分时段修正双源模型在西北干旱区玉米蒸散量模拟中的应用

蒸散发(ET)是陆地水循环过程的重要组成部分,同时也是区域能量平衡以及水量平衡的关键环节,精确估算ET,对于提高水分利用效率以及优化区域用水结构具有重要意义。本文利用黑河重大计划观测数据,对比了考虑CO_2浓度和不考虑CO_2浓度对玉米冠层影响的冠层阻力模型,分别将其耦合到双源的Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)模型中,并利用这两种模型分时段对玉米整个生育期内半小时尺度上的ET进行模拟,利用涡度相关实测数据对模型进行验证,最后分别对影响玉米冠层阻力的气象要素和影响ET的阻力参数进行敏感性分析,探寻大气CO_2浓度改变条件下黑河中游绿洲区玉米不同生长阶段的农田耗水规律。结果表明:本文所修正的考虑CO_2浓度对玉米冠层影响的冠层阻力模型耦合到S-W模型后,能够较精准地模拟玉米整个生育期不同生长阶段半小时尺度上农田耗水过程。敏感性分析表明:各生长阶段冠层阻力(r_s~c)和冠层面高度到参考面高度间的空气动力阻力(r_a~a)对ET的影响最为强烈,其他阻力参数对ET的影响不明显,ET的变化程度随着r_s~c和r_a~a的增大而减小。本文所修正的考虑CO_2浓度影响的分时段双源模型能够精准地模拟玉米整个生育期各生长阶段的ET,可为种植结构调整和土地利用方式改变以及CO_2浓度变化环境下的农田蒸散研究提供参考。     

不同冠层阻力模型对冬小麦返青-成熟期蒸散量估算的影响

蒸散量是农田水循环的重要组成部分,其准确估算对精准灌溉及农业节水具有重要意义。PenmanMonteith(P-M)模型是常用的估算方法之一,但冠层阻力/表面阻力的准确表达一直是应用中的难点。选取常用的7种冠层阻力模型,根据北京市顺义区2a(2020年和2021年)的波文比实测结果,对不同模型模拟的小麦冠层阻力及P-M估算的小麦蒸散量进行比较,并进一步分析影响小麦冠层阻力的主要因子。结果表明,7种模型均低估了小麦冠层阻力,同时高估了蒸散量。总体而言,Todorovic模型（TD）模拟效果最好,其模拟的冠层阻力和蒸散量的R2均大于0.605,平均偏差（MBE）分别为-82.8s·m-1和10.4W·m-2,相应的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为254.4s·m-1和33.5W·m-2;其余6种模型表现均较差,所模拟的冠层阻力R2仅0.113～0.241,MBE和RMSE在-236.4～-61.3s·m-1、277.2～373.8s·m-1;基于6种模型模拟阻力得到的小麦蒸散量与实测值的R2在0.046～0.184,MBE和RMSE分别在44.5～97.4W·m-2、81.4～147.9W·m...     

六种冠层阻力模型在冬小麦蒸散估算中的应用

蒸散量是农田水循环中水分损失的主要途径,其准确估算对节水灌溉具有重要意义。单源的Penman-Monteith （P-M）模型是最常用的蒸散量估算方法,但模型中冠层阻力的合理参数化一直是研究中的难点。该研究选取常用6种冠层阻力模型,使用北京顺义2 a（2020年和2021年）的波文比实测结果,分析不同模型进行冬小麦冠层阻力及蒸散估算的可行性。结果表明：1）无参数校正条件下,6种模型均低估了冬小麦冠层阻力,同时高估了蒸散量。其中,Todorovic模型（TD）的普适性最好,其模拟的冠层阻力、蒸散量与实测值的R2都在0.605及以上;耦合的冠层阻力模型（CO模型）普适性最差,冠层阻力、蒸散量与实测值的R2分别为0.113、0.046;2）进一步使用2021年的试验数据进行模型参数校正、2020年的数据进行验证,发现校正后的JA、CO、GA、KP及FAO56-PM模型计算的冠层阻力和蒸散量与实测值的一致性大幅提高。除JA模型低估冠层阻力外,其余均高估冠层阻力、低估蒸散量。其中KP模型模拟的冠层阻力和蒸散量效果最好,R2均在0.907及以上,而其余5种模型估算精度也较好。6种模型的估算精度排序为KP、GA、TD、FAO56-PM、CO、JA。综上,所评价的模型校正后均可作为P-M模型的冠层阻力输入来估算冬小麦蒸散量,但TD 模型不需要参数校正,在数据不足时可作为首选;而KP模型参数较少,校正后拟合精度最高,在数据充足时可作为首选。研究结果对华北地区使用P-M一步法计算冬小麦蒸散量具有重要价值。     

