氯氰菊酯在露地和大棚小白菜上的残留动态研究

为了在设施蔬菜上科学安全地使用氯氰菊酯农药,采用气相色谱和田间试验方法,对10%氯氰菊酯乳油在露地、大棚小白菜上的残留动态和最终残留进行了对比研究。小白菜样品采用乙腈超声提取、固相萃取净化和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定,在0.1~1.0mg/kg的添加水平下,氯氰菊酯的平均回收率为92.9%~106.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.8%~8.4%,最低检测浓度为0.01mg/kg。田间试验表明,氯氰菊酯在小白菜上降解较快,降解速度与其栽培方式有关,施药剂量为推荐剂量的2倍（有效成分为90g/hm2）时,在露地小白菜上的半衰期为1.856天,7天可降解90%以上;在大棚小白菜上的半衰期为2.314天,10天可降解90%以上。在有效成分90g/hm2剂量下施药3次,2次施药间隔7天,氯氰菊酯在露地栽培小白菜上的安全间隔期为3天,大棚栽培条件下的安全间隔期应延长至7天。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂在小白菜和土壤中的残留动态研究

采用田间试验的方法, 研究了高效氯氟氰菊酯在小白菜及土壤中的残留动态, 应用气相色谱法测定了高效氯氟氰菊酯在小白菜和土壤中的残留量。本方法小白菜中高效氯氟氰菊酯的平均回收率分别为91.03%-94.39%;土壤中高效氯氟氰菊酯的平均回收率分别为88.72%-91.70%。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯在小白菜和土壤中消解较快, 其半衰期分别为5.53d -7.37d和3.09d -7.15d。在小白菜上使用25g/l高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油, 按照推荐使用剂量(有效成分7.5g/hm2 )最多施药3次, 最后一次施药7d后,采收的小白菜中高效氯氟氰菊酯残留量小于0.2 mg/kg。     

甲维.毒死蜱40%水乳剂在水稻和稻田中的残留动态研究

为了评价甲维?毒死蜱40%水乳剂在稻田中使用后的残留行为及环境安全性,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器（HPLC-FLD）和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）分别对样品中的甲维盐、毒死蜱进行测定,并通过田间试验对该药中甲维盐和毒死蜱在水稻和稻田中的消解动态及最终残留进行研究。结果表明：甲维盐和毒死蜱在稻田水、土壤和稻秆中均消解较快,甲维盐半衰期分别为17.55、35.55、19.10 h;毒死蜱半衰期分别为0.90~1.36天、3.02~5.30天和4.43~5.82天。在稻田中施用甲维?毒死蜱40%水乳剂,按推荐使用剂量施药2次,距末次施药21天以上,收获的糙米中未检出甲维盐,并且其中毒死蜱的残留量也低于中国规定的毒死蜱在糙米中的最大残留限量（MRL）0.1 mg/kg,此时收获的糙米食用是安全的。     

毒死蜱在冬季芹菜中的残留降解动态研究

为了探索芹菜中农药残留超标的可能原因,降低农药残留超标率,通过2年的降解动态试验,研究了毒死蜱在冬季大棚和露地芹菜中的残留降解动态以及在相同条件下与白菜的对照试验。结果表明,在不同剂量下,毒死蜱在大棚芹菜中的残留半衰期为11~12天,在白菜中的残留半衰期为4~6天,说明毒死蜱在大棚芹菜中的降解速率明显低于白菜。毒死蜱在露地芹菜中的半衰期在9~10天,比大棚降解快。因此,建议毒死蜱在芹菜上的安全间隔期应达到60天,同时实际芹菜种植过程中应加强对毒死蜱用药期的控制或用易降解的生物农药替代。     

甲基毒死蜱在棉花上的残留动态研究

通过大田试验和气相色谱分析,研究了甲基毒死蜱在棉花上的消解动态和最终残留.研究表明,甲基毒死蜱在棉花上的半衰期为4.92～6.09 d,在土壤中的半衰期为4.76～6.95 d.40%甲基毒死蜱乳油按推荐剂量2 250mL/hm2和加倍剂量4 500mL/hm2施药3～4次,施药间隔10 d,距最后一次施药30 d采样,在棉籽中未检出甲基毒死蜱的残留.     

