西北旱区膜下滴灌条件下种植模式对制种玉米生长影响

为了探究膜下滴灌条件下西北旱区制种玉米高产节水最佳种植模式。通过田间小区试验,设置了9种宽窄行种植模式处理。窄行间距为30 cm(N30)和40 cm(N40),宽行间距分别为60 cm(W60)、70 cm(W70)、80 cm(W80)、90 cm(W90)和100 cm(W100),其中对于N40处理,没有设置宽行间距为100cm的处理,株距统一为15 cm。结果表明,窄行间距相同时,随着宽行间距增大,株高呈减小趋势、茎粗及叶面积指数呈增大趋势;相同种植密度下,窄行行间距为30cm时,其植株茎粗小、株高高;各处理生育期累计耗水量ET范围约为525.10~545.18 mm;从群体总体产量水平来看,在相同种植密度情况下,N30处理的总体产量水平高于N40处理。[结论]从稳定高产角度考虑,推荐当地膜下滴灌制种玉米种植模式为：窄行和宽行种植间距分别为30和70 cm。     

水稻稻米Hg累积的遗传生态特性研究

选用6个不同类型的水稻品种（系）,按完全双列杂交设计（6×5）配成一套亲本、F1和F2 3个世代的遗传材料。采用包括种子、细胞质、母体植株三套遗传体系的种子性状遗传模型和统计分析方法,系统分析了稻米汞含量性状的遗传特点。主要结果如下：遗传方差分析结果表明,Hg元素含量除了受制于种子基因效应、细胞质基因效应和母体植株基因效应等遗传主效应外,还会明显受到各遗传效应与环境互作效应的影响,汞元素含量主要以遗传主效应为主。在各遗传体系中,汞元素含量以显性效应及其与环境互作效应为主,种子基因效应也有一定作用。遗传率和选择响应分析结果表明,汞总狭义遗传率较高,世代的遗传传递力较强,在鉴定筛选淘汰时,需要加大群体才能达到降低Hg元素含量的育种目标。     

小麦主要农艺性状的遗传分析

为研究小麦主要农艺性状的遗传规律,利用小麦花药培养技术,构建了小麦杂交组合"豫麦57×花培3号"的DH群体.应用该群体研究了株高、穗下节长、穗长、单株穗数、结实小穗数、不育小穗数、总小穗数、千粒重8个数量性状的遗传力,分别为83%、87.62%,98.3%、31.69%、33.31%、57.4%、43.12%、72.9%.通过各性状偏度和峰度系数的估算,分析了影响各性状的基因数目及基因作用方式.结果表明,控制株高、穗下节长、穗数、不育小穗数和千粒重的基因间无互作,控制穗长的基因间存在互补作用,控制结实小穗数和总小穗数的基因间可能存在重叠作用.     

基于温热玉米F2∶3家系的株型相关性状遗传分析

株型在玉米种质改良过程中扮演着重要的角色,理想株型是提高玉米种植密度的关键因素,可提高产量。本研究以热带玉米自交系QR273(母本)和温带自交系HCL645(父本)为亲本,通过杂交和自交获得160份F2:3家系。分析该群体的株高、穗位高、叶夹角、雄花分枝数的变异情况和相关性,旨在剖析玉米种质改良过程中株型相关性状的选择方向。结果表明,该群体株型相关性状变异较大,各性状呈现近似正态分布。株高、穗位高、雄花分枝数之间呈显著正相关,其中株高与穗位高相关系数最高,为0.672,即株高越高穗位越高,一定程度反映了株型性状玉米人工选择过程中的指示作用。     

土壤不同养分条件下高粱主要农艺性状的遗传分析

以１３个外引高粱品种为试材,分别播种于中等肥力地块（对照区）和瘠薄地块（鉴定区）。遗传分析表明,所有９个性状在品种间差异均达极显著水平,土壤的养分状况不影响品种间差异性的表达。两区各性状的遗传变异幅度基本趋于一致,但各性状在两区的遗传变异系数之差值却有明显不同,该值愈大,说明该性状对土壤养分愈敏感,试验中该值较大的性状有穗粒重、三级枝梗数和二级枝梗数,对旱瘠地来说属不良性状,但却有大的改良潜力。其余６个性状的该值较小,其中以穗长为最小,这可为高粱抗性材料的早期选育工作提供依据,也使高粱资源的遗传评价更为深刻、全面。     

基于温热玉米F2:3家系产量相关性状的遗传解析

以Suwan代表性自交系T 32(母本)和PB群核心自交系齐319(父本)为亲本,获得128份F2:3家系,并对该群体的8个产量相关性状进行了正态性检验与相关性分析.结果表明,群体产量相关性状变异较大,各性状呈现近似正态分布.百粒重与粒长、粒宽呈极显著正相关,穗行数与粒宽呈极显著负相关;穗长与穗行数、行粒数相关性显著;...     