基于AquaCrop模型的东北春麦区小麦冠层生长模拟研究

在AquaCrop作物模型数据库组建的基础上,应用该模型对东北春小麦冠层生长进行模拟。结果表明,除2010年呼玛地区模拟值低于实测值外,其余年份和地点的模拟值均高于实测值,IoA在0.726～0.995之间,模拟值与实测值的一致性较为理想;AquaCrop模型能较好反映正常年份下春麦生育活动,模型模拟情况与各地观测到的冠层发育情况较为一致。但对极端气候下的春麦冠层发育的模拟效果较为一般。在以后的研究中,需进一步对气象参数做出修正,以更好地应用于小麦的生产和预测。     

Penman Monteith模型中水稻冠层阻力的模拟

针对Penman Monteith模型冠层阻力的参数化问题,以南京地区2012-2013年水稻为研究对象,参照Jarvis的气孔阻力模型,建立了水稻的冠层阻力rc与气象、环境因子（太阳净辐射、饱和水汽压差、气温和土壤水分）的关系模型,并以蒸渗仪实测蒸散量资料为对照,对模型的精度进行检验。结果表明,所建水稻冠层阻力模型的拟合度2012年为0.911,2013年为0.810,将模型应用于Penman Monteith公式计算稻田蒸散量,两年的拟合精度分别为0.967和0.953,能较精确地估算稻田耗水量。对模型的敏感性分析表明,饱和水汽压差的拟合参数a2对模型的影响最显著。模型在一定程度上解决了冠层阻力计算复杂,观测量大且易产生观测误差的问题,可作为稻田蒸散的计算方法之一。     

冬小麦冠层降雨截留过程及其模拟研究

冬小麦冠层截留直接影响冬小麦对降雨的有效利用,通过模拟降雨试验和统计分析,系统研究了降雨量、降雨强度对冬小麦冠层截留特征的影响,建立了适于降雨冬小麦冠层截留的模型。结果表明:棵间雨量与降雨量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);冠层截留量与降雨量呈显著的幂函数关系(P<0.01)。降雨强度与棵间雨量百分比呈负指数函数关系(P<0.01),与冠层截留量百分比呈负幂函数关系(P<0.01)。不同降雨强度下冬小麦冠层截留过程趋势一致,降雨强度越小,其达到冠层截留容量时所需时间越长。降雨强度对冠层截留容量没有明显影响。在雨量恒定条件下,冠层截留量随雨强的增加而减小,呈明显的负相关关系。叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)与冬小麦冠层截留容量呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。构建了具有较好截留机制的冬小麦冠层降雨截留过程模型,并基于模拟降雨和天然降雨的数据拟合了模型参数,表征冬小麦降雨蒸发能力的参数α为0.008。模拟值和实测值有较好的一致性,显示了修正模型适用于冬小麦冠层截留计算。     

