养试验研究了在太湖地区乌栅土和黄泥土上添加15N标记秸秆后,秸秆15N在矿质氮、微生物氮和不同粒径土壤组分中的分配情况,并应用氮同位素库稀释法测定了秸秆在两种土壤上的氮总矿化速率。结果表明:两种土壤添加秸秆后,土壤矿质氮量在7～28 d之间迅速下降,微生物氮在前7 d逐渐升高,随后维持稳定。随着秸秆的分解,秸秆15N进入矿质氮库和微生物氮库,矿质15N在第7天时最高,占添加秸秆15N的9.24%～12.3%,微生物15N在第14天时最高,占添加秸秆15N的21.3%～40.5%,随后矿质15N和微生物15N量均下降。在培养的第7～28天之间,矿质15N和微生物15N出现下降,可能存在秸秆氮的损失。培养56 d时,10.5%～13.3%的秸秆15N进入土壤53μm～2 mm组分,24.5%～26.5%进入2～53μm组分,30%进入<2μm组分,有5.7%～14.9%的秸秆氮损失掉,仍有15.4%～29.1%的秸秆未分解,秸秆在乌栅土上分解的更多,但损失也更多。添加秸秆后0.5 d时,秸秆在乌栅土和黄泥土上的氮总矿化速率分别为1.61 mg kg-1d-1和1.48 mg kg-1d-1;56 d时,秸秆在乌栅土和黄泥土上的氮总矿化速率分别为0.26 mg kg-1 d-1和0.36 mg kg-1 d-1。     

Interactions between the fungicide benomyl and soil microorganisms

Decomposition of benomyl and carbendazim was studied in field experiments following repeated applications during autumn to winter cereals. Effects of the fungicides on straw decomposition, balance of straw fungal flora and mineralization of nitrogen in the soils were investigated in field and in laboratory experiments. Persistence in the field of the fungicides at doses of 0.1–0.2 kg ha^?1 was 9–12 months in clay soils and 12 months or longer in sand soil. Decomposition of straw in the field was not affected in clay soils by doses up to 2 kg ha^?1. In sand soil, doses up to 0.5 kg ha^?1 gave no effect but in one case at 2 kg ha^?1 the initial stages of straw decomposition were slightly inhibited. All doses tested in both clay and sand soils caused changes in composition of the straw fungal flora. In a laboratory experiment with benomyl in sand soil an increase in rate of nitrate accumulation was observed at a dose corresponding to 2 kg ha^?1.     

Determination and use of a corrected control factor in the chloroform fumigation method of estimating soil microbial biomass

Estimates of soil microbial biomass are important for both comparative system analysis and mechanistic models. The method for measuring microbial biomass that dominates the literature is the chloroform fumigation incubation method (CFIM), developed on the premise that killed microorganisms are readily mineralized to CO₂, which is a measure of the initial population. Factors that effect the CFIM have been thoroughly investigated over the last 15 years. A question that still remains after countless experiments is the use of an appropriate nonfumigated control for accounting for native soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization during incubation. Our approach was to add hot-water-leached ¹⁴C-labeled straw to both fumigated and nonfumigated samples assuming the straw would mimic a recalcitrant C substrate fraction of SOM. The ratio of the ¹⁴C evolved from the fumigated sample over the ¹⁴C evolved from the control sample would provide a corrected control value to be used in calculating microbial biomass. This experiment was conducted on soils from forest, agricultural, grassland and shrub-steppe ecosystems. The results clearly indicate that equal recalcitrant C mineralization during incubation is not a valid assumption. The results with these soils indicate than on the average only 20% of the control CO₂ should be subtracted from the fumigated CO₂ for the biomass calculation. The correction value ranged from 18% for agricultural soils to 25% for shrub-steppe soil, with the average correction value being 20%. Our experiments show that corrected biomass values will be 1.5–2 times greater than uncorrected biomass values. In addition using a corrected control improved the 1:1 correlation between the CFIM and SIR methods for these soils.