短季棉主要农艺性状的遗传分析

选用5个早熟不早衰的短季棉品种和5 个早衰的短季棉品种进行部分双列杂交。通过对亲本、F1 和F2 代分别于2001 年和 2002 年两年田间试验研究。结果表明:子棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分3个性状以显性效应为主,其次为加性效应,同时还存在极显著的加性上位性与环境的互作效应,单铃重和成铃数以显性效应为主;与早熟有关的诸性状,生育期、始花期、铃期和果枝始节4个性状以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应,霜前花率以显性效应×环境互作效应为主,同时存在显著的加性上位效应,落叶株率以加性与加性互作上位性为主,落叶指数以加性效应为主;与纤维品质有关的诸性状,2.5%跨长、比强度、伸长率3个性状以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应,同时还存在着加性、上位性与环境的互作效应;同时还研究了产量、早熟性和纤维品质各性状之遗传和表型相关关系。     

离子注入对小麦苗期性状的诱变效应研究

为了研究离子注入剂量对小麦苗期性状的影响,用7种不同剂量的低能N^ 离子分别注入3个小麦品种(系)的干种子,进行发芽试验和盆栽试验。结果表明：离子注入对种子发芽存在品种特异性,在本试验条件下发芽率剂量间差异不显著,发芽势随剂量增大而下降。离子注入对苗高、第一叶长和初生根的影响在剂量间差异均达极显著水平;对次生根的影响存在品种特异性。离子注入后比未经离子注入时表现苗高、第一叶长降低。而初生根和次生根增多的现象;各剂量对苗高、第一叶长、初生根和次生根4个苗期性状影响趋势相同。均随着剂量的增大而呈先降后升再降的趋势。     

山西省小麦苗期根系性状及抗旱特性分析

小麦苗期根系形态是成株期根系分布的基础,与抗逆和产量密切相关,全面认识苗期根系及抗旱特性,对于抗旱优异种质的利用和早期筛选具有重要意义。采用239份山西省小麦品种(系)在土培条件下,研究了苗期根系性状及对水分胁迫的响应。结果表明,正常生长下山西小麦苗期根系性状多样性丰富,地方种变异最大;不同年代品种中,除最大根长随年代略下降外,其他性状均呈先升后降的趋势;不同根系性状对水分胁迫响应存在差异,总根长对水分最敏感,其次为根表面积、根体积和根生物量,最大根长和平均根数不敏感。苗期根系综合抗旱能力随年代呈先降后升的趋势,地方种和20世纪70年代品种多为中抗,80和90年代的品种抗旱性较低,2000年以后审定品种的抗性较高,其中旱地品种抗性最好。苗期根系抗旱特性与产量性状相关分析发现,最大根长、总根长、根体积和根生物量与雨养条件下的千粒重和产量显著正相关,最大根长和根生物量与成株期抗旱性也显著正相关。因此苗期最大根长和根生物量可作为半干旱地区旱地育种过程中抗旱性和产量的早期筛选指标。     

小麦F2:3家系抗旱相关性状的遗传变异分析

摘要：在水地和旱地两种环境条件下种植以敏感型品种偃展2号和抗旱型品种石4185为亲本构建的402个F2:3家系群体,应用该群体在水地和旱地两种环境条件下研究了株高、穗长、穗茎节长、旗叶长、旗叶宽、穗数、小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重9个数量性状的遗传特点。结果表明：两种环境条件下,F2:3家系各性状分离明显, 且基本符合正态分布, 表现为数量性状遗传特点, 是一个较为理想的QTL作图群体。     

基于多重表型分析的准确评价高粱抗旱性方法的建立

干旱是制约农业生产的重要非生物胁迫之一,因此作物抗旱性研究具有重要理论和应用价值。本研究对73份高粱材料萌发期和苗期的抗旱性进行了初筛,从中选择15份抗旱材料和6份敏感材料,通过室内和田间试验,获得干旱胁迫下幼苗的株高、叶长、叶宽等形态特征以及超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛、过氧化物酶等生理生化指标的响应数据,并对高粱的抗旱性做进一步的验证,最终确定抗旱型材料1份,中等抗旱型材料1份,干旱敏感型材料2份。本研究建立了一套基于多重表型分析的高粱抗旱性研究新方法,即综合运用多种数据分析方法(包括隶属函数法、主成分分析法、聚类分析法),结合不同生长环境(田间试验和室内试验)和不同生育期(萌发期和苗期)高粱响应干旱胁迫的多种表型数据(形态特征、生理生化指标),通过多重比较高粱抗旱性评价结果的一致性,旨在系统、高效、准确地判定高粱的抗旱性,为高粱抗旱机制的研究和抗旱新品种的选育提供技术支撑。     