基于三维冠层模型的玉米光合作用和光能利用模拟

光线分布和叶片光合特征在冠层内部具有极强的时空异质性,基于三维冠层模型的玉米光合模型是精确评估品种高光效的重要手段。该研究将作物三维冠层模型、光线分布模型、光合模型与光能利用模型相耦合,建立了玉米冠层光合生产模型3DMaizeCaP,设置3个不同株型的玉米品种（矮单268、京科968和郑单958）,2种不同光照条件（晴天和阴天）,通过大田试验与模型模拟研究揭示了玉米冠层光合速率和光能利用效率对品种和环境的响应。结果表明,矮单268、京科968和郑单958的叶片最大光合速率和暗呼吸速率均随节位下降呈线性降低的垂直分布规律,各品种中矮单268的最大光合速率最大,而暗呼吸速率最小;冠层净光合速率日变化趋势明显,矮单268在阴天和晴天下的冠层最大净光合速率（以CO2计）为21.6和26.2 μmol/(m2·s),均显著（P<0.05）高于京科968（20.8和24.9 μmol/(m2·s)）和郑单958（19.6和24.4 μmol/(m2·s)）;矮单268的日CO2净同化量在阴天和晴天下均显著（P<0.05）高于郑单958,增幅分别高达14.8%和12.4%,各品种间株型虽有显著差异（P<0.05）,但冠层日累积光截获并无显著差异（P>0.05）;单叶尺度上,各叶片中第16节位的单叶日净同化量达到最大;矮单268的光能利用效率最大,在阴天和晴天下分别为3.22和3.03 g/MJ,比京科968分别高4.5%和5.6%,比郑单958分别高7.7%和7.8%;初始光量子效率对玉米冠层光能利用效率的敏感性显著高于最大光合速率（P<0.05）。从提高玉米冠层光能利用效率考虑,建议设计株型紧凑、叶片光合性能强的玉米品种。研究可为定量研究玉米冠层光合速率提供估算方法,也可为高光效品种选育提供评价依据和鉴定技术。     

风送喷雾雾滴冠层穿透模型构建及应用

研究雾滴在树冠内的分布规律,对优化喷雾参数,提高喷雾效果有重要意义。该文以叶密度、出口风速和取样深度为试验变量,用试验法研究了树冠内雾滴穿透比例分布规律;试验结果表明:雾滴穿透比例随叶密度、取样深度的增加而减小,随喷雾机出口风速的增大而增大,其中取样深度对穿透比例影响最为显著。在此基础上,结合试验数据与统计学方法,构建了雾滴穿透比例二次指数数学模型,并确定了模型的待定系数,其模型精度R2高于0.95,经检验模型有一定的合理性和可靠性。基于此模型,计算了雾滴冠后飘移率,与实测值相比,平均相对误差为16.73%。进一步对雾滴冠后飘移率影响因素、双面喷雾机理、喷雾参数优化进行了分析,拓展了模型应用,对模型局限性和进一步优化模型的后续研究设想展开了说明。研究对风送喷雾雾滴分布规律研究具有一定的参考价值。     

作物冠层BRDF的Monte Carlo模拟与分析

该文构建了光子在作物冠层传输的随机过程,采用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)方法模拟了作物冠层BRDF。对比蒙特卡罗模型和MCRM模型,分析了叶倾角(LAD)与叶面积指数(LAI)对两模型BRDF的影响,并对其中的变化给出了合理的解释。研究表明,两模型虽然在模拟的BRDF数值上有一定差异,但在不同LAD和LAI对BRDF的变化趋势上达到了较好的一致性。最后,用实测BRDF数据验证和分析蒙特卡罗模型,结果表明,蒙特卡罗模型与实测BRDF较为吻合,蒙特卡罗模型可以作为其他作物冠层BRDF前向模拟的有效验证工具。     

苏南地区典型作物冠层阻力参数及潜热通量的模拟

准确测算和模拟农田潜热通量对农业生产有着重要意义。该研究基于波文比能量观测系统对苏南地区夏玉米和冬小麦生育期内潜热通量进行连续观测,采用Katerji-Perrier（KP）和Todorovic（TD）两种方法来确定Penman-Monteith（P-M）模型中冠层阻力参数,探究两种冠层阻力参数子模型的估算误差及成因。结果表明：冬小麦生育期内主要气象因子呈现相似变化趋势,净辐射日均值呈现出波动上升趋势。两种冠层阻力参数子模型对冬小麦潜热通量模拟均取得良好的模拟效果,模拟R2不小于0.84,纳什系数不小于0.86,但KP模型精度稍高于TD模型。KP模型对冬小麦和夏玉米潜热通量均有高估,而TD模型高估了夏玉米潜热通量,饱和水汽压差是影响KP和TD两种冠层阻力参数子模型误差的主要因素,且饱和水汽压差越大绝对误差越大。研究为当地农业用水管理提供科学依据。     