灭蝇胺在菜用大豆上的残留消解动态及安全性评价

为了研究灭蝇胺在菜用大豆上的残留消解动态并对其进行安全评价,本研究采用液相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究了菜用大豆上灭蝇胺的残留量。试验表明：菜用大豆上灭蝇胺的原始残留量因不同施药方案有所差异,施用375 g a.i./hm2的原始残留量＞施用187.5 g a.i./hm2的原始残留量;间隔7 天连续施用2 次的原始残留量＞施用1 次;残留消解动态符合一级动力学方程,半衰期(T1/2)为5.6~6.1 天,T0.99为37.3~40.6 天;在最终残留试验区,灭蝇胺按常规施药量(187.5 g a.i./hm2)及施药方法,施药1 次与间隔7天连续施药2 次,在末次施药后15 天,最终残留量分别为0.132~0.194 mg/kg 和0.156~0.202 mg/kg,产品符合GB 2763—2014规定的豆类的MRL(0.5 mg/kg)要求。     

农药在蔬菜中的残留动态及降解规律

为了寻找有效降低蔬菜中农药残留的方法,促进蔬菜产业的健康发展,本研究选用百菌清、氰戊菊酯、乐果3种使用广泛、具有代表性的农药为试验材料,采用气相色谱法测定蔬菜上农药的残留动态。结果表明：施药当天氰戊菊酯、乐果、百菌清3种农药在生菜中的残留量要明显高于番茄,分别高出42.9%、44.9%、57.8%,第7天3种农药在番茄和生菜的残留量分别为154~285μg/kg、258~528μg/kg。施药当天乐果、百菌清、氰戊菊酯3种农药在大棚中芹菜上的残留量较露地分别高出2.9%、7.1%、6.0%。在5~20天期间露地芹菜的农药降解速度也明显高于大棚。氰戊菊酯的沉降试验表明：1天内沉降量为农药用量的8.77%~19.64%。农药在蔬菜上的起始浓度与蔬菜食用部分表面积比有关;大棚蔬菜的农药降解速度要明显慢于露地蔬菜农药的降解速度;农药的沉降现象是影响大棚农药残留量的重要因素。     

百菌清在不同季节设施蔬菜上的残留降解规律研究

研究了山东省不同季节设施黄瓜和番茄上百菌清的残留状况与残留降解规律,评价百菌清的安全性。结果表明：残留消解动态符合方程Ct=C0e-kt,在春秋两季黄瓜中的半衰期为2.1~5.2天,番茄中的半衰期为3.1~6.0天。300~600倍液施药水平下,施药2~3次,施药间隔为7天,末次施药7天后,百菌清在黄瓜上的残留量为3.101~0.912 mg/kg,在番茄上的残留量为4.093~1.071 mg/kg,残留量低于联合国食品法典委员会(CAC)规定的最大残留限量值(MRL)5.0 mg/kg。百菌清的降解具有明显的季节性差异,按照推荐剂量用药,春季的安全间隔期应在7~10天,秋季应在10~14天。     

乐斯本乳油在小麦和土壤中的残留试验

2000~2001年分别在北京市郊区和武汉市郊区进行了48%乐斯本乳油在小麦和土壤中残留消解规律和最终残留量的研究。结果表明,其有效成分毒死蜱在小麦上的半衰期为2.5~4.2 d,土壤上的半衰期为3.7~9.5 d;在用量375~750 g/hm2、施用1~2次的情况下,小麦麦粉中残留量为未检出(<0.011)~0.038 mg/kg,麦秸中残留量为未检出(<0.045)~0.960 mg/kg,土壤中残留量则均未检出(<0.006 mg/kg)。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定稻田中肟菌酯及其代谢物的残留

为评价肟菌酯在水稻和环境中的安全性,笔者开展肟菌酯在水稻和稻田环境中的残留量及消解动态研究。笔者进行2年3地田间试验。植株消解动态试验按84.37 g a.i./hm2,土壤、田水消解按562.5 g a.i./hm2各施药1次;最终残留试验按84.37 g a.i./hm2(高剂量)和56.25 g a.i./hm2(低剂量)分别施药3次和4次,水稻收获期采样。结果表明,肟菌酯在田水、土壤和植株中的消解半衰期分别为1.8~7.3天、2.4~9.7天、1.4~12.4天。肟菌酯在土壤、植株、谷壳和糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.293、4.435、8.569、0.901 mg/kg。糙米最终残留量低于CAC规定的最大残留限量(MRL)5.0 mg/kg。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.