高收获指数型优质籼稻新品种粤香占

 粤香占是以三二矮/清香占为母本,综优/广西香稻为父本经复合杂交育成的高收获指数型早籼中熟水稻新品种,它具有高产稳产、清香优质、多抗、适应性广等特性。粤香占的最大特点是收获指数高。1997年早晚两季的水稻品种对比试验,该品种的收获指数分别高达0.613和0.619。粤香占的第二个特点是株高对肥力钝感。在不同肥力水平的田块上种植,其株高变化不大。一般情况下,株高在85～90 cm。粤香占为早晚季两用型品种,在广州早季生育期约125 d,晚季翻秋种植约110 d,每667 m²有效穗数约23万,结实率通常可达90%以上,千粒重19 g。作早稻种植时米质可达一级米,饭有微清香,田间抗瘟性强,中抗白叶枯病和褐稻虱,对细菌性条斑病和附线蹒也表现较好的抗性。但此品种有穗端退化现象。     

不同种植方式下磷素营养对陆稻和水稻米质的影响

 以粳型陆稻中旱3号和粳型水稻扬辐粳8号为材料,设置裸地旱作和水作2种种植方式及3个磷素(P2O5  )水平：低磷（LP,45  kg/hm2）、常磷(NP,90  kg/hm2)和高磷(HP,135 kg/hm2),比较了陆稻和水稻米质的差异。旱作条件下,随着施P量的增加,陆稻和水稻产量均随之增加;  水作条件下,HP下陆稻的产量较NP增加,水稻的产量HP较NP减少,但差异均不显著。旱作条件下,中旱3号LP水平下整精米率、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质表现较好,扬辐粳8号（NP水平下外观品质表现较好）与中旱3号基本一致;水作条件下,中旱3号LP水平下整精米率较高,NP水平下蒸煮食味品质较好,扬辐粳8号与中旱3号基本一致,但外观品质表现不一。旱作使陆稻和水稻的整精米率提高,外观品质改善,水稻蒸煮品质和营养品质提高。与水稻相比,陆稻的加工品质、营养品质和食味品质较优。表明陆稻和水稻的米质对种植方式和磷素的互作响应有差异。     

Effects of Phosphorus on Grain Quality of Upland and Paddy Rice under Different Cultivation

We investigated how upland and paddy japonica rice responded to phosphorous(P) fertilizer under two cultivation methods.The upland rice Zhonghan 3 and the paddy rice Yangfujing 8 were both grown under moist cultivation(MC,control) and bare dry cultivation(DC) with three P levels,low(LP,45 kg/hm2),normal(NP,90 kg/hm2) and high(HP,135 kg/hm2).As P level increased,grain yields of both upland and paddy rice increased under DC.There were no significant differences in grain yields between HP and NP for either rice,although upland rice slightly increased and paddy rice slightly decreased in grain yield.Under DC at LP,Zhonghan 3 showed a higher head milled rice rate and better appearance,cooking and eating qualities than at HP or NP.Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except that Yangfujing 8 had better appearance quality at NP.Under MC,Zhonghan 3 had a higher head milled rice rate at LP and better cooking and eating qualities at NP.Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except in appearance quality.DC improved head milled rice rate and appearance quality of both upland and paddy rice,and cooking and nutrient qualities of paddy rice.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had better processing,nutrient and eating qualities.The results suggest that upland and paddy rice respond differently to cultivation method and phosphorus level.     

冷浸田双季稻品种和栽培方式比较研究

为了筛选适宜于冷浸田栽培的双季稻品种和高产栽培方式,2009年早晚两季在湖南宁乡县、永兴县和桃源县进行了大田栽培试验,结果表明:(1)双季稻产量及其构成因子品种间差异显著,3地点平均产量早稻以陆两优996最高(5.68 t/hm2),晚稻以天优华占最高(5.61 t/hm2);(2)双季稻不同栽培方式间产量差异显著,3地点平均产量均以垄厢栽培最高,早稻和晚稻分别为5.52 t/hm2和5.81 t/hm2;以传统栽培方式最低,平均产量分别为4.75 t/hm2和5.25 t/hm2。由此可见,选用适宜于冷浸田的双季稻品种,采用垄厢栽培方式有利于获得高产。     

高收获指数型水稻品种粤香占库、源、流特性的研究

以广东省主栽水稻品种七山占、粳籼89为对照,采用对比分析的方法,研究了高收获指数型优质水稻品种粤香占库、源、流特性。结果表明,粤香占的库容较大,填库能力较强;全生育期叶片的光合作用能力,尤其是抽穗至黄熟期的光合作用能力强,粒叶比高;花后光合产物用于籽粒充实的比例大,库源间流的通畅性好。库、源、流在较高水平上协调平衡是粤香占高收获指数高产的主要成因。     