不同冠层阻力公式在玉米田蒸散模拟中的应用

在我国北方地区,水分供给一直是影响粮食产量的主要因素。玉米作为我国三大粮食作物之一,关乎其水分蒸散的观测和模拟一直是气象、水文、生态等相关学科的重要研究内容。研究玉米蒸散对于粮食安全、节水灌溉、提高作物水分利用效率具有重要意义。作为经典的双源模型,Shuttleworth-Wallace(SW)模型分别考虑土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾,非常适合于稀疏植被的蒸散估算。本文在SW模型中采用不同冠层阻力公式对玉米地蒸散进行模拟,并用涡度相关实测通量数据对模型的模拟效果进行验证。结果表明,采用Jarvis冠层阻力公式的SW1模型与采用Kelliher-Leuning冠层阻力公式的SW2模型模拟的蒸散量都与实测值吻合较好,相关系数均在0.85以上(P0.01),一致性指数都达到0.92以上。敏感性分析表明,SW模型估算蒸散对冠层阻力最敏感。在计算冠层阻力的各个参数中,SW1模型估算蒸散对田间持水量最敏感,其次是最小气孔阻力和有效叶面积指数;SW2模型估算蒸散对最大气孔导度最敏感。传统SW模型中,冠层阻力计算采用Jarvis公式,计算复杂。改用Kelliher-Leuning公式后,在一定程度上简化了模型的计算,更方便模型应用。     

Applying a Lagrangian dispersion analysis to infer carbon dioxide and latent heat fluxes in a corn canopy

Warland and Thurtell (2000) proposed an analytical dispersion Lagrangian analysis (hereafter WT analysis) to relate the mean scalar concentration field to source profiles inside the canopy. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the WT analysis with existing turbulence statistics parameterizations in a corn canopy, by comparing its inferred net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and latent heat flux (λE) with eddy covariance measurements. The second objective was to assess the performance of the WT analysis to infer the soil CO₂ flux. Four parameterizations of turbulence statistics were used to estimate Lagrangian time scale (T_L) and standard deviation of vertical wind velocity (σ_w) profiles. The estimated T_L and σ_w profiles were then corrected for atmospheric stability conditions. The field experiment was carried out in a corn field from August to October 2007 and 2008. Profiles of water vapour and CO₂ mixing ratios were measured using a multiport sampling system connected to an infrared gas analyzer. Wind velocity within and above the canopy and eddy covariance measurements over the canopy were taken. The soil respiration, estimated using the WT analysis, was compared to estimates obtained by an empirical model. WT analysis fluxes showed good correlation (R² = 0.77-0.88) with NEE and λE obtained by the eddy covariance technique, but overestimated net fluxes, especially when corrections for atmospheric stability were applied. The optimization of T_L and σ_w profiles using in-canopy turbulence measurements improved the agreement between measured and modeled NEE and λE. Inferred soil CO₂ fluxes were underestimated and were poorly correlated (R² = 0.02-0.01) with estimates obtained using an empirical model based on soil temperature. This poor performance in estimating the soil respiration is likely caused by the decoupling between inside and above canopy flows.     