PEG胁迫下春小麦萌发期抗旱指标的遗传力

为探索干旱胁迫对春小麦萌发期生长的影响,筛选春小麦萌发期抗旱性指标。以宁夏灌区和雨养区的2种粒色（红皮和白皮）40份春小麦的抗旱品系为试验材料,研究PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对胚根长、胚根数、胚芽鞘长和一叶长的影响。利用广义遗传力分析法,筛选春小麦萌发期抗旱性指标。胚根长的广义遗传力最高,均大于0.55,遗传力的控制程度稳定。雨养区的红粒种子胚根长的遗传力高达0.95;雨养区的红粒种子的胚芽鞘长的广义遗传力最高,达0.94,但其遗传力控制程度不稳定,最低遗传力仅为0.06;胚根数和一叶长的遗传力很低,且控制程度极不稳定。春小麦萌发期胚根长的广义遗传力最高,控制程度稳定。其次是胚芽鞘长,但其遗传力的控制程度不稳定。胚根长可作为春小麦萌发期的抗旱指标鉴定抗旱材料,以胚芽鞘的长度为参考值。     

新疆冬小麦品种农艺及产量性状遗传多样性分析

Grain yield is one of the most important goals in wheat breeding, and agronomic or yield-related traits can directly reflect the characteristics of varieties. In order to determine the evolution of genetic diversity in agronomic traits of Xinjiang winter wheat varieties and their adaptabilities to different ecological environments, 134 winter wheat landraces and 54 moderns bred varieties from Xinjiang were selected for agronomic trait investigation. They were planted in three different ecological environments (Urumqi and Yining in Xinjiang province, and Tai’an in Shandong province) for two consecutive growth seasons, and nine agronomic and yield-related traits were surveyed and analyzed. The estimated broad sense heritability of nine agronomic and yield traits was in descending order: plant height > grain width > grain length/width ratio > spike length > spikelet number > thousand- kernel weight > grain number per spike > grain length > fertile spikelet number. Correlation analyses of nine agronomic and yield traits showed that these traits were correlated with each other. It was found that the plant height, spike length and grain length/width ratio of landraces were higher than that in modern bred varieties, but the grain number per spike, thousand kernel weight, grain length and grain width in landraces were less than that in modern bred varieties. However, the correlation coefficient of these nine traits was higher in modern bred varieties than that in landraces. These variations reflected the evolution of Xinjiang winter wheat varieties in agronomic traits in recent years. This study may provide important information for breeders to select the breeding parents in different winter wheat regions.     

烟草F2:3家系7个主要产量性状的遗传变异分析

在福州与龙岩2个环境下,以烤烟品种‘台烟7号’与白肋烟品种‘白肋21’为亲本构建的127个F2:3家系为材料,对株高、叶长、叶宽、叶片数、分枝数、生育期和茎叶夹角7个性状进行遗传分析。结果表明：2种环境条件下,F2:3家系大部分性状分离明显,且基本符合正态分布,为多基因控制的数量性状,是一个较为理想的QTL作图群体。F2:3家系内各性状都存在不同程度的差异,分枝数变异系数最大,叶长、生育期变异系数最小,表明受环境影响较大。由各性状之间的相关分析得出：在2种环境下,21对性状中均有13对达到极显著水平,其中大部分性状相关系数均大于0.3,说明F2:3群体主要产量性状间具有复杂的相关关系。     

蓖麻株高性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

本研究选用蓖麻YC2×YF1高、矮秆组合的2组6世代群体(P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2),对株高性状进行了主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析。结果表明,蓖麻株高受1对主基因和多基因共同控制。2组群体在B1、B2和F2三个分离世代中主基因遗传率分别为37.05%/49.57%、30.51%/34.48%和43.98%/43.64%;主穗位高和主茎节数均受2对主基因和多基因共同控制,且主基因的互作效应显性效应加性效应。3个分离世代中,2组群体主穗位高主基因遗传率分别为67.91%/92.72%、86.89%/92.13%和60.18%/66.87%,主茎节数主基因遗传率分别为91.83%/91.50%、35.22%/63.37%和85.76%/94.58%。主茎节长由多基因控制,遗传率分别为47.64%/47.64%、38.87%/38.87%和25.25%/52.71%。以上遗传模式决定了蓖麻杂种后代株高、主穗位高和主茎节长的正向超亲遗传,而主茎节数则倾向于低值亲本。因此,主穗位高和主茎节数可以作为株高的早期间接选择指标。     

Inheritance of net photosynthesis and transpiration efficiency in spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L., under drought

The inheritance of net photosynthesis and transpiration effciency in spring wheat under drought were studied in two years in order to determine their heritability. The parents, F₁ and segregating generationsf (F₁, BC₁, BC₁) of four crosses between each of two drought-resistant and two drought-susceptible genotypes were evaluated under drought in pots under glasshouse conditions. Measurements of gas exchange were made using a portable gas-analysis system. Generation means and variance component analyses of the data suggested that these traits are simply inherited and controlled mainly by additive genetic variation. Narrow-sense heritability estimates varied between crosses from 61% to 84% for net photosynthesis and from 88% to 89% for transpiration effciency.     