水稻高收获指数不育系选育实践与展望

针对当前杂交水稻形势,介绍了水稻不育系的选育历史,总结了当前我国水稻不育系选育的困难及面临的主要问题,着重介绍了湖南农业大学新育成的卓201S、卓234S、展998S、南3502S等8个适合机械化制种的水稻小粒型两系不育系,选育的系列小粒不育系突出的特点是收获指数高;株型矮壮,叶片夹角小,生物产量适中;分蘖力强,成穗率高;茎秆坚韧,抗倒性好;异交特性好,结实率高。选配的系列高产优质杂交稻组合卓两优0985、卓两优141、南两优1998等组合表现高收获指数,高产稳产,适应性广,适合轻简栽培,且杂交制种产量高、种子质量好。通过系列高收获指数不育系的选育实践,以展998S为例总结了高收获指数不育系的生物学特征,并对今后高收获指数不育系的选育策略进行了探讨。     

不同播期、收获期和储存期对优质长粒籼稻整精米率的影响

整精米率是影响优质长粒籼稻发展的重要因素之一.为明确长江中下游稻区优质长粒籼稻适宜的播期、收获期和储存期,以3个长粒优质常规籼稻为材料,探讨了不同播期(5月10日、5月20日、5月25日、5月30日)、收获期(90％谷粒成熟、完全成熟、完全成熟后6d)、储存期(10 d、40 d、60 d)对水稻整精米率的影响.结果 ...     

汉中市优质稻米产业开发现状、存在问题及对策

汉中是陕西省水稻主产区,优质绿色稻米已成为人们的消费主流。本文阐述了汉中优质稻米产业开发的意义及现状,分析了汉中优质稻米产业开发存在的主要问题,重点从7个方面有针对性的提出了促进汉中优质稻米产业开发的主要措施,并对优质稻米产业开发进行了展望。     

不同断水及收获期对南方优质晚粳稻产量和品质的影响

为探究南方稻区优质晚粳稻适宜的断水及收获时期,2014~2015年以常规粳稻镇稻11号及籼粳杂交稻甬优2640为材料,探讨了不同断水时间(抽穗后28、35、42、49 d)、不同收获时期(抽穗后35、40、45、50、55 d)对晚粳稻籽粒充实度、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:在本试验条件下,每延迟1 d断水,镇稻11号及甬优2640产量分别增加21~23 kg/hm^2及31~35 kg/hm^2;每延迟1 d收获,两个品种产量分别增加63~66 kg/hm^2及102~104kg/hm^2。断水(或收获)时期延迟,晚粳稻出糙率、精米率及整精米率增加,垩白粒率及垩白度降低,胶稠度及直链淀粉含量增加。抽穗后42~49 d断水或抽穗后50~55 d收获,晚粳稻产量及千粒重差异均不显著,稻米品质也差异不显著。可见,在江西中部稻区,晚粳稻抽穗后42~49 d断水及抽穗后50~55 d收获较适宜。     

Dry Matter Partitioning and Harvest Index Differ in Rice Genotypes with Variable Rates of Phosphorus and Zinc Nutrition

Phosphorus(P) and zinc(Zn) deficiencies are the major problems that decrease crop productivity under rice-wheat cropping system. Field experiments were conducted to investigate impacts of P(0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/hm~2) and Zn levels(0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/hm~2) on dry matter(DM) accumulation and partitioning, and harvest index of three rice genotypes ‘fine(Bamati-385) vs. coarse(F-Malakand and Pukhraj)' at various growth stages(tillering, heading and physiological maturity). The experiments were conducted at farmers' field at Batkhela in Northwestern Pakistan for two years in summer 2011 and 2012. The two year pooled data reveled that there were no differences in percent of DM partitioning into leaves and culms with application of different P and Zn levels, and genotypes at tillering. The highest P level(120 kg/hm~2) partitioned more DM into panicles than leaves and culms at heading and physiological maturity stages. The highest Zn level(15 kg/hm~2) accumulated more DM and partitioned more DM into panicles than leaves and culms at heading and physiological maturity stages. The hybrid rice(Pukhraj) produced and partitioned more DM into panicles than F-Malakand and Bamati-385 at heading and physiological maturity stages. Higher DM accumulation and greater amounts of partitioning into panicles at heading and physiological maturity stages was noticed with increase in P and Zn levels, and the increase was significantly higher in the coarse rice genotypes than fine. We concluded that the growing hybrid rice with application of 120 kg/hm~2 P + 15 kg/hm~2 Zn not only increases total DM accumulation and partitioned greater amounts into the reproductive plant parts(panicles) but also results in higher harvest index.     