基于APSIM模型旱地春小麦产量对温度和CO2浓度升高的响应

为了探索气候变化对旱地春小麦生长的影响机理,在田间试验的基础上通过调试APSIM模型参数,并对模型进行检验,用APSIM模型模拟7个温度水平和7个CO2浓度水平组合设计下的春小麦产量,并采用二次多项回归和通径分析研究春小麦产量对温度和CO2浓度升高的响应。结果表明:当温度不变,CO2浓度每升高100 mol·mol-1,春小麦平均增产4.9%,最大增产可达到14.6%;春小麦产量随CO2浓度升高呈递增型二次抛物线变化,但春小麦产量会出现报酬递减。当CO2浓度不变时,温度每升高1℃,春小麦平均减产6.1%,最大减产幅度高达14.2%;春小麦产量随温度升高呈递减型二次抛物线变化。温度和CO2浓度同时升高对春小麦产量存在正的协同作用,但温度对春小麦产量负效应大于CO2浓度对春小麦产量的正效应。温度和CO2浓度同时升高会对旱地春小麦产量形成不利。     

Developmental patterns of lamellae and stroma fractions of chloroplasts in rice plants

On examining the changes in lamellae and stroma nitrogen during leaf development, it is demonstrated that the lamellae and stroma fractions ofrice chloroplasts develop in quite different ways. In the case of stroma, the stroma materials existing in the leaf section which has just emerged from a leaf sheath are quite limited and the major part of this fraction is derived from the successive protein synthesis, i.e., the synthesis of this fraction was markedly increased during leaf expansion. This developmental pattern of the stroma coincided with the changes in the high-molecular-weight water soluble leaf protein, which seemed to be mainly composed of Fraction I protein. A rapid increase in stroma nitrogen was found to be a major cause for an increase in the leaf nitrogen content during leaf development.

On the other hand, the developmental pattern of the lamellae fraction was characterized by the fact that a considerable amount of this fraction had already been prepared when a leaf emerged from a leaf sheath and thereafter, no outstanding increase was seen compared to that of the stroma. This developmental pattern of the lamellae fraction resulted in a lowering of the proportion of lamellae nitrogen to the total leaf nitrogen during leaf development.

A great change in the lamellae-stroma composition of chloroplasts was observed. The proportion of stroma nitrogen to the total chloroplast nitrogen tended to increase as a leaf develops. Since the developmental stage varied according to the regions of a leaf, variation of the lamellaestroma composition was seen even within a leaf, i.e., the proportion of stroma nitrogen increased from base to tip.

In order to compare the synthetic rate of chlorophyll with those of the stroma and lamellae fractions, the changes in the ratios of stroma nitrogen/chlorophyll and lamellae nitrogen/chlorophyll were examined. The lamellae nitrogen/chlorophyll ratio decreased as a leaf developed, whereas the stroma nitrogen/chlorophyll ratio increased. Then the synthetic rates of these fractions during leaf development turned out to be of the same order as the stroma fraction, chlorophyll, lamellae fraction.     

Pressure correction to the long-term measurement of carbon dioxide flux

Fluctuations in atmospheric CO₂ density can arise from static pressure fluctuations but their effect on the long-term eddy covariance (EC) CO₂ flux measurement is poorly known. In this paper, we report the results of a 1-year direct measurement of the static pressure fluctuations and the velocity-pressure covariance over a mixed forest in Northeast China. The results show that the pressure-vertical velocity covariance was primarily controlled by friction velocity and air stability. Without the pressure correction, the open-path EC measurement of the nighttime ecosystem respiration was biased low and that of the daytime photosynthetic CO₂ uptake was biased high. Over the 1-year measurement period, the cumulative pressure correction was 40 gCm⁻², which was about 20% of the annual net ecosystem production of this forest. Using the friction velocity data found in the literature, we estimated the magnitudes of the pressure correction for the major ecosystem types in the long-term global EC network (FluxNet).     