花生巢式群体的脂肪含量遗传分析

巢式群体可以利用多个亲本解析复杂性状的遗传机制。本研究利用1个共同亲本与6个基础亲本所配置巢式组合F_2:3家系的种子脂肪含量数据,分析了花生脂肪含量的遗传模型,旨在探明不同的基础亲本组合中脂肪含量性状的遗传差异,为制定脂肪含量遗传改良的亲本选配和后代选择策略提供依据。6个组合的共同亲本为高脂肪含量的普通型大果品种豫花15号,其他6个基础亲本为不同脂肪含量和不同植物学类型的品种。结果表明,在不同杂交组合中脂肪含量的遗传模式有所不同,6个组合分别符合无主基因模型、1对主基因加性显性模型和2对主基因等显性模型3种遗传模式。各种遗传效应的估计值也各不相同,主基因遗传力从32%到80%,说明不同杂交组合中,控制脂肪含量的基因位点差异及其重组和分离方式不同。高脂肪含量双亲杂交后代的高脂肪含量个体较多,但主基因遗传力较低,不宜在早代实施表型选择;双亲脂肪含量差异较大的后代脂肪含量变异幅度更大,能够选择到不同脂肪含量的类型。本研究也表明,巢式组合具有较丰富的脂肪含量变异类型,揭示出脂肪含量性状遗传的复杂性和多基因调控的特点,为较全面地了解脂肪含量的遗传提供了基础。该巢式群体也将有助于进一步开展脂肪含量的QTL定位研究。     

Functional mechanisms of drought tolerance in maize through phenotyping and genotyping under well watered and water stressed conditions

Developing tolerant genotypes is crucial for stabilizing maize productivity under drought stress conditions as it is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting crop yields. Twenty seven genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) were evaluated for drought tolerance for three seasons under well watered and water stressed conditions to identify interactions amongst various tolerance traits and grain yield as well as their association with SSR markers. The study revealed considerable genetic diversity and significant variations for genotypes, environment and genotype × environment interactions for all the traits. The ranking of genotypes based on drought susceptibility index for morpho-physiological traits was similar to that based on grain yield and principal component analysis. Analysis of trait – trait and trait – yield associations indicated significant positive correlations amongst the water relations traits of relative water content (RWC), leaf water potential and osmotic potential as well as of RWC with grain yield under water stressed condition. Molecular analysis using 40 SSRs revealed 32 as polymorphic and 62 unique alleles were detected across 27 genotypes. Cluster analysis resulted in categorization of the genotypes into five distinct groups which was similar to that using principal component analysis. Based on overall performance across seasons tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified for eventual utilization in breeding programs as well as for QTL identification. The marker-trait association analysis revealed significant associations between few SSR markers with water relations as well as yield contributing traits under water stressed conditions. These associations highlight the importance of functional mechanisms of intrinsic tolerance and cumulative traits for drought tolerance in maize.     

Genetic analysis of glume colour in common wheat cultivars from the former USSR

Genotypes for the glume colour character have been studied in 27 cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) originated from old landraces, and 1 specimen of T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. by means of analysis of the F₂ populations. The following tester lines have been used: white-glumed ‘Novosibirskaya 67’ ‘Diamant I’, and ‘Federation’, carrying the Rg1 gene alone; lines RL5405 and near-isogenic ‘Saratovskaya 29’ *5 (T. timopheevii Zhuk./T. tauschii (Coss.) Schmal.), carrying Rg2; line (1A ‘CS’ × ‘Strela’) with Rg3. The red glume colour in 21 cultivars of Triticum aestivum and in the accession of T. petropavlovskyi has been shown to be determined by the single gene Rg1, located on chromosome 1B. Five cultivars carrying the gene Rg3 for red glumes on chromosome 1A have been revealed. The cultivars ‘Zhnitsa’ and ‘Iskra’ carry the gene Rg3 alone. The red glume colour in the cultivars ‘Milturum 321’, ‘Milturum 2078’, ‘Sredneural'skaya’ is controlled by two genes, Rg1 and Rg3. In two common wheat cultivars, ‘Sarrubra’ and ‘Krasnoyarskaya 1103’ the red glume colour is determined by Rg1, inherited from local populations (‘Turka’ and ‘Kubanka’ respectively) of tetraploid wheat T. durum Desf. var. hordeiforme Host. Wide occurrence of the Rg1 gene in common wheat has been confirmed. On the contrary, none of the investigated varieties carries the gene Rg2. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.