RFLP标记水稻遗传距离及其与杂种优势的关系

用12个水稻亲本按NCⅡ设计配组32个F1杂种,以汕优63为对照,研究播始历期、株高、穗长及产量因素等8个性状的杂种优势;并以12个亲本为DNA样品来源,通过RFLP分析基因组DNA的多态性,由RFLP数据计算的Nei's遗传距离创建聚类树状图,探索利用RFLP标记水稻亲本遗传距离预测杂种优势的可能性.聚类分析结果表明,籼稻和粳稻容易被分开,普通粳稻又容易与光壳稻、爪哇稻分开.F1杂种8个性状的杂种优势显示,每穗总粒数的优势最强,中亲优势平均为33.46%,竞争优势平均为23.10%.播始历期、株高、穗长、有效穗等4个性状的中亲优势和竞争优势均表现为粳×粳＜粳×偏粳＜粳×籼.每穗总粒数的中亲优势也表现上述趋势,而竞争优势则是粳×粳＜粳×籼＜粳×偏粳.播始历期、株高、穗长的中亲优势和竞争优势与遗传距离之间均达极显著相关.有效穗和每穗总粒数的中亲优势与遗传距离之间达极显著相关,而竞争优势与遗传距离之间的相关系数也较大,分别达到0.33和0.23.根据聚类图发现普通粳稻亚群内杂种优势较弱,亚群间即生态群间的杂种优势较强,可以利用光壳稻、爪哇稻选育不同生态群方向的恢复系和不育系,配组超强优势的杂交稻组合.     

氮高效水稻品种苗期耐低磷种质的筛选与鉴定

以先前通过田间试验筛选出来的36个氮高效水稻品种为供试材料,在苗期进行了耐低磷筛选,并对获得的3个耐低磷和2个低磷敏感品种响应磷素胁迫的生理机制进行了初步研究。结果表明:1)正常供磷和低磷条件下,所有调查性状的相对值(低磷/正常供磷)中,相对根系干质量、相对地上部干质量、相对根冠比和相对分蘖数均具有较大的品种间变异(变异系数分别为16.9%、10.9%、11.4%、16.3%)。相关分析表明,它们呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,这4个性状可以作为水稻苗期耐低磷筛选的评价指标。2)在低磷条件下,筛选出的3个耐低磷品种比2个低磷敏感品种的根系生长旺盛且活力强,P吸收动力学参数中Km、Cmin小,而Vmax大,酸性磷酸酶(APase)活性升幅大,磷效率在两者之间也存在显著差异。同时,不同耐低磷品种适应低磷胁迫的调节机制也有所不同。表明筛选氮磷双高效的水稻品种是可行的,同时也为后续基因定位和遗传机制的研究提供了材料和生理学依据。     

水稻杂种后代籽粒直链淀粉含量选择与品质和产量性状的关系

 选用4个稻米直链淀粉含量有显著差异的粳稻品种配制两个杂交组合（系选1号×通769和东农423×藤系180）,研究其杂交后代籽粒直链淀粉含量选择对品质和产量性状的影响。结果表明,籽粒直链淀粉含量选择对杂种后代蒸煮食味品质和产量相关性状有不同程度的影响,其影响程度因杂交组合及性状不同而异;在蒸煮食味品质性状中,淀粉黏滞性谱的崩解值和消减值受直链淀粉含量选择的影响较大,而在产量相关性状中抽穗期、单株有效穗数、结实率、单株粒重等受直链淀粉含量选择的影响相对较大;通过直链淀粉含量的连续定向选择可以从杂种后代中分出直链淀粉含量不同的后代,粳稻杂种后代低直链淀粉含量的定向选择效果优于高直链淀粉含量的选择效果,更容易得到超低亲的变异类型;直链淀粉含量的选择对杂种后代产量性状的影响较复杂,存在有利或不利的影响,低直链淀粉含量的选择将会导致单株粒重的下降。     

抗条纹叶枯病优良食味粳稻新品种选育研究

介绍了近十年来我们在抗条纹叶枯病优良食味粳稻新品种选育方面的研究成果。利用具有Stv-bi基因的粳稻抗源进行杂交育种,在充分发病的自然条件下对条纹叶枯病抗性进行一定选择压的定向选择,很容易获得抗性好的株系。垩白粒率、垩白度和透明度等外观品质在上下世代间的表现有明显的相关关系,在低世代进行选择的效果较好。利用暗胚乳突变基因Wx-mq的功能标记和与Stv-bi紧密连锁的分子标记进行辅助选择,可大大提高选择效率,加快两个基因的聚合速度。     

中日水稻品种杂交后代的株型性状与产量和品质的关系

以东北地区最具代表性的水稻品种辽粳5号(直立穗型)与日本著名的优质米品种秋田小町(弯曲穗型)杂交后采用单粒传法构建的F9重组自交系群体(以下简称RIL群体)为试材,研究中日水稻品种杂交后代株型性状的变化规律及其与稻米产量和品质的关系,结果表明,来自中日水稻杂交的RIL群体的株型性状、产量和米质性状均发生了分离和重组。株高、倒3、4节长和剑叶基角与产量呈显著正相关。植株越高、颈穗弯曲程度越大、倒3叶越窄长的株系,稻米的加工品质和外观品质越好。食味值与绝大多数株型性状的相关性未达显著水平,仅与倒3片叶的宽、二次枝梗数、着粒密度呈极显著负相关。产量与米质的相关分析表明,产量越高,整精米率就越高,但食味越差。中日水稻品种杂交后代的株型性状与产量和米质性状密切相关。尽管产量与食味很难统一,但RIL群体中仍然有极小部分产量高食味也好的株系,它们的主要株型特征是具有较长的穗长和较长的倒1节间长。     

Changes in Activities of Glutamine Synthetase during Grain Filling and Their Relation to Rice Quality

Four japonica rice varieties differed in cooking and eating qualities were used in a pot experiment to study the relationship between the activities of glutamine synthetase during grain filling and rice quality. The activities of glutamine synthetase gradually increased and then declined as a single peak curve in the course of grain filling. The 15th day after heading was a turning point, before which the enzymatic activities in the inferior rice varieties with high protein content were higher than those in the superior rice varietie with low protein content, and after which it was converse. The activity of glutamine synthetase in grain was correlated with the taste meter value, peak viscosity and breakdown negatively at the early stage of grain filling whereas positively at the middle and late stages. Moreover, it was correlated with the protein content of rice grain and setback positively at the early stage and negatively at the middle and late stages. The correlation degree varied with the course of grain filling. From 15 days to 20 days after heading was a critical stage, in which the direction of correlation between the activity of glutamine synthetase and taste meter value and RVA properties of rice changed.     

优质抗白叶枯强毒菌系V型菌水稻新品种白粳占的选育

白粳占是以五百粒与粳籼89杂交的中间材料为母本,与广东省优质丰产地方品系抗白粳籼占杂交选育而成的感温型常规稻品种。该品种抗白叶枯病强毒菌系V型菌(1~3级)兼抗稻瘟病,产量与区试对照品种玉香油占相当,米质达到省标优质3级。适宜广东省粤北以外稻作区早季、中南和西南稻作区的平原地区晚季种植,特别适合广东省珠江口以西,水稻白叶枯病强毒菌系V型菌主要发病稻作区江门、阳江、湛江及雷州半岛地区种植。     

优质籼稻品种黄华占和扬稻6号稻米理化特性和淀粉精细结构比较

以携带相同Wxb基因的籼稻品种黄华占和扬稻6号为试验材料,系统分析了这2个优质籼稻品种的理化特性和淀粉精细结构.结果表明,黄华占稻米蛋白质含量显著低于扬稻6号,而表观直链淀粉含量高于扬稻6号,其他理化品质如胶稠度、总淀粉含量和碱消值两者无显著差异;黄华占稻米具有较高的糊化温度和热焓值.黄华占和扬稻6号稻米淀粉粘滞曲线较...     

水稻抗褐飞虱遗传和育种研究

综述了水稻抗褐飞虱基因资源的鉴定及其分布特点、水稻抗褐飞虱主基因定位和QTL分析、水稻抗褐飞虱遗传的“基因对基因”关系以及水稻品种对褐飞虱的抗虫机制与褐飞虱对抗虫品种的适应等4个方面的研究进展，同时简述了抗褐飞虱基因的育种利用现状，并对今后抗褐飞虱遗传和育种利用研究作了展望。     

Difference of Phytic Acid Content and its Relation to Four Protein Composition Contents in Grains of Twenty-nine japonica Rice Varieties from Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, China

Twenty-nine japonica rice varieties collected from Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, China were planted in Hangzhou, China, to investigate the phytic acid content in brown rice and its frequency distribution as well as the correlation among the contents of phytic acid, total protein and four protein compositions in brown rice. The phytic acid content in brown rice ranged from 0.699% to 1.034%, with a mean of 0.868% for the 29 tested rice varieties. Xiushui series rice varieties generally exhibited lower phytic acid level than Wuyujing and Huai series rice varieties. A rough normal distribution, with a mean of 8.722%, was observed for the total protein contents in the tested varieties. Of the four protein compositions, the glutelin, globulin and albumin contents had larger coefficient of variation than the prolamin content, although the difference in prolamin content was genotype-dependent. No significant correlation was found between the phytic acid and four protein composition contents, whereas the total protein content was significantly and positively related to the glutelin content in brown rice.