Effects of past, present and future atmospheric CO2 concentrations on soil organic matter dynamics in a chaparral ecosystem

Owing to the continuously increasing concentration of atmospheric CO₂, it has become a priority to understand if soil organic matter (SOM) will behave as a sink or a source of CO₂ under future environmental changes. Although many studies have addressed this question, a clear understanding is still missing, particularly with respect to long-term responses. In this study, we quantified soil C stores and dynamics in relationship to soil aggregation and pool composition in a Californian chaparral ecosystem exposed for 6 years to a gradient of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, ranging from pre-industrial levels 250 to 750 μl l⁻¹ CO₂. Fossil fuel-derived CO₂ depleted in ¹³C was used for the fumigation, thus providing a tracer of C input from the vegetation to the soil.Long-term CO₂ exposure invariably affected soil aggregation, with a significant decrease in the macroaggregate fraction at highest CO₂ levels relative to the other two size fractions (i.e. microaggregates and silt and clay). This soil structural change most likely reduced the stability and protection of SOM, and C content generally decreased in most fractions over the CO₂ treatments, and induced faster turnover of recently fixed C at high CO₂ levels. The strongest response was found in the C content of the microaggregates, which decreased significantly (P<0.05) with rising levels of CO₂. We conclude that increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will decrease soil C in chaparral ecosystems, and that the microaggregate fraction is the most responsive to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂.     

桑树叶片光合诱导对光强转换的响应

在温室条件下, 以桑树品种“蒙古桑”幼苗为试验材料, 应用气体交换和叶绿素荧光测定技术, 研究了光强转换过程中桑树叶片的光合诱导响应。结果表明: 光强由黑暗或低光转换到高光时, 桑树叶片净光合速率需要10 min的光诱导才能达到稳定状态, 其中1~2 min之内的光诱导较快(快相诱导), 8~10 min诱导较慢(慢相诱导)。当光强由黑暗转到高光时, 光量子转化效率的诱导过程滞后于光合碳同化诱导过程; 当光强由高光转到低光或黑暗时, 桑叶的光合诱导平衡速率快于光强由低光或黑暗转到高光时的平衡速率。说明光量子转化效率的光诱导受碳同化诱导过程的限制, 光量子转化效率的诱导主要通过调控PSⅡ开放的反应中心比例来实现。     

翅果油树净光合速率日变化及其主要影响因子

对翅果油树叶片净光合速率日变化进行了测定,并分析其与蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度等光合参数及环境因子的关系.结果表明:翅果油树叶片净光合速率日变化呈"双峰"曲线,具有明显的光合"午休"现象,最高峰分别出现在9:00和15:00,变化范围在1.25～11.35 μmol·m-2·s-1之间;11:00～12:00引起净光合速率降低的主要因素是气孔限制因素,9:00～11:00、15:00～19:00则为非气孔限制因素.净光合速率与光合参数的关系在一天中不同时段表现不同,6:00～9:00、15:00～19:00叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈极显著负相关;9:00～12:00叶片净光合速率与胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度分别呈显著和极显著正相关,与蒸腾速率呈不显著负相关;12:00～15:00叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈显著正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度呈不显著正相关.6:00～9:00影响叶片净光合速率的主要环境因子及其作用大小为光合有效辐射>胞间CO2浓度,且前者表现为正效应,后者表现为负效应;9:00～12:00为光合有效辐射>空气CO2浓度,且前者表现为负效应,后者表现为正效应;12:00～15:00为空气相对湿度,表现为正效应;15:00～19:00为光合有效辐射>空气温度,两者均表现为正效应.     

无糖培养条件下大型组培箱内CO2变化规律及对组培苗的影响

该文采用中国农业大学农业部设施农业生物环境工程重点开放实验室研制的设有组培微环境实时监控系统的大型组培箱，分别对矮牵牛、菊花和番茄组培苗移栽后箱体内CO₂浓度的变化规律及不同CO₂增施浓度对无糖组培苗生长的影响进行了研究。试验表明：移栽后的当天，组培箱内的CO₂浓度便开始下降，第2 d下降速度明显加快，均降至100 μL/L以下。在移栽后的第4～5 d，箱体内CO₂浓度下降到35 μL/L左右后便不再下降，一直在30～40 μL/L之间波动。因此得出：无糖培养在组培苗移栽后的第2 d就应增施CO₂，否则会直接影响组培苗的生长。在不同CO₂增施浓度试验中，当光照度控制在80 μmol/(m²·s)时，CO₂浓度为(650±50)μL/L时培养出的组培苗生长状况